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==Background==
==Background==
'''Arjâm Vâks''' ("speech of the Aryâsas") is an imagined name given to a language constructed by the notable Indo-Europeanist August Schleicher (1821-1868), which is most notable as the original language of the fable ''Avis Akvâsas ka'' ("The Sheep and the Horses").
'''Arjâm Vâks''' ("speech of the Aryâsas") or '''Sanvâks''' ("old speech") is an imagined name given to a language constructed by the notable Indo-Europeanist August Schleicher (1821-1868), which is most notable as the original language of the fable ''Avis Akvâsas ka'' ("The Sheep and the Horses").


Some justification must be made at the outset for including this language in an encyclopedia of constructed languages. It must be admitted that Schleicher had no intention of creating an artificial language; to the contrary, he believed that he was scientifically reconstructing the original Indo-European languages, ancestral to the languages on which his reconstruction was based. These were Sanskrit, Avestan ("Old Bactrian," in Schleicher's terminology), Greek, Latin, Oscan, Umbrian, Old Irish, Old Church Slavonic (Old Bulgarian in Schleicher's terminology), Lithuanian, and Gothic. It will be observed that of the ten Indo-European branches for which records survive, only six are represented (Indo-Iranian, Hellenic, Italic, Celtic, Balto-Slavic, and Germanic). Hittite and Tocharian were entirely unknown to Schleicher. I am not sure why Armenian and Albanian were not considered; perhaps at the time their positions within the Indo-European family, and their distinctive characteristics, were too poorly known.
Some justification must be made at the outset for including this language in an encyclopedia of constructed languages. It must be admitted that Schleicher had no intention of creating an artificial language; to the contrary, he believed that he was scientifically reconstructing the original Indo-European languages, ancestral to the languages on which his reconstruction was based. These were Sanskrit, Avestan ("Old Bactrian," in Schleicher's terminology), Greek, Latin, Oscan, Umbrian, Old Irish, Old Church Slavonic (Old Bulgarian in Schleicher's terminology), Lithuanian, and Gothic. It will be observed that of the ten Indo-European branches for which records survive, only six are represented (Indo-Iranian, Hellenic, Italic, Celtic, Balto-Slavic, and Germanic). Hittite and Tocharian were entirely unknown to Schleicher. I am not sure why Armenian and Albanian were not considered; perhaps at the time their positions within the Indo-European family, and their distinctive characteristics, were too poorly known.
Line 115: Line 115:
:PIE *ǵh, *gh, *gʷh > AV gh.
:PIE *ǵh, *gh, *gʷh > AV gh.
:PIE *l > AV r.
:PIE *l > AV r.
:All PIE laryngeals are lost.
:All PIE laryngeals are lost, with compensatory lengthening of a preceding *a, *e, or *o, but otherwise without trace.


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
===Pronouns===
====Personal pronouns====
The personal pronouns are found in 1st person, 2nd person, and reflexive forms. (3rd person pronouns are supplied by demonstratives.) They are inflected in all cases except the vocative; the nominative is also lacking in the reflexive.
{|class=wikitable
|align="center" rowspan="2"|'''agam''' "I"<br>'''tuam''' "you"<br>'''svam''' "oneself"
!colspan="3"|Singular
!colspan="3"|Dual
!colspan="3"|Plural
|-
|1st person
|2nd person
|Reflexive
|1st person
|2nd person
|Reflexive
|1st person
|2nd person
|Reflexive
|-
!Nom
|agam
|tuam
| -
|
|
|
|masmas <ref>From masmajas < masmaisas or masmâsas</ref>
|tvasmas <ref>From tvasmajas < tvasmaisas or tvasmâsas</ref>
|svasmas
|-
!Acc
|mam
|tvam
|svam
|
|
|
|masmams
|tvasmams
|svasmams
|-
!Inst
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Dat
|mabhjam
|tubhjam
|svabhjam
|
|
|
|rowspan="2"|masmaibhjam
|rowspan="2"|tvasmaibhjam
|rowspan="2"|svasmaibhjam
|-
!Abl
|mat, mamat
|tvat
|svat
|
|
|
|-
!Gen
|mas, mamas
|tvas, tvatvas
|svas, svasvas
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Loc
|mai
|tvai
|svai
|
|
|
|masmasva
|tvasmasva
|svasmasva
|}
====Demonstrative pronouns====
''Masculine and Neuter''
{|class=wikitable
|align="center" rowspan="2"|'''ta'''<br>"that"
!colspan="2"|Singular
!colspan="2"|Dual
!colspan="2"|Plural
|-
! mas.
! neu.
! mas.
! neu.
! mas.
! neu.
|-
!Nom
|sa
|rowspan="2"|tat
|rowspan="2"|tâs
|rowspan="2"|tai
|colspan="2"|tai
|-
!Acc
|tam
|tams
|tâ
|-
!Inst
|colspan="2"|tâ, tabhi
|colspan="2" rowspan="3"|tabhjâms
|colspan="2"|tabhis
|-
!Dat
|colspan="2"|tasmâi
|colspan="2" rowspan="2"|taibhjams?
|-
!Abl
|colspan="2"| tasmât
|-
!Gen
|colspan="2"|tasja
|colspan="2" rowspan="2"|tajaus
|colspan="2"|taisâm(s)?
|-
!Loc
|colspan="2"|tasmin?
|colspan="2"|taisva(s)?
|}
===Nouns===
===Nouns===
Nouns are declined for number (singular, dual, and plural and for case (nominative, accusative, ablative, genitive, locative, dative, two forms of instrumental, and vocative). They fall into several types:
Nouns are declined for number (singular, dual, and plural and for case (nominative, accusative, ablative, genitive, locative, dative, two forms of instrumental, and vocative). They fall into several types:
Line 251: Line 395:
|}
|}


====i= and u-stems====
====i- and u-stems====
{|class=wikitable
{|class=wikitable
|align="center" rowspan="2"|'''avis''' "sheep"<br>'''sunus''' "son"
|align="center" rowspan="2"|'''avis''' "sheep"<br>'''sunus''' "son"
Line 317: Line 461:


===Verbs===
===Verbs===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
|align="center" colspan="5"|Primary endings
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="2"|Active
!colspan="2"|Mediopassive
|-
! sg.
! pl.
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!1st
| -mi
| -mas
| -mai
| -madhai
|-
!2nd
| -si
| -tasi
| -sai
| -sdhvai
|-
!3rd
| -ti
| -anti
| -tai
| -antai
|}
====Athematic verbs====
{|class="wikitable"
|align="center" colspan="5"|'''as-''' "be"
|-
|align="center" colspan="5"|Primary endings
|-
!rowspan="2"|Present
!colspan="2"|Active
|-
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!1st
|asmi
|asmas
|-
!2nd
|assi
|astasi
|-
!3rd
|asti
|asanti
|-
! Conjunctive
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!1st
|asâmi
|asâmasi
|-
!2nd
|asasi
|asatasi
|-
!3rd
|asati
|asanti
|-
! Future
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!1st
|assjâmi
|assjâmasi
|-
!2nd
|assjasi
|assjatasi
|-
!3rd
|assjati
|assjanti
|-
|align="center" colspan="5"|Secondary Endings
|-
!Imperfect
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!1st
|âsm
|âsmas
|-
!2nd
|âss
|âstas
|-
!3rd
|âst
|âsant
|-
! Optative
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!1st
|asjâm
|asjâmas
|-
!2nd
|asjâs
|asjâtas
|-
!3rd
|asjât
|asjânt
|-
! Optative Perfect
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!1st
|âsjâm
|âsjâmas
|-
!2nd
|âsjâs
|âsjâtas
|-
!3rd
|âsjât
|âsjânt
|-
|align="center" colspan="5"|Other
|-
! Imperative
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!2nd
|asdhi
|astat
|-
!3rd
|?
|?
|-
! Perfect
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!1st
|âsa
|âsmasi
|-
!2nd
|âsta
|âstasi
|-
!3rd
|âsa
|âsanti
|-
|}
{|class="wikitable"
|align="center" colspan="5"|'''da-''' "give"
|-
|align="center" colspan="5"|Primary endings
|-
!rowspan="2"|Present
!colspan="2"|Active
!colspan="2"|Mediopassive
|-
! sg.
! pl.
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!1st
|dadâmi
|dadamasi
|dadamai
|dadamadhai
|-
!2nd
|dadâsi
|dadatasi
|dadasai
|dadasdhvai
|-
!3rd
|dadâti
|dadanti
|dadatai
|dadantai
|-
! Conjunctive
! sg.
! pl.
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!1st
|dadâmi
|dadâmasi
|dadâmai
|dadâmadhai
|-
!2nd
|dadâsi
|dadâtasi
|dadâsai
|dadâsdhvai
|-
!3rd
|dadâti
|dadânti
|dadâtai
|dadântai
|-
! Future
! sg.
! pl.
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!1st
|dâsjâmi
|dâsjâmasi
|dâsjâmai
|dâsjâmadhai
|-
!2nd
|dâsjasi
|dâsjatasi
|dâsjasai
|dâsjasdhvai
|-
!3rd
|dâsjati
|dâsjanti
|dâsjatai
|dâsjantai
|-
|align="center" colspan="5"|Secondary Endings
|-
!Imperfect
! sg.
! pl.
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!1st
|adadâm
|adadamas
|adadama
|adadamadha
|-
!2nd
|adadâs
|adadatas
|adadasa
|adadasdhva
|-
!3rd
|adadât
|adadant
|adadata
|adadanta
|-
! Optative
! sg.
! pl.
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!1st
|dadajâm
|dadajâmas
|dadajâma
|dadajâmadha
|-
!2nd
|dadajâs
|dadajâtas
|dadajâsa
|dadajâsdhva
|-
!3rd
|dadajât
|dadajânt
|dadajâta
|dadajânta
|-
! Optative Perfect
! sg.
! pl.
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!1st
|dadâjâm
|dadâjâmas
|dadâjâma
|dadâjâmadha
|-
!2nd
|dadâjâs
|dadâjâtas
|dadâjâsa
|dadâjâsdhva
|-
!3rd
|dadâjât
|dadâjânt
|dadâjâta
|dadâjânta
|-
! Aorist
! sg.
! pl.
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!1st
|adâm
|adamas
|adama
|adamadha
|-
!2nd
|adâs
|adatas
|adasa
|adasdhva
|-
!3rd
|adât
|adant
|adata
|adanta
|-
|align="center" colspan="5"|Other
|-
! Imperative
! sg.
! pl.
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!2nd
|dadadhi
|dadatat
|dadasva
|dadasdhva
|-
!3rd
|?
|?
|?
|dadantâm
|-
! Perfect
! sg.
! pl.
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!1st
|dadâ
|dadamasi
|dadamai
|dadamadhai
|-
!2nd
|dadâta
|dadatasi
|dadasai
|dadasdhvai
|-
!3rd
|dadâ
|dadanti
|dadatai
|dadantai
|-
|}
====Thematic verbs====
{|class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable"
|align="center" colspan="5"|'''bhar-''' "carry, bear"
|align="center" colspan="5"|'''bhar-''' "carry, bear"
Line 333: Line 872:
!1st
!1st
|bharâmi
|bharâmi
|bharâmas
|bharâmasi
|bharâmai
|bharâmai
|bharâmadhai
|bharâmadhai
Line 542: Line 1,081:


==Numbers==
==Numbers==
1. aina 2. dva 3. tri (f. tisar-) 4. katvar 5. kankam 6. saks (?) 7. saptan 8. akta, aktan 9. navan 10. dakan 11. ainam dakan 12. dvâ dakan 13. trajas dakan 14. katvar dakan 15. kankam dakan 16. saks dakan 17. saptan dakan 18. akta dakan 19. navan dakan 100 kantam<ref>From *dakandakanta</ref>
===Cardinal===
1. aina 2. dva 3. tri (f. tisar-) 4. katvar 5. kankan 6. saks (?) 7. saptan 8. akta, aktan 9. navan 10. dakan 11. ainam dakan 12. dvâ dakan 13. trajas dakan 14. katvar dakan 15. kankan dakan 16. saks dakan 17. saptan dakan 18. akta dakan 19. navan dakan 100 kantam<ref>From *dakandakanta</ref>
 
===Ordinal===
1st. prama 2nd. dvitja (?) 3rd. tritja 4th. katvarta 5th. kankanta, kankta 6th. saksta (?) 7th. saptama/saptata 8th. aktama 9th. navama/navanta 10. dakama/dakanta
 
==Text==
==Text==
The only extant text in Schleicher's language, thus far, is his own composition of ''The Sheep and the Horses,'' which follows:
The only extant text in Schleicher's language, thus far, is his own composition of ''The Sheep and the Horses,'' which follows:
Line 678: Line 1,222:


====Glossary to the fable====
====Glossary to the fable====
* '''â''' augment prefixed to verbs indicating past tense
* '''â''' augment prefixed to verbs indicating past tense (PIE *e)
* '''√ag-''' v. drive, force to go (PIE H₂eǵ-)
* '''√ag-''' v. drive, force to go (PIE *H₂eǵ-)
* '''agam''' 1st person singular pronoun I, locative '''mai'''
* '''agam''' 1st person singular pronoun I, locative '''mai''' (PIE *eǵóH, *eǵHóm)
* '''√agh-''' v. be grieved, mourn (PIE H₂egh-)
* '''√agh-''' v. be grieved, mourn (PIE *H₂egh-)
* '''agras''' n. field (PIE H₂éǵros)
* '''agras''' n. field (PIE *H₂éǵros)
* '''âku-''' a. swift (as av., swiftly)
* '''âku-''' a. swift (as av., swiftly) (PIE *eH₃ḱú-)
* '''akvas''' n.m. horse
* '''akvas''' n.m. horse (PIE *éḱwos)
* '''√as-''' v. be
* '''√as-''' v. be (PIE *H₁es-)
* '''avis''' n.f. sheep
* '''avis''' n.m.f. sheep (PIE *H₃éwis)
* '''√bhar-''' v. carry (PIE bher-)
* '''√bhar-''' v. carry (PIE *bher-)
* '''bhâras''' n.m. burden (PIE bhóros)
* '''bhâras''' n.m. burden (PIE *bhorós)
* '''√bhug-''' v. bend; run away, escape
* '''√bhug-''' v. bend; run away, escape (PIE *bhewg-)
* '''√dark-''' v. see (PIE derḱ-)
* '''√dark-''' v. see (PIE *derḱ-)
* '''garu''' a. heavy (PIE gʷṛru-)
* '''garu''' a. heavy (PIE *gʷṛrú-)
* '''gharma''' a. warm
* '''gharma''' a. warm (PIE *gʷhṛmó-)
* '''jas, jâ, jat''' rel. pron. which
* '''jas, jâ, jat''' rel. pron. which (PIE *yos, *yeH₂, *yod)
* '''ka''' cj. and (suffixed to the word to be joined)
* '''ka''' cj. and (suffixed to the word to be joined) (PIE *kʷe)
* '''√kar-''' v. make, do (PIE kʷer-)
* '''√kar-''' v. make, do (PIE *kʷer-)
* '''kard''' n.n. heart
* '''kard''' n.n. heart (PIE *ḱēr, *ḱerd-)
* '''√kru-''' v. hear, listen (PIE ḱlew-)
* '''√kru-''' v. hear, listen (PIE *ḱlew-)
* '''magha''' a. great
* '''magha''' a. great (PIE *meǵH₂-)
* '''manus''' n.m. man
* '''manus''' n.m. man (PIE *mánus)
* '''na''' av. not
* '''na''' av. not (PIE *ne)
* '''patis''' n.m. lord
* '''patis''' n.m. lord (PIE *pótis)
* '''sa, sâ, tat''' dem. pron. that
* '''sa, sâ, tat''' dem. pron. that (PIE *so, *seH₂, *tod)
* '''sva''' a. (his, her, its, their own)
* '''sva''' a. (his, her, its, their own) (PIE *se-)
* '''√vagh-''' v. move, pull, carry
* '''√vagh-''' v. move, pull, carry (PIE *weǵh-)
* '''vâghas''' n.m. vehicle
* '''vâghas''' n.m. vehicle (PIE *woǵhós)
* '''√vak-''' v. say
* '''√vak-''' v. say (PIE *wekʷ-)
* '''vastram''' n.n. garment, clothing
* '''vastram''' n.n. garment, clothing (PIE *wéstrom)
* '''√vid-''' v. know
* '''√vid-''' v. know (PIE *weid-)


===References===
===References===
Line 715: Line 1,259:
===Notes===
===Notes===
<references/>
<references/>
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:A posteriori]]
[[Category:Indo-European languages]]
Retrieved from "https://duo.linguifex.com/wiki/Arjâm_Vâks"