Nurian/Old: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 00:06, 1 September 2022

Pages with the prefix 'Nurian/Old' in the and 'Talk' namespaces:

Nurian/Old

Nurian/Old/Lexicon

Nurian/Old/Morphology

Nurian/Old/Names

Nurian/Old/Phrasebook

Nurian/Old/Swadesh list

Nurian/Old/Wordlist

Talk:

Nurian/Old
senNūrima
Created by	IlL
Setting	Verse:Tricin
Language family	Quame Talmic Nurian/Old
Language codes
ISO 639-3	`qnr`
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Nurian (/ˈnʊəɹiən/, Nurian: senNūrima, Eevo: Nwrib or brits Nwrée) is a Talmic language and a sister of Tigol, aesthetically inspired by Pali, Italian, Lithuanian and Arabic. Nurian is one of the classical languages of Bjeheond, along with Classical Netagin. (In Modern Netagin, an Old Nurian-imitating word ďaccerabaccera is used for 'unintelligible', cf. Japanese chinpunkanpun.)

Language of what begins as basically Buddhism? "What if Buddhism evolved differently"

Euphonic vowels instead of conservative IE endings

Todo

q qw > epiglottal stop

R Rw > ayin

Allow ntt unlike Pali and like Finnish?

Nurian reading traditions in Bjeheond, Txapoalli (and Wiebian in Crackfic Tricin)

Explain Lithuanian-like vowel system as a result of Idavic substrate?
should be P-Talmic
Did Thensarian have intensive noun/adjective suffixes that Nurian preserves?
-tl-, -dl- > -ċċ-, -ġġ- used mainly in names
-tą = instrument/patient suffix
massah = dark
Tamī3inai = Wen Dămea
ħammih = wheat (~ sñyrm)
dallhatuh = strife
hienaθini = sleep soundly
-zzah = deverbal noun
- muoġiazzah = food
nhuobai = jaw
natterai = chain

Diachronics

φīxs kʷēmos φaro δlanγeweti δe srībou γʷnāmesor δe φīna qrādomāxtim. γonyanθis wli nayesi, smā-deuφrimor briqenskās bakū kardasweis wli φasminō. Sθām lugyeθais wli bosqōr kʷisδalābis, kas φaxθīm φar woltāyessis-do, bar Bouγʷātlom wli qaswīqis. Nai brāyos δe nenmōrus skʷodoxtānis! φirwōd φēs-baxθitor qetibāti meudyūs! Φosnīdyōr daγʷāi δe nosθenqʷētās qʷlāwītor. --> Hīs pēmah hara ġą3auti δe rhībau nhāmesar δe na rhādamattį. 3aniantih vi najesi, mhā-diaurrhimar biqąkhāh bakū kaddaffeih vi hammhinuo. Θhą luġġeθaih vi baqquor piδδalābih, kah haθθį har valtājessittha, bar Bau3āċą vi qaffīqah. Nai bājah δe nemmuoruh phadattānih! Hivvuor hēs-baθθitar qatibāti miauġūh! Hannhīdar davvai δe naθθheqqātāh qāvitar.

i e a o u ī ē ā ō ū ei ai oi ui iu eu au ou → i 'a a a u ī 'ā ā uo ū 'ai ai ai ui 'ū 'au au au; yV → generally, gemination of preceding consonant + 'V

final -uo > -u? (more Lithuanian)

Historical phonology

-am -em -im -om -um -ām -ēm -īm -ōm -ūm > -ą -ę -į -ą -ų -ą -ę -į -ų -ų
-s > -h
Thn. cia ce ci cio ciu gia ge gi gio giu > ċia ċe ċi ċio ċiu ġia ġe ġi ġio ġiu
e ē ei ea eā > e ē ei ia iā
o, ō > a, uo; word final -uo > -ū
ae oe ui ao eo iu > ai ȳ ui au iuo iū

Cluster assimilations

Nurian is rich in geminate consonants, most of which arise from the following historical assimilations. Geminate consonants become degeminate word-initially.

bl ml fl tl dl θl δl cl gl ngl > bbi mmi ffi ċċi ġġi ṡṡi żżi kki ggi ngi
ql, ȝl > qq, ȝȝ
nl, rl > both ll
sp, st, sc, sȝ, sn, sl, sr > pph, tth, kkh, qqh, tth, nnh, llh, rrh
sb, sd, sg > bb, zz, gg
pr, fr, tr, θr, cr, ngr, qr > pph, ff, tth, θθ, kkh, ng, qqh
br, dr, δr, gr, ȝr > bb, dd, δδ, gg, ȝȝ
mr > mm
cn, gn > ngh, ng
mn > nn
rC > CC
lC > :C; lv > vv
ct > tt
VN + fricative > V[+nasal] + fricative
tv dv θv δv > pp bb ff vv

Co-reflexes with Eevo

aw ~ uo, ā, a+C
ia ~ ei
i ~ ȳ, ī, ē, a/e/i+C

Numbers

Phonology

The Old Nurian sound system has a large inventory of around 58 consonants and 10 vowels. A notable feature of the phonology is phonemic contrast between velarization and palatalization in consonants. All consonants except /ħ ʕ h j/ are members of a hard-soft-pair. /ħ ʕ h j/ color the /a/ vowel as if they were soft, and /ħ ʕ/ tend to lower adjacent vowels.

Phonotactics

Old Nurian forbids all consonant clusters other than those of the form homorganic nasal + consonant. Word-medially, every consonant can be geminated except /j/ and /h/. Word-finally, usually only /n/, /l/, /ʔ/ (as an allophone of /r/), /h/, /s/, /t/, and vowels are allowed.

Consonants

**Consonant phonemes in Old Nurian**
		Labial		Dental		Alveolar/Retroflex		Postalveolar	Velar		Radical	Glottal
		hard	soft	hard	soft	hard	soft	Postalveolar	soft	hard	Radical	Glottal
Nasal	voiceless	mh m̊ˠ	mhi m̊ʲ	nh n̪̊ˠ			nhi n̊ʲ		nghi ŋ̊ʲ	ngh ŋ̊
Nasal	voiced	m mˠ	mi mʲ	n n̪ˠ			ni nʲ		ngi ŋʲ	ng ŋ
Stop	tenuis	p pˠ	pi pʲ	t t̪ˠ	ti t̪ˢʲ	ṭ tˠ~ʈˠ	ṭi tʲ	ċi tʃ	ki kʲ	k k	q, qi ʡ	-r ʔ
	aspirated	ph pˠʰ	phi pʲʰ	th t̪ˠʰ	thi t̪ˢʲʰ	ṭh tˠʰ~ʈˠʰ	ṭhi tʲʰ	ċhi tʃʰ	khi kʲʰ	kh kʰ	qh, qhi ʡʰ
	voiced	b bˠ	bi bʲ	d d̪ˠ	di d̪ᶻʲ	ḍ dˠ~ɖˠ	ḍi dʲ	ġi dʒ	gi ɡʲ	g ɡ
Fricative	voiceless	f fˠ	fi fʲ	s s̪ˠ			si sʲ	ṡi ʃ				h, hi h
Fricative	voiced	v vˠ	vi vʲ	z z̪ˠ			zi zʲ	żi ʒ
Trill	voiceless					rh r̥ˠ	rhi r̥ʲ
Trill	voiced					r rˠ	ri rʲ
Lateral	voiceless			lh l̥ˠ			lhi l̥ʲ
Lateral	voiced			l lˠ			li lʲ
Approximant									j j		ȝ, ȝi ʕ

Notes

Voiceless stops and affricates are unaspirated.
All hard consonants are velarized (especially /rˠ, lˠ, t̪ˠ, d̪ˠ/, which are uvularized).
All consonants are labialized before the back vowels /u, uː, uɔ/.
/rˠ/ is uvularized apical alveolar [r̺ʶ] or postalveolar [r̠ʶ]. When not geminated, it can either be a trill [rʶ] or a flap [ɾʶ].
/rʲ/ is palatalized alveolar flap [ɾ̪ʲ] and less commonly a trill [r̺ʲ]. It is always a trill [r̺ːʲ] when geminated.
/lˠ/ is a uvularized apical alveolar [l̺ʶ] or uvularized laminal denti-alveolar [l̪ʶ].
/lʲ/ is laminal alveolar [l̻ʲ].
/ɲ/ is postpalatal [ɲ̄].
/tʃ, dʒ, ʃ, ʒ/ are laminal palatalized alveolar [tʃʲ, dʒʲ, ʃʲ, ʒʲ].
Before /k, ɡ/, /n/ is realized as velar [ŋ].
/ħ/ has been variously described as pharyngeal [ħ] and epiglottal [ʜ].
/ʕ/ is an epiglottal approximant [ʕ̞].
/h/ is voiced [ɦ] after vowels and voiced consonants.

Vowels

Old Nurian has three short, three long and three nasal monophthongs. There is a considerable degree of allophony in low vowels.

**Vowel phonemes**
	Front			Central			Back
	short	long	nasal	short	long	nasal	short	long	nasal
Close	/ɪ~ɪ̞/	/iː/	/ĩː/				/ʊ/	/uː/	/ũː/
Open	[ɛ~æ]	[æː]		/a/	/aː/	/ãː/	[ɑ]	[ɑː]

Diphthongs: /ɐɪ ɐʊ iɛ uɔ ʊi/

Notes

/a aː/ each have two allophones:
- [ɐ~ɑ ɑː] after non-radical hard consonants.
- [ɛ~æ æː] after soft consonants, radicals and /h/

Romanization:

a: hard /a/ [ɐ~ɑ]
ā: hard /aː/ [ɑː]
ą: hard /ãː/
ai: hard /aɪ/ [ɐɪ~ɑɪ]
au: hard /aʊ/ [ɐʊ~ɑʊ]
u: hard /ʊ/
ui: hard /ʊɪ/
uo: hard /uɔ/
ū: hard /uː/
ų: hard /ũː/

ia, e: soft /a/ [ɛ]
iā, ē: soft /aː/ [æː]
ią, ę: soft /ãː/
iai, ei: soft /aɪ/ [ɛɪ]
iau: soft /aʊ/ [ɛʊ]
i: soft /ɪ/
ī: soft /iː/
į: soft /ĩː/
iu: soft /ʊ/
ui: soft /ʊɪ/
iuo: soft /uɔ/
iū: soft /uː/
ių: soft /ũː/
ie: soft /iə/

Stress

Nurian stress is similar to Modern Standard Arabic:

Stress falls on the heavy (CV: or CVC) syllable closest to the end, if it is not the final syllable;
if neither the penult nor the antepenult are heavy, the antepenult is stressed.

Orthography

Nurian is written in an Ancient Gwnax-based script.

Consonants

Vowels

Morphology

Main article: Nurian/Old/Morphology

Numerals

Nurian uses a vigesimal numeral system. 1-20: pēm, θiuor, naġġį, δiaubį, salle, thām, ruodih, laddih, habbih, quor, quopphēm, quoθθhiur, quonnaġġį, quonδiaubį, qųsalle, qųthām, quorruodih, quolladdih, quorrhabbih, miekah

pēm, pēmai, pēmah '1', thām, thāmai, thāmah '6' and their teen counterparts decline as o-stem adjectives
θiuor '2', ħuor '10', and ħuoθθiur '12' decline like a dual adjective
naġġį '3', δiaubį '4' and their teen counterparts are i-stem masculines
salle (< saliθe) '5' is indeclinable
ruodih, laddih, habbih are i-stem neuters
miekah is an o-stem noun

Syntax

Nurian uses SVO, head-initial syntax. There are no articles.

Guoδati damibeh jāni betthar.

[ˈguɔðˠɑtʲi ˈdˠɑmʲɪbʲæh ˈjæːnʲi ˈbʲættʰˠɑɾ]

guoδ-ti tam-ibeh jāni betth-ar

remain-3PL leaf-PL.CST laurel.SG.ABS.NOM green-PL.F.ABS.NOM

Laurel leaves stay green.

Particles

kaC-, kat = 'and'
- ħuġġiah kap pālei = 'bread and milk'
ei (/ɛɪ/) = 'not'
fī /fʲiː/ = 'if'
khą = but
rį = relativizer
fim = complementizer

Relative clauses

Nurian uses the resumptive pronoun strategy when the head is not the subject. A resumptive pronoun must be fronted, if it is not embedded in another clause within the relative clause.

Sample texts

UDHR, Article 1

Kakarai 3ausį gatthāną kaθ θeθeivų di khussiū kat iġġiatū; ammimīdīnį nai qabbī kad dȳkaluttī, ṡiūqą danθū hieθariākah 3aibatthah di helą venghimę.

[ˈkɐkɐrˠɐɪ ˈħæʊsʲĩː gɐˈtʰˠːɑːnˠɑ̃ː kɐθ θʲɛˈθʲɛɪvˠũː dʲɪ ˈkʰʊsʲːuː kɐʔ ˈɪdʒːætˠuː | æmʲːɪmʲiːˈdʲiːnʲĩː nɐɪ ʕæbʲːiː kɐd dˠiːkɐlˠʊtʲːiː, ʃuːʕãː dˠɐnθˠuː fʲɛɪtˠɐrʲæːkɐh ħæɪbˠɐtʰˠːɐh dʲɪ hælˠɑ̃ː vʲɛŋ̊ʲːɪmʲæ̃ː]

human.COL.DEF be.born-3SG.M.PRES free.COL.INDEF.M and equal.COL.INDEF.M in dignity-3SG.M and right-3SG.M; gifted-COL.INDEF.M INS reason and conscience, duty upon-3SG.M behave-INFV mutually in spirit-SGV.DEF brotherly-SGV.DEF.F

All humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Poetry

Greek and Latin quantitative meters, no rhyming

@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
 |creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
 |name = {{PAGENAME}}
-|nativename = ''nūrimai''
+|nativename = ''senNūrima''
 |setting=[[Verse:Tricin]]
-|pronunciation = /ˈnˠuːrʲɪmˠɐɪ/
+|pronunciation =
 |region = Txapoalli
 |country = Nūrei
@@ Line 18: / Line 18: @@
 }}
-'''Nurian''' (/ˈnʊəɹiən/, Nurian: ''gaffai nūrimai'' /ˈgɐfˠːɐɪ ˈnˠuːrʲɪmˠɐɪ/, [[Eevo]]: ''Nwrib'' or ''brits Nwrée'') is a [[Talmic languages|Talmic language]] and a sister of [[Tigol]], aesthetically inspired by Pali, Italian, Lithuanian and Arabic. Nurian is one of the classical languages of Bjeheond, along with Classical [[Netagin]]. (In Modern Netagin, an Old Nurian-imitating word ''ďaccerabaccera'' is used for 'unintelligible', cf. Japanese ''chinpunkanpun''.)
+'''Nurian''' (/ˈnʊəɹiən/, Nurian: ''senNūrima'', [[Eevo]]: ''Nwrib'' or ''brits Nwrée'') is a [[Talmic languages|Talmic language]] and a sister of [[Tigol]], aesthetically inspired by Pali, Italian, Lithuanian and Arabic. Nurian is one of the classical languages of Bjeheond, along with Classical [[Netagin]]. (In Modern Netagin, an Old Nurian-imitating word ''ďaccerabaccera'' is used for 'unintelligible', cf. Japanese ''chinpunkanpun''.)
-(In [[Verse:CF Tricin|Crackfic Tricin]], Nurian goes extinct by the time Irtans arrive, but Old Nurian influences Wiebisch vocab.)
+Language of what begins as basically Buddhism? "What if Buddhism evolved differently"
-Language of what begins as basically Buddhism? "What if Buddhism evolved differently"
+Euphonic vowels instead of conservative IE endings
 ==Todo==
+q qw > epiglottal stop
+R Rw > ayin
+Allow ''ntt'' unlike Pali and like Finnish?
+Nurian reading traditions in Bjeheond, Txapoalli (and Wiebian in Crackfic Tricin)
 *Explain Lithuanian-like vowel system as a result of Idavic substrate?
 *should be P-Talmic
@@ Line 32: / Line 38: @@
 *''-tą'' = instrument/patient suffix
 *''massah'' = dark
-*''Tamīħinai'' = Wen Dămea
+*''Tamī3inai'' = Wen Dămea
 *''ħammih'' = wheat (~ sñyrm)
 *''dallhatuh'' = strife
@@ Line 41: / Line 47: @@
 *''natterai'' = chain
-φīxs kʷēmos φaro δlanγeweti δe srībou γʷnāmesor δe φīna qrādomāxtim. γonyanθis wli nayesi, smā-deuφrimor briqenskās bakū kardasweis wli φasminō. Sθām lugyeθais wli bosqōr kʷisδalābis, kas φaxθīm φar woltāyessis-do, bar Bouγʷātlom wli qaswīqis. Nai brāyos δe nenmōrus skʷodoxtānis! φirwōd φēs-baxθitor qetibāti meudyūs! Φosnīdyōr daγʷāi δe nosθenqʷētās qʷlāwītor. --> Hīs pēmah hara g&#775;ą(heth)iauti δe rhībau nhāmesar δe na rhādamattį. (heth)aniantih vi najesi, mhā-diaurrhimar bi3ękhāh bakū kaddaffeih vi hammhinuo. Θhą lug&#775;g&#775;eθaih v8 bo33uor piδδalābih, kah haθθį har valtājessih-da, bar Bau(heth)c&#775;c&#775;ą vi 3affī3ah. Nai bājah δe nemmuoruh phodottānih! Hivvuor hēs-baθθitar 3etibāti miaug&#775;ūh! Hannhīdar davvai δe naθθhen3ētāh 3āvitar.
+== Diachronics ==
+φīxs kʷēmos φaro δlanγeweti δe srībou γʷnāmesor δe φīna qrādomāxtim. γonyanθis wli nayesi, smā-deuφrimor briqenskās bakū kardasweis wli φasminō. Sθām lugyeθais wli bosqōr kʷisδalābis, kas φaxθīm φar woltāyessis-do, bar Bouγʷātlom wli qaswīqis. Nai brāyos δe nenmōrus skʷodoxtānis! φirwōd φēs-baxθitor qetibāti meudyūs! Φosnīdyōr daγʷāi δe nosθenqʷētās qʷlāwītor. --> Hīs pēmah hara g&#775;ą3auti δe rhībau nhāmesar δe na rhādamattį. 3aniantih vi najesi, mhā-diaurrhimar biqąkhāh bakū kaddaffeih vi hammhinuo. Θhą lug&#775;g&#775;eθaih vi baqquor piδδalābih, kah haθθį har valtājessittha, bar Bau3āc&#775;ą vi qaffīqah. Nai bājah δe nemmuoruh phadattānih! Hivvuor hēs-baθθitar qatibāti miaug&#775;ūh! Hannhīdar davvai δe naθθheqqātāh qāvitar.
+i e a o u ī ē ā ō ū ei ai oi ui iu eu au ou → i 'a a a u ī 'ā ā uo ū 'ai ai ai ui 'ū 'au au au; yV → generally, gemination of preceding consonant + 'V
+final -uo > -u? (more Lithuanian)
 ==Historical phonology==
@@ Line 53: / Line 64: @@
 Nurian is rich in geminate consonants, most of which arise from the following historical assimilations. Geminate consonants become degeminate word-initially.
 *''bl ml fl tl dl θl δl cl gl ngl'' > ''bbi mmi ffi ċċi ġġi ṡṡi żżi kki ggi ngi''
-*''ħl, ȝl'' > ''ħħ, ȝȝ''
+*''ql, ȝl'' > ''qq, ȝȝ''
 *''nl, rl'' > both ''ll''
-*''sp, st, sc, sȝ, sn, sl, sr'' > ''pph, tth, kkh, ħħ, tth, nnh, llh, rrh''
+*''sp, st, sc, sȝ, sn, sl, sr'' > ''pph, tth, kkh, qqh, tth, nnh, llh, rrh''
 *''sb, sd, sg'' > ''bb, zz, gg''
-*''pr, fr, tr, θr, cr, ngr, ħr'' > ''pph, ff, tth, θθ, kkh, ng, ħħ''
+*''pr, fr, tr, θr, cr, ngr, qr'' > ''pph, ff, tth, θθ, kkh, ng, qqh''
 *''br, dr, δr, gr, ȝr'' > ''bb, dd, δδ, gg, ȝȝ''
 *''mr'' > ''mm''
@@ Line 127: / Line 138: @@
 !<small>tenuis</small>
 | '''p''' pˠ || '''pi''' pʲ
-| '''θ''' t̪ˠ || '''θi''' t̪ˢʲ
+| '''t''' t̪ˠ || '''ti''' t̪ˢʲ
-| '''t''' tˠ~ʈˠ || '''ti''' tʲ
+| '''t{{cdb}}''' tˠ~ʈˠ || '''t{{cdb}}i''' tʲ
 | '''ċi''' tʃ
 | '''ki''' kʲ
 | '''k''' k
-|
+| '''q, qi''' ʡ
 | '''-r''' ʔ
 |-
 !<small>aspirated</small>
 | '''ph''' pˠʰ || '''phi''' pʲʰ
-| '''θh''' t̪ˠʰ || '''θhi''' t̪ˢʲʰ
+| '''th''' t̪ˠʰ || '''thi''' t̪ˢʲʰ
-| '''th''' tˠʰ~ʈˠʰ || '''thi''' tʲʰ
+| '''t{{cdb}}h''' tˠʰ~ʈˠʰ || '''t{{cdb}}hi''' tʲʰ
 | '''ċhi''' tʃʰ
 | '''khi''' kʲʰ
 | '''kh''' kʰ
-|
+| '''qh, qhi''' ʡʰ
 |
 |-
 !<small>voiced</small>
 | '''b''' bˠ || '''bi''' bʲ
-| '''δ''' d̪ˠ || '''δi''' d̪ᶻʲ
+| '''d''' d̪ˠ || '''di''' d̪ᶻʲ
-| '''d''' dˠ~ɖˠ || '''di''' dʲ
+| '''d{{cdb}}''' dˠ~ɖˠ || '''d{{cdb}}i''' dʲ
 | '''ġi''' dʒ
 | '''gi''' ɡʲ
@@ Line 163: / Line 174: @@
 |
 |
-| '''ħ, ħi''' ħ
+|
 | '''h, hi''' h
 |-
@@ Line 293: / Line 304: @@
 **[ɐ~ɑ ɑː] after non-radical hard consonants.
 **[ɛ~æ æː] after soft consonants, radicals and /h/
+Romanization:
+{{col-begin}}
+{{col-break}}
+*''a'': hard /a/ [ɐ~ɑ]
+*''ā'': hard /aː/ [ɑː]
+*''ą'': hard /ãː/
+*''ai'': hard /aɪ/ [ɐɪ~ɑɪ]
+*''au'': hard /aʊ/ [ɐʊ~ɑʊ]
+*''u'': hard /ʊ/
+*''ui'': hard /ʊɪ/
+*''uo'': hard /uɔ/
+*''ū'': hard /uː/
+*''ų'': hard /ũː/
+{{col-break}}
+*''ia, e'': soft /a/ [ɛ]
+*''iā, ē'': soft /aː/ [æː]
+*''ią, ę'': soft /ãː/
+*''iai, ei'': soft /aɪ/ [ɛɪ]
+*''iau'': soft /aʊ/ [ɛʊ]
+*''i'': soft /ɪ/
+*''ī'': soft /iː/
+*''į'': soft /ĩː/
+*''iu'': soft /ʊ/
+*''ui'': soft /ʊɪ/
+*''iuo'': soft /uɔ/
+*''iū'': soft /uː/
+*''ių'': soft /ũː/
+*''ie'': soft /iə/
+{{col-end}}
 ===Stress===
@@ Line 309: / Line 350: @@
 == Numerals ==
-Nurian uses a vigesimal numeral system. 1-20: ''pēm, θiuor, naġġį, δiaubį, salle, thām, ruodih, laddih, habbih, ħuor, ħuopphēm, ħuoθθhiur, ħuonnaġġį, ħuonδiaubį, ħųsalle, ħųthām, ħuorruodih, ħuolladdih, ħuorrhabbih, miekah''
+Nurian uses a vigesimal numeral system. 1-20: ''pēm, θiuor, naġġį, δiaubį, salle, thām, ruodih, laddih, habbih, quor, quopphēm, quoθθhiur, quonnaġġį, quonδiaubį, qųsalle, qųthām, quorruodih, quolladdih, quorrhabbih, miekah''
 * ''pēm, pēmai, pēmah'' '1', ''thām, thāmai, thāmah'' '6' and their teen counterparts decline as o-stem adjectives
@@ Line 331: / Line 372: @@
 *''ei'' (/ɛɪ/) = 'not'
 *''fī'' /fʲiː/ = 'if'
+* ''khą'' = but
+* ''rį'' = relativizer
+* ''fim'' = complementizer
 ===Relative clauses===
@@ Line 337: / Line 381: @@
 ==Sample texts==
 ===UDHR, Article 1===
-:''Kakarai ħausį gatthāną kaθ θeθeivų di khussiū kat iġġiatū; ammimīdīnį nai ȝabbī kad dȳkaluttī, ṡiūȝą danθū hieθariākah ħaibatthah di helą venghimę.''
+:''Kakarai 3ausį gatthāną kaθ θeθeivų di khussiū kat iġġiatū; ammimīdīnį nai qabbī kad dȳkaluttī, ṡiūqą danθū hieθariākah 3aibatthah di helą venghimę.''
 :[ˈkɐkɐrˠɐɪ ˈħæʊsʲĩː gɐˈtʰˠːɑːnˠɑ̃ː kɐθ θʲɛˈθʲɛɪvˠũː dʲɪ ˈkʰʊsʲːuː kɐʔ ˈɪdʒːætˠuː | æmʲːɪmʲiːˈdʲiːnʲĩː nɐɪ ʕæbʲːiː kɐd dˠiːkɐlˠʊtʲːiː, ʃuːʕãː dˠɐnθˠuː fʲɛɪtˠɐrʲæːkɐh ħæɪbˠɐtʰˠːɐh dʲɪ hælˠɑ̃ː vʲɛŋ̊ʲːɪmʲæ̃ː]
 :human.COL.DEF be.born-3SG.M.PRES free.COL.INDEF.M and equal.COL.INDEF.M in dignity-3SG.M and right-3SG.M; gifted-COL.INDEF.M INS reason and conscience, duty upon-3SG.M behave-INFV mutually in spirit-SGV.DEF brotherly-SGV.DEF.F