Enkesh: Difference between revisions
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| creator = User:Jukethatbox | | creator = User:Jukethatbox | ||
| ethnicity = Bawakhi, Nedeẃi, Yawayé, Nnibiteẃẃi | | ethnicity = Bawakhi, Nedeẃi, Yawayé, Nnibiteẃẃi | ||
| state = | | state = Enkophone communities | ||
| familycolor = American | | familycolor = American | ||
| fam1 = Nakna-Tiwaic | | fam1 = Nakna-Tiwaic | ||
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| notice = ipa | | notice = ipa | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Enkesh'''(/ɛŋ.kɛʃ/, <small>Enkesh:</small> ['e.ɳe.koʃwan]) is a Nakna-Tiwaic language spoken natively on the river banks of the Anippa/Anéppa river, which is a major source of irrigation water for most pastures in the nation of Anéppia, as well as for the nomadic tribal confederacy of Bawakyawan. | '''Enkesh'''(/ɛŋ.kɛʃ/, <small>Enkesh:</small> [[Help:IPA|['e.ɳe.koʃwan]]]) is a Nakna-Tiwaic language spoken natively on the river banks of the Anippa/Anéppa river, which is a major source of irrigation water for most pastures in the nation of Anéppia, as well as for the nomadic tribal confederacy of Bawakyawan. | ||
The formation of the Enkesh language is actually an ongoing conversion of Nakna languages into a singular language of varied dialects throughout the centuries. The first records of linguistic converging among Nakna languages was recorded in 1889, when linguists discovered that the now extinct Bawak(''bémékoẃanma'') language and Yawa languages had grown similar enough to be considered dialects of a single language. | The formation of the Enkesh language is actually an ongoing conversion of Nakna languages into a singular language of varied dialects throughout the centuries. The first records of linguistic converging among Nakna languages was recorded in 1889, when linguists discovered that the now extinct Bawak(''bémékoẃanma'') language and Yawa languages had grown similar enough to be considered dialects of a single language. | ||
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! voiceless !! voiced !! voiceless !! voiced !! voiceless !! voiced !! voiceless !! voiced !! voiceless !! voiced !! voiceless !! voiced !! voiceless !! voiced | ! voiceless !! voiced !! voiceless !! voiced !! voiceless !! voiced !! voiceless !! voiced !! voiceless !! voiced !! voiceless !! voiced !! voiceless !! voiced | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan= | ! rowspan=3 | Plosive | ||
! <small>standard</small> | ! <small>standard</small> | ||
| p || b || t || d || colspan=2 | || ʈ ⟨tt⟩|| ɖ ⟨dd⟩ || c || || k || g || q || colspan=3 | | | p || b || t || d || colspan=2 | || ʈ ⟨tt⟩|| ɖ ⟨dd⟩ || c || || k || g || q || colspan=3 | | ||
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! <small>aspirated</small> | ! <small>aspirated</small> | ||
| pʰ⟨ph⟩ || bʱ⟨bh⟩ || tʰ⟨th⟩ || dʱ⟨dh⟩ || colspan=2 | || ʈʰ ⟨tth⟩|| ɖʱ ⟨ddh⟩ || colspan=2 | || kʰ⟨kh⟩ || gʱ⟨gh⟩ || qʰ⟨qh⟩ || colspan=3 | | | pʰ⟨ph⟩ || bʱ⟨bh⟩ || tʰ⟨th⟩ || dʱ⟨dh⟩ || colspan=2 | || ʈʰ ⟨tth⟩|| ɖʱ ⟨ddh⟩ || colspan=2 | || kʰ⟨kh⟩ || gʱ⟨gh⟩ || qʰ⟨qh⟩ || colspan=3 | | ||
|- | |||
! <small>ejective</small> | |||
| pʼ ⟨pp⟩|| bʼ ⟨bb⟩|| colspan=8 | || kʼ ⟨kk⟩|| gʼ ⟨gg⟩ || qʼ ⟨qq⟩ | |||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan=2 | Nasal | ! colspan=2 | Nasal | ||
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|+ Enkesh vowels | |+ Enkesh vowels | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan=2 rowspan=2 | !! colspan=2 | Front | ! colspan=2 rowspan=2 | !! colspan=2 | Front !! colspan=2 | Back | ||
|- class=small | |- class=small | ||
! unrounded !! rounded !! unrounded !! rounded | |||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan=2 | Close | ! colspan=2 | Close | ||
| i || | | i || || ɯ ⟨ú⟩|| u | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=2 | Mid | ! rowspan=2 | Mid | ||
! class=small | Close-mid | ! class=small | Close-mid | ||
| e ⟨é⟩ || ø ⟨ö⟩ | | | e ⟨é⟩ || ø ⟨ö⟩ || || o | ||
|- | |- | ||
! class=small | Open-mid | ! class=small | Open-mid | ||
| ɛ ⟨e⟩ | | | ɛ ⟨e⟩ || || ʌ ⟨á⟩ || ɔ ⟨ó⟩ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan=2 | Open | ! colspan=2 | Open | ||
| a || colspan= | | a || colspan=3 | | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Prosody=== | ===Prosody=== | ||
====Stress==== | ====Stress==== | ||
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The use of stress in a Nakna-Tiwaic language is rare, as most other Nakna-Tiwaic and even Nakna languages in general tend to have a detailed tone system, although even Enkesh's use of stress closely resembles tone patterns in other Nakna-Tiwaic languages. | The use of stress in a Nakna-Tiwaic language is rare, as most other Nakna-Tiwaic and even Nakna languages in general tend to have a detailed tone system, although even Enkesh's use of stress closely resembles tone patterns in other Nakna-Tiwaic languages. | ||
===Phonotactics=== | ===Phonotactics=== | ||
Enkesh uses a (C)(C)V(V)(C)(C) syllable structure, which is descendant from Proto-Nakna-Tiwaic ''*(C)V(C)''. | Enkesh uses a (C)(C)V(V)(C)(C) syllable structure, which is descendant from Proto-Nakna-Tiwaic ''*(C)V(C)''. | ||
===Morphophonology=== | |||
If a voiced plosive consonant(usually alveolar~retroflex) is in an outset position, then the consonant becomes voiceless, e.g.: | |||
* /d/ in ''A'''d'''am'' → /t/ in ''otiqaöpiná'''d'''''. | |||
Enkesh also extensively uses the [[w:Sandhi|sandhi]] phenomenon, e.g. the word ''śukullan''("chocolate"), when in its accusative form, the outset and onset /n/s from ''śukullan'' and ''-né'' respectively turn said /n/s into a /ɳ/. | |||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
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|+ Enkesh noun case declensions | |+ Enkesh noun case declensions | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan=2 | !! Suffix | ! colspan=2 rowspan=2 | !! colspan=2 | Suffix | ||
|- class=small | |||
! written form !! pronunciation<br>(phonetic) | |||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=7 | Case | ! rowspan=7 | Case | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Nominative | ! Nominative | ||
| ∅ | | colspan=2 | ∅ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Ergative | ! Ergative | ||
| ''-iw'' | | ''-iw'' || iw | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Accusative | ! Accusative | ||
| ''-né'' | | ''-né'' || ne | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Dative | ! Dative | ||
| ''- | | ''-nyé'' || ɲe | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Genitive | ! Genitive | ||
| ''-kö'' | | ''-kö'' || kø | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Locative | ! Locative | ||
| ''-ád'' | | ''-ád'' || ʌt | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
Verbs in Enkesh have strong(irregular conjugation) and weak(strict conjugation pattern) forms. | Verbs in Enkesh have strong(irregular conjugation) and weak(strict conjugation pattern) forms. | ||
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Most verbs end in ''-a''. | Most verbs end in ''-a''. | ||
====Weak verbs==== | ====Weak verbs==== | ||
Weak verbs always end in ''-a'', | Weak verbs always end in ''-a'' or ''-z'', but if it ends in ''-a'' then it is inflected to ''-am'' if the subject is plural. | ||
* ''Médda phulád.'' (I swim in the pool.) | * ''Médda phulád.'' (I swim in the pool.) | ||
* ''Myeddariw méddam phulád.'' (The swimmers swim in the pool.) | * ''Myeddariw méddam phulád.'' (The swimmers swim in the pool.) |
Latest revision as of 12:17, 4 March 2024
This article is a construction site. This project is currently undergoing significant construction and/or revamp. By all means, take a look around, thank you. |
Enkesh | |
---|---|
énnékoẃan | |
Pronunciation | ['e.ɳe.koʃwan] |
Created by | Jukethatbox |
Date | 2023 |
Native to | Enkophone communities |
Ethnicity | Bawakhi, Nedeẃi, Yawayé, Nnibiteẃẃi |
Native speakers | 3 million (2023) |
Nakna-Tiwaic
| |
Standard form | Standard Urban Enkesh
|
Dialects |
|
Official status | |
Official language in | Anéppia, Bawakyawan Confederacy |
Recognised minority language in | Northern Republic |
Enkesh(/ɛŋ.kɛʃ/, Enkesh: ['e.ɳe.koʃwan]) is a Nakna-Tiwaic language spoken natively on the river banks of the Anippa/Anéppa river, which is a major source of irrigation water for most pastures in the nation of Anéppia, as well as for the nomadic tribal confederacy of Bawakyawan.
The formation of the Enkesh language is actually an ongoing conversion of Nakna languages into a singular language of varied dialects throughout the centuries. The first records of linguistic converging among Nakna languages was recorded in 1889, when linguists discovered that the now extinct Bawak(bémékoẃanma) language and Yawa languages had grown similar enough to be considered dialects of a single language.
Phonology
Orthography
Enkesh uses a modified version of the Latin script.
Consonants
Bilabial/ Labiodental |
Alveolar | Post- alveolar |
Retroflex | Palatal/ Palato-alveolar |
Velar/ Labial-velar |
Uvular | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
voiceless | voiced | voiceless | voiced | voiceless | voiced | voiceless | voiced | voiceless | voiced | voiceless | voiced | voiceless | voiced | ||||
Plosive | standard | p | b | t | d | ʈ ⟨tt⟩ | ɖ ⟨dd⟩ | c | k | g | q | ||||||
aspirated | pʰ⟨ph⟩ | bʱ⟨bh⟩ | tʰ⟨th⟩ | dʱ⟨dh⟩ | ʈʰ ⟨tth⟩ | ɖʱ ⟨ddh⟩ | kʰ⟨kh⟩ | gʱ⟨gh⟩ | qʰ⟨qh⟩ | ||||||||
ejective | pʼ ⟨pp⟩ | bʼ ⟨bb⟩ | kʼ ⟨kk⟩ | gʼ ⟨gg⟩ | qʼ ⟨qq⟩ | ||||||||||||
Nasal | m | n | ɳ ⟨nn⟩ | ɲ ⟨ny⟩ | ŋ ⟨ng⟩ | ||||||||||||
Tap/Flap | ɾ ⟨r⟩ | ||||||||||||||||
Fricative | standard | f | v | s | z | ʃ ⟨ś⟩ | (ʒ) | ç ⟨cc⟩ | x | ɣ ⟨xx⟩ | |||||||
no audible release | fʼ ⟨ff⟩ | sʼ ⟨ss⟩ | zʼ ⟨zz⟩ | ||||||||||||||
Affricate | standard | t͡s ⟨ç⟩ | d͡z⟨çç⟩ | t͡ʃ ⟨ć⟩ | d͡ʒ ⟨ćć⟩ | ||||||||||||
aspirated | t͡sʰ ⟨çh⟩ | d͡zʱ⟨ççh⟩ | t͡ʃʰ ⟨ćh⟩ | d͡ʒʱ ⟨ććh⟩ | |||||||||||||
Approximant/ Lateral Approximant |
l | ɭ ⟨ll⟩ | j ⟨y⟩ | ʍ ⟨ẃẃ⟩ | w |
Vowels
Front | Back | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
unrounded | rounded | unrounded | rounded | ||
Close | i | ɯ ⟨ú⟩ | u | ||
Mid | Close-mid | e ⟨é⟩ | ø ⟨ö⟩ | o | |
Open-mid | ɛ ⟨e⟩ | ʌ ⟨á⟩ | ɔ ⟨ó⟩ | ||
Open | a |
Prosody
Stress
Stress is prototonic in Enkesh, so stress is placed on the first syllable word of a word.
The use of stress in a Nakna-Tiwaic language is rare, as most other Nakna-Tiwaic and even Nakna languages in general tend to have a detailed tone system, although even Enkesh's use of stress closely resembles tone patterns in other Nakna-Tiwaic languages.
Phonotactics
Enkesh uses a (C)(C)V(V)(C)(C) syllable structure, which is descendant from Proto-Nakna-Tiwaic *(C)V(C).
Morphophonology
If a voiced plosive consonant(usually alveolar~retroflex) is in an outset position, then the consonant becomes voiceless, e.g.:
- /d/ in Adam → /t/ in otiqaöpinád.
Enkesh also extensively uses the sandhi phenomenon, e.g. the word śukullan("chocolate"), when in its accusative form, the outset and onset /n/s from śukullan and -né respectively turn said /n/s into a /ɳ/.
Morphology
Nouns
Enkesh nouns are agglutinates of basic words, a bit like how some German words are constructed(such as German Fernseher, "television", lit. "far-seer"). An Enkesh example of this would be a word like otiqaöpinád, meaning "front yard/lawn", which is comprised of the words otiqa(green), öpin(front, front-facing), and the locative case suffix -ád, so, a literal translation would be green-front-LOC.
Adjectives
Like verbs, adjectives have strong and weak forms. Weak forms end in -a, and strong forms have their own irregular ending. However, one thing they all have in common is that alongside their ending, they have a case ending correlating to the noun they describe, although this rule is null in agglutinate words. They are also always placed before the noun.
- Nawéiw Budhakiw ya. ("Big Buddha exists.")
- Khána döpazné śukullanné. ("I like little chocolates")
Cases
Enkesh uses noun case declensions to describe nouns. Of these, Enkesh has six noun cases: the nominative, ergative, accusative, dative, genitive and locative. All of them, excluding the nominative, are indicated using a distinct suffix.
Suffix | |||
---|---|---|---|
written form | pronunciation (phonetic) | ||
Case | |||
Nominative | ∅ | ||
Ergative | -iw | iw | |
Accusative | -né | ne | |
Dative | -nyé | ɲe | |
Genitive | -kö | kø | |
Locative | -ád | ʌt |
Verbs
Verbs in Enkesh have strong(irregular conjugation) and weak(strict conjugation pattern) forms.
Most verbs end in -a.
Weak verbs
Weak verbs always end in -a or -z, but if it ends in -a then it is inflected to -am if the subject is plural.
- Médda phulád. (I swim in the pool.)
- Myeddariw méddam phulád. (The swimmers swim in the pool.)
Strong verbs
Strong verbs do not have general grammatical patterns, and always end in -a, even in plural. It is then up to context to indicate the subject of the verb.
Syntax
Constituent order
Enkesh has a free word order, as both subjects and objects are indicated by ergative and accusative case declensions, although most sentences stick to an SVO format.