User:MIGUELbM/Muna v2.8

Muna
Pronunciation	[ˈmuna]
Created by	Miguel Bartelsman
Date	2015
Setting	Fantasy world
Language family	language isolate Muna
Early form	Proto-Muna
Writing system	Krotan alphabet Latin alphabet

Phonology

Consonants

		Labial		Alveolar		Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Plosive		p		t			k
Nasal		m		n			ŋ
Fricative	Spirant	β	ɸ	ð	θ		ɣ	h
	Silibant			s
Liquid	Flap			ɾ
	Approx.			l
Glide	Approx.					j	w

Vowels

	Front	Back
	Unrounded	Rounded
Close	i	u
Mid	e	o
Open	a	ɒ

Diphthongs

	i	u
a	ai
e	ei
ɒ		ɒu
o		ou

Phonotactics

Syllable (σ)
Onset (ω)		Rime (ρ)
Initial (ι)	Medial (μ)	Nucleus (ν)	Coda (κ)
Consonant	Semivowel Liquid Plosive /s/	Vowel Diphthong	Nasal Liquid Fricative Liquid + fricative Liquid + nasal

Initial (ι)

• Initials are optional word-initially and mandatory elsewhere
• Can’t have the same manner of articulation as a preceding coda

Medial (μ)

• Medials are optional
• Liquids are only allowed after stops or fricatives
• Plosives are only allowed after /s/
• /s/ Is only allowed after nasals or liquids
• /s/ is forbidden on a first syllable or after a syllable with coda

Nucleus (ν)

• Nuclei are mandatory
• Diphthongs are not allowed after a semivowel

Coda (κ)

• Codas are optional
• Nasals must have the same place of articulation as the following obstruent
• Liquid + fricative are only allowed word-finally
• Liquid + nasal are only allowed word-finally

Stress

Stress is placed on the first syllable of words that start with an onset or monosyllabic words and in the second syllable of words with two or more syllables that start with a vowel.

Allophony

• Spirants and plosives with the same place of articulation merge and become geminated voiced plosives

[βp] → [bː]

• Spirants undergo fortition, becoming voiced plosives, when adjacent to plosives with a different place of articulation or nasals

[ðn] → [dn]

[tɣ] → [tg]

• A voiced spirant is added between a nasal and the alveolar flap, corresponding to the same place of articulation as the nasal

[nɾ] → [nðɾ]

• The velar spirant merges with the preceding vowel into a voiceless vowel before a consonant

[ehn] → [e̥n]

• The alveolar voiced spirant undergoes fortition before the lateral fricative and...
• The lateral fricative becomes a lateral release after an alveolar plosive

[ðl] → [dl] → [dˡ]

• The alveolar and velar nasals merge with the palatal glide to form a palatal nasal

[nj] → [ɲ]

• The alveolar sibilant merges with the palatal glide into a voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant

[sj] → [ʃ]

• The velar spirant and the palatal glide merge into a voiceless palatal-velar fricative

[hj] → [ɧ]

• The velar spirant and the labiovelar glide merge into a voiceless labiovelar approximant

[hw] → [ʍ]

• The labiovelar glide turns into labialization after a voiced velar plosive or spirant

[ɣw] → [ɣʷ]

• The palatal glide becomes a voiced palatal fricative word-initially

[∅j] → [ʝ]

• The labiovelar glide becomes a labiodental approximant word-initially

[∅w] → [ʋ]

Ortography

Krotan	Romanization		IPA
	ASCII	Unicode
	k	k	/k/
	r	r	/ɾ/
	o	o	/o/
	t	t	/t/
	a	a	/a/
	n	n	/n/
	h	h	/h/
	e	e	/e/
	s	s	/s/
	D	þ	/θ/
	b	b	/β/
	w	w	/w/
	f	f	/ɸ/
	p	p	/p/
	A	ø	/ɒ/
	N	ŋ	/ŋ/
	l	l	/l/
	j	j	/j/
	d	d	/ð/
	i	i	/i/
	m	m	/m/
	u	u	/u/
	g	g	/ɣ/

Verbs

Phonotactic restrictions

Verbs must end in one of the following patterns:

• -a
• -an

Dependency structure

Adverb	Tense	Modifier	Verb
			Root	Aspect

Modifier

A modifier is a word, often an adposition, which modifies the meaning of the verb. Direction of the verb can be marked by an adposition and a locative case marking the corresponding noun.

1s.nom 1s.gen home.loc from walk.impv → "I'm walking from my home"

Tense

Muna does not inflect its verbs for tense, instead, speakers can use a time word or adverb for this purpose.

Aspect

Aspect	Abbr.	Suffix	Description
Gnomic	gno		Expresses general truths and aphorisms in which time structure is irrelevant
Perfective	pfv		Indicates an event viewed in its entirety, without reference to its temporal structure during its occurrence.
Imperfective	ipfv	-∅	Indicates an action which is ongoing, evolving and/or habitual.
Ingressive	ingr		Marks the beginning of a new action or the acquisition of a state.
Pausative	paus		Marks the atelic cessation of an action and may imply a future continuation.
Resumptive	res		Marks the continuation of an unfinished or unfinishable action.
Egressive	egr		Marks the cessation and completion of an action.

Mood

Mood, like tense, is indicated by a dependent adverb.

Nouns

Phonotactic restrictions

All nouns, in their base form, must have one of the following ending patterns:

• -a(C)(C)
• -e(C)(C)
• -i(C)(C)

Noun classes

Gender

• Masculine

  Last vowel is e, ei

• Feminine

  Last vowel is a, ai

• Neuter

  Last vowel is i

Strength

• Weak

  The word ends in a vowel

• Strong

  The word ends in a consonant

Dependency structure

Genitive	Determiner	Quantifier	Adjective	Noun
				Root	Case	Number

Case

Case	Abbr.	Declension			Description
		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	nom				The nominative case marks the agent or voluntary experiencer of the action, it is also the citation form.
Absolutive	abs				The absolutive case marks the patient or involuntary experiencer of the action.
Dative	dat				The dative case marks the indirect object, often the recipient or beneficiary of the action
Genitive	grn				The genitive marks indicates ownership of or relation with something
Locative	loc				The locative indicates a location for the action (whether it is origin, destination, means or other depends on the verb)
Instrumental	ins				The instrumental marks a tool or person with which the action was carried out

Number

Number		Suffix	Description	English
Count	Singular	-∅	Single instance	pen
	Plural		Multiple instances	pens
Mass	Singulative		Single unit of the instance	a drop of water
	Mass	-∅	Single instance	water
	Plurative		Multiple instances	waters

Syntax

In all cases the agent comes before the object as both can take either the absolutive or nominative cases depending on the particular situation. The verb comes last in all non-interrogative constructions.

Passive

Passive Subject + (Oblique) + Verb

Anti-Passive

Active Subject + (Oblique) + Verb

Standard

Active Agent + Passive Object + (Oblique) + Verb

Involuntary action

Passive Agent + Passive Object + (Oblique) + Verb

Assisted action

Active Agent + Active Object + (Oblique) + Verb

Interrogative

Verb + ... + (Oblique)

Muna Versions

• Muna v2.1
• Muna v2.9
• Muna v2.10