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'''Rokadong''' ([[w:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]: [{{IPA|ɾokadoŋ}}]) is a Nentan language spoken in western Quillan. As one of the primary languages of the Quill Kingdom, Rokadong is spoken by over 50,000,000 people, mostly Kana kanvas, as a first language.
'''Rokadong''' ([[w:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]: [{{IPA|ɾokadoŋ}}]) is a [[Nentan languages|Nentan]] language spoken in western Quillan. As one of the primary languages of the Quill Kingdom, Rokadong is spoken by over 50,000,000 people, mostly Kana kanvas, as a first language.


Kanvas are a species of cat-like anthropomorphic beings unique to Spectradom, the world in which Rokadong is placed, and Rokadong reflects that in some ways. However, the language is 100% human-compatible, as the virtually-identical-to-human figure and sketch species also use it.
Kanvas are a species of cat-like anthropomorphic beings unique to Spectradom, the world in which Rokadong is placed, and Rokadong reflects that in some ways. However, the language is 100% human-compatible, as the virtually-identical-to-human figure and sketch species also use it.
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* Nasal consonants lose their contrast before stop consonants. However, they still contrast in morpheme-final position, so /{{IPA|ŋ}}/ is still considered phonemic.
* Nasal consonants lose their contrast before stop consonants. However, they still contrast in morpheme-final position, so /{{IPA|ŋ}}/ is still considered phonemic.
* /{{IPA|h}}/ is frequently elided between unlike vowels.
* /{{IPA|h}}/ is frequently elided between unlike vowels.
* /{{IPA|s, z, (t)ʃ, dʒ}}/ palatalize to [{{IPA|ʃ~ɕ, ʒ~ʑ, (t)ɕ, dʑ}}]] before /{{IPA|i, j}}/, though in some dialects this is rarer for /{{IPA|s, z}}/.
* /{{IPA|s, z, (t)ʃ, dʒ}}/ palatalize to [[{{IPA|ʃ~ɕ, ʒ~ʑ, (t)ɕ, dʑ}}]] before /{{IPA|i, j}}/, though in some dialects this is rarer for /{{IPA|s, z}}/.
* In Pahang Rokadong and Oceanic Rokadong dialects, [{{IPA|s, z}}] may vary with non-sibilant equivalents [{{IPA|θ, ð}}], especially morpheme-finally. The latter used to be phonemic, but merged with the former, now only appearing as an allophone of it. These dialects are described as "tékuhasa" ("all S"). In Continental Rokadong dialects, assibilation of /{{IPA|θ}}/ is complete, and only [{{IPA|s, z}}] remain.
* In Pahang Rokadong and Oceanic Rokadong dialects, [{{IPA|s, z}}] may vary with non-sibilant equivalents [{{IPA|θ, ð}}], especially morpheme-finally. The latter used to be phonemic, but merged with the former, now only appearing as an allophone of it. These dialects are described as "tékuhasa" ("all S"). In Continental Rokadong dialects, assibilation of /{{IPA|θ}}/ is complete, and only [{{IPA|s, z}}] remain.


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===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===
Rokadong is a (C)V(C) language for the most part, though the final C in a word may also be clusters of a stop followed by /{{IPA|ɾ}}/. Phonetically, stop-rhotic sequences are [{{IPA|Bɾə}}]], however. V can be a short vowel, a long vowel, or a diphthong. A more full description of Rokadong's syllable structure would be (C)(j)V(ː/C/SR), where C is a consonant, j is /{{IPA|j}}/, V is a vowel, and SR is a stop-rhotic sequence.
Rokadong is a (C)V(C) language for the most part, though the final C in a word may also be clusters of a stop followed by /{{IPA|ɾ}}/. V can be a short vowel, a long vowel, or a diphthong. A more full description of Rokadong's syllable structure would be (C)(j)V(ː/C/Pɾ), where C is a consonant, j is /{{IPA|j}}/, V is a vowel, and Pɾ is a stop-/{{IPA|ɾ}}/ sequence. The /{{IPA|ɾ}}/ in an Pɾ sequence can be presumed syllabic, however, because in addition to being phoned as [{{IPA|Pɾə}}] in most dialects, whenever a syllable ends in a stop and the next syllable starts with /{{IPA|ɾ}}/, the preceding syllable is defective and cannot receive pitch accent. In other Nentan languages, similar things occur whenever two stop consonants (or a stop consonant and a consonant that evolved from a stop in that position) are adjacent, so /{{IPA|ɾ}}/ is sometimes analyzed as a stop consonant.


/{{IPA|h ʔ}}/ are in complementary distribution, with the former only being permissible in the onset of syllables, and the latter only being permissible in the coda of syllables, and only before consonants or at the end of words. Additionally, /{{IPA|ŋ}}/ merged with /{{IPA|n}}/ at the start of syllables, while the opposite occured with /{{IPA|ɲ}}/. Therefore, /{{IPA|ɲ ŋ}}/ are also in complementary distribution when not assimilated.
/{{IPA|h ʔ}}/ are usually in complementary distribution, with the former permissible only in the onset of syllables, and the latter permissible only in the coda of syllables in most dialects. Additionally, /{{IPA|ŋ}}/ merged with /{{IPA|n}}/ at the start of syllables, while the opposite occured with /{{IPA|ɲ}}/. Therefore, /{{IPA|ɲ ŋ}}/ are also in complementary distribution when not assimilated.


Rokadong's diphthongs are /{{IPA|aj aw oj ja jo ju}}/. Only the latter three may appear with a syllable coda after them.
Rokadong's diphthongs are /{{IPA|aj aw oj ja jo ju}}/. Only the latter three may appear with a syllable coda after them.
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!''' '''
!''' '''
!''' '''
!''' '''
!'''[[wiki:International_Phonetic_Alphabet|IPA]]'''
!'''[[wiki:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]'''
!'''Name'''
!'''Name'''
|-
|-
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|width=75|p
|width=75|p
|width=50|[p]
|width=50|[p]
|''pa''
|''pá''
|-
|-
|width=75| {{Roka-text|B}}
|width=75| {{Roka-text|B}}
|width=75|b
|width=75|b
|width=50|[b]
|width=50|[b]
|''ba''
|''bá''
|-
|-
|width=75| {{Roka-text|T}}
|width=75| {{Roka-text|T}}
|width=75|t
|width=75|t
|width=50|[t]
|width=50|[t]
|''ta''
|''tá''
|-
|-
|width=75| {{Roka-text|D}}
|width=75| {{Roka-text|D}}
|width=75|d
|width=75|d
|width=50|[d]
|width=50|[d]
|''da''
|''dá''
|-
|-
|width=75| {{Roka-text|C}}
|width=75| {{Roka-text|C}}
|width=75|c
|width=75|c
|width=50|[t͡ʃ]
|width=50|[t͡ʃ]
|''ca''
|''cá''
|-
|-
|width=75| {{Roka-text|J}}
|width=75| {{Roka-text|J}}
|width=75|j
|width=75|j
|width=50|[d͡ʒ]
|width=50|[d͡ʒ]
|''ja''
|''já''
|-
|-
|width=75| {{Roka-text|K}}
|width=75| {{Roka-text|K}}
|width=75|k
|width=75|k
|width=50|[k]
|width=50|[k]
|''ka''
|''ká''
|-
|-
|width=75| {{Roka-text|G}}
|width=75| {{Roka-text|G}}
|width=75|g
|width=75|g
|width=50|[g]
|width=50|[g]
|''ga''
|''gá''
|-
|-
|width=75| {{Roka-text|" '}}
|width=75| {{Roka-text|" '}}
|width=75|h
|width=75|h
|width=50|[ʔ]
|width=50|[ʔ]
|''ahha''
|''ahhá''
|-
|-
|width=75| {{Roka-text|F}}
|width=75| {{Roka-text|F}}
|width=75|f
|width=75|f
|width=50|[f]
|width=50|[f]
|''fa''
|''fá''
|-
|-
|width=75| {{Roka-text|V}}
|width=75| {{Roka-text|V}}
|width=75|v
|width=75|v
|width=50|[v]
|width=50|[v]
|''va''
|''vá''
|}
|}
|style="vertical-align: text-top"|
|style="vertical-align: text-top"|
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!''' '''
!''' '''
!''' '''
!''' '''
!'''[[wiki:International_Phonetic_Alphabet|IPA]]'''
!'''[[wiki:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]'''
!'''Name'''
!'''Name'''
|-
|-
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|width=75|s
|width=75|s
|width=50|[s]
|width=50|[s]
|''sa''
|''sá''
|-
|-
|width=75| {{Roka-text|Z}}
|width=75| {{Roka-text|Z}}
|width=75|z
|width=75|z
|width=50|[z]
|width=50|[z]
|''za''
|''zá''
|-
|-
|width=75| {{Roka-text|Q}}
|width=75| {{Roka-text|Q}}
|width=75|sh
|width=75|sh
|width=50|[ʃ]
|width=50|[ʃ]
|''sha''
|''shá''
|-
|-
|width=75| {{Roka-text|H}}
|width=75| {{Roka-text|H}}
|width=75|h
|width=75|h
|width=50|[h]
|width=50|[h]
|''ha''
|''há''
|-
|-
|width=75| {{Roka-text|L}}
|width=75| {{Roka-text|L}}
|width=75|l
|width=75|l
|width=50|[l]
|width=50|[l]
|''la''
|''lá''
|-
|-
|width=75| {{Roka-text|Y}}
|width=75| {{Roka-text|Y}}
|width=75|y
|width=75|y
|width=50|[j]
|width=50|[j]
|''ya''
|''yá''
|-
|-
|width=75| {{Roka-text|W}}
|width=75| {{Roka-text|W}}
|width=75|w
|width=75|w
|width=50|[w]
|width=50|[w]
|''wa''
|''wá''
|-
|-
|width=75| {{Roka-text|R}}
|width=75| {{Roka-text|R}}
|width=75|r
|width=75|r
|width=50|[ɾ]
|width=50|[ɾ]
|''ra''
|''rá''
|-
|-
|width=75| {{Roka-text|M m}}
|width=75| {{Roka-text|M m}}
|width=75|m
|width=75|m
|width=50|[m]
|width=50|[m]
|''ma''
|''má''
|-
|-
|width=75| {{Roka-text|N n}}
|width=75| {{Roka-text|N n}}
|width=75|n
|width=75|n
|width=50|[n]
|width=50|[n]
|''na''
|''ná''
|-
|-
|width=75| {{Roka-text|{ [}}
|width=75| {{Roka-text|{ [}}
|width=75|ny
|width=75|ny
|width=50|[ɲ]
|width=50|[ɲ]
|''nya''
|''nyá''
|}
|}
|style="vertical-align: text-top"|
|style="vertical-align: text-top"|
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!''' '''
!''' '''
!''' '''
!''' '''
!'''[[wiki:International_Phonetic_Alphabet|IPA]]'''
!'''[[wiki:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]'''
!'''Name'''
!'''Name'''
|-
|-
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|
|
|-
|-
|width=75| {{Roka-text|iK IK}}
|width=75| {{Roka-text|Ku KU}}
|width=75|u ú
|width=75|u ú
|width=50|[u uː]
|width=50|[u uː]
|
|
|-
|-
|width=75| {{Roka-text|iK IK}}
|width=75| {{Roka-text|eK EK}}
|width=75|e é
|width=75|e é
|width=50|[e eː]
|width=50|[e eː]
|
|
|-
|-
|width=75| {{Roka-text|iK IK}}
|width=75| {{Roka-text|Ko KO}}
|width=75|o ó
|width=75|o ó
|width=50|[o oː]
|width=50|[o oː]
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===Nouns===
Root noun morphemes are usually one to three syllables long. There are many derivational affixes in Rokadong as well, including but not limited to:
* ''jan-'' - instrument of the root (occasionally also fills the role of ''-sona'')
* ''-sona'' - actor or someone characterized by the root
* ''vota-'' - collectivity, similarity, instrument of the root
* ''-an'' - object or place characterized by the root (occasionally also fills the role of ''vota-'')
* ''i(t)-''/''-(k)il'' - quality or abstraction of the root, often used to derive adjectives
* ''fen-''/''fer-'' - abstraction, place (especially with ''-an''), goal, or result
Nouns do not decline for gender. In fact, many Rokadong nouns for animals or people do not have a natural gender by default, especially for native words. Nouns also do not decline for plurality, using numerals instead if context demands it. Full reduplication, or numeral-like determiners like ''{{term|unya}}'' and ''{{term|tékuha}}'', could also be used to pluralize. However, full reduplication does not always result in a plural word.
===Particles===
Particles generally are applied to nouns. An unmarked noun is said to be in the direct case - as Rokadong uses Austronesian alignment, both the agent and object of a verb may be unmarked if it is syntactically redundant. The other cases are marked by a particle preceding the noun (and its measure word and numeral, if present):
* Genitive ''to'', used for possession, apposition, origin, reference, and description
* Ergative ''ká'', used for the agent of a verb
* Accusative ''pá'', used for the patient (direct object) of a verb
* Locative and instrumental ''gun'', used for the location of a verb and the means by which it was performed
* Dative ''laki'', used for the indirect object or the benefactor of a verb
These particles become prefix-like proclitics when they apply to pronouns, with ''gun'' and ''laki'' shortening to ''gu'' and ''la''. However, they could be considered proclitics in all cases, as they frequently are pronounced as if they are prefixes, especially given that outside of careful pronunciation, the final vowel of these case particles replaces the starting vowel of nouns that start with /a/.


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Constituent order===
In transitive sentences, Rokadong tends to place the agent before the verb and the objects after the verb. However, Rokadong does not have a subject in the Indo-European sense, so this word order is notated "AVO" rather than "SVO". Additionally, the verb can be moved from ''agent trigger'' into ''patient trigger'' with the prefix ''{{term|ká}}''. Both the agent and direct object can also be marked individually as such with ''ká'' and ''pá'' respectively. As a result, the word order of Rokadong is relatively free, though AVO is the most common word order, although OVA is common too, and VAO is rare but not unheard of. The first of the three is the topic of the sentence.
===Noun phrase===
===Noun phrase===
Adjectives and determiners follow the noun they apply to. Much as in the natural language Spanish, numerals are often considered adjectives, but are placed before the noun, rather than after it. This means that even though ''{{term|tékuha}}'' and ''{{term|unya}}'' express an amount of something, they are determiners and not numerals, as they follow the noun. Prepositions and case particles precede the noun they apply to.
When placed in the genitive, a noun is considered an adjective, and is placed after the noun it applies to. That is, the phrase "cup of sugar" translates to ''ruhung to kairi'', not ''kairi to ruhung''.
===Verb phrase===
===Verb phrase===
Adverbs are considered a form of adjective, and follow the verb they apply to. However, unlike adjectives, adverbs take on the same tense affix as the verb they apply to. This is likely a holdover from when all adjectives were stative verbs.
===Sentence phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===
===Dependent clauses===
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[[Category:Rokadong]]
[[Category:Rokadong language]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Rokadong"