Rugic English: Difference between revisions

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*'''Definite article:''' ''the'' /ðə, (stressed) ðiː/
*'''Definite article:''' ''the'' /ðə, (stressed) ðiː/
*'''Indefinite article (only in the singular):'''
*'''Indefinite article (only in the singular):'''
*Before consonants: ''a'' /ə, (stressed) ʌ/
*Before consonants: ''a'' /ə, (stressed) eɪ/
*Before vowels: ''an'' /ən, (stressed) ʌn/
*Before vowels: ''an'' /ən, (stressed) æn/


===Pronouns===
===Pronouns===
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|-
|-
! 1S
! 1S
| oar /ɔr/ || me /miː/ || my /maɪ/ || mine /maɪn/
| ear /ir/ || me /miː/ || my /maɪ/ || mine /maɪn/
|-
|-
! 2S (arch.)
! 2S (arch.)
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|-
|-
! 1P
! 1P
| ne /niː/ || no /nuː/ || neer /nɪr/ || neers /nɪrz/
| ne /niː/ || no /nuː/ || neer /nɪr/ || neers /nirz/
|-
|-
! 2S+P
! 2S+P
| we /wiː/ || wo /wuː/ || weer /wɪr/ || weers /wɪrz/
| we /wiː/ || wo /wuː/ || weer /wɪr/ || weers /wirz/
|-
|-
! 3P
! 3P
| they /ðeɪ/ || them /ðɛm/ || their /ðɛr/ || theirs /ðɛrz/
| they /ðeɪ/ || them /ðɛm/ || their /ðer/ || theirs /ðerz/
|-
|-
|}
|}
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|-
|-
! 4
! 4
| hure || /hjɔr/ || hureth || /hjɔrθ/ || quarter || /kwɔrtər/
| shour || /ʃɔr/ || shourth || /ʃɔrθ/ || quarter || /kwɔrtər/
|-
|-
! 5
! 5
| fiɡh || /faɪ/ || fiɡht || /faɪt/ || ||  
| fiɡh || /faɪ/ || fiɡhth || /faɪθ/ || || fiɡhth || /faɪθ/ ||  
|-
|-
! 6
! 6
| siss || /sɪs/ || sist || /sɪst/ ||sist || /sɪst/
| siss || /sɪs/ || sisth || /sɪsθ/ ||sisth || /sɪsθ/
|-
|-
! 7
! 7
| sift || /sɪdft/ || sifth || /sɪftθ/ ||sifth || /sɪftθ/
| sift || /sɪft/ || sifth || /sɪftθ/ ||sifth || /sɪftθ/
|-
|-
! 8
! 8
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|-
|-
! 9
! 9
| newn || /n(j)uːn/ || newnth || /n(j)uːnθ/
| newn || /n(j)uːn/ || newnth || /n(j)uːnθ/ || newnth || /n(j)uːnθ/
|-
|-
! 10
! 10
| tisen || /ˈtɪzən/ || tisenth || /ˈtɪzənθ/ ||
| tisen || /ˈtɪzən/ || tisenth || /ˈtɪzənθ/ || tisenth || /ˈtɪzənθ/ ||  
|-
|-
! 11
! 11
| onge || /ɒndʒ/ || ongem || /ˈɒndʒɪm/ ||ongem || /ˈɒndʒɪm/
| eline || /əˈlaɪn/ || elineth || /əˈlaɪnθ/ || elineth || /əˈlaɪnθ/
|-
|-
! 12
! 12
| dodge || /dɒdʒ/ || dodgem || /ˈdɒdʒɪm/ ||dodgem || /ˈdɒdʒɪm/
| twelly || /ˈtwɛli/ || ||  
|-
|-
! 13
! 13
| tredge || /trɛdʒ/ || tredgem || /ˈtrɛdʒɪm/ || tredgem || /ˈtrɛdʒɪm/
| thirly ||  
|-
|-
! 14
! 14
| quattorge || /ˈkwɒtərdʒ/ || quattorgem || /kwɒˈtɔrdʒɪm/ || quattorgem|| /kwɒˈtɔrdʒɪm/
| shorely ||  
|-
|-
! 15
! 15
| kinge || /kɪndʒ/ || kingem || /ˈkɪndʒɪm/ || kingem || /ˈkɪndʒɪm/
| fighly ||
|-
|-
! 16
! 16
| sedge || /sɛdʒ/ || sedgem || /ˈsɛdʒɪm/||sedgem|| /ˈsɛdʒɪm/
| sisly ||  
|-
|-
! 17
! 17
| setditch || /ˈsɛt.dɪtʃ/ || setditchem || /ˌsɛt.ˈdɪtʃɪm/ ||setditchem|| /ˌsɛt.ˈdɪtʃɪm/
| siftly ||  
|-
|-
! 20
! 20
| waint || /weɪnt/ || waintem || /ˈweɪntɪm/ || waintem|| /ˈweɪntɪm/
| twissin ||  
|-
|-
! 21
! 21
| waint-une || /ˌweɪn.ˈt(j)uːn/ || waint-prime || /ˌweɪnt.ˈpraɪm/ || waint-prime || /ˌweɪnt.ˈpraɪm/
| twissin-one ||  
|-
|-
! 30
! 30
| traint || /treɪnt/ || traintem || /ˈtreɪntɪm/ || traintem || /ˈtreɪntɪm/
| thirsin ||  
|-
|-
! 40
! 40
| quarent || /ˈkwɔrɪnt/ || quarentem || /ˌkwɔˈrɛntɪm/ || quarentem || /ˌkwɔˈrɛntɪm/
| shorsin ||  
|-
|-
! 50
! 50
| chinkent || /ˈtʃɪŋkɪnt/ || chinkentem || /ˌtʃɪŋˈkɛntɪm/ || chinkentem || /ˌtʃɪŋˈkɛntɪm/
| fixin ||  
|-
|-
! 60
! 60
| sixent || /ˈsɪksɪnt/ || sixentem || /ˌsɪkˈsɛntɪm/ || sixentem || /ˌsɪkˈsɛntɪm/
| sissin ||  
|-
|-
! 70
! 70
| settent || /ˈsɛtɪnt/ || settentem || /ˌsɛˈtɛntɪm/|| settentem || /ˌsɛˈtɛntɪm/
| siftsin ||  
|-
|-
! 80
! 80
| aughtent || /ˈɔːtɪnt/ || aughtentem || /ˌɔːˈtɛntɪm/ || aughtentem || /ˌɔːˈtɛntɪm/
| eightsin ||  
|-
|-
! 90
! 90
| novent || /ˈnoʊvɪnt/ || noventem || /ˌnoʊˈvɛntɪm/ || noventem || /ˌnoʊˈvɛntɪm/
| newnsin ||  
|-
|-
! 100
! 100
| chent || /tʃɛnt/ || chentem || /ˈtʃɛntɪm/ || chentem || /ˈtʃɛntɪm/
| sindred ||  
|-
|-
! 1000
! 1000
| mill || /mɪl/ || millem || /ˈmɪlɪm/ || millem || /ˈmɪlɪm/
| thousand ||  
|-
|-
! 10⁶
! 10⁶
| million || /ˈmɪl.jən/ || millionem || /mɪl.ˈjɒnəm/ || millionem || /mɪl.ˈjɒnəm/
| million ||  
|}
|}


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Other present tense forms use the basic infnite stem.
Other present tense forms use the basic infnite stem.


Besides the above, only the highly irregular verb ''at est'' "to be" has differing personal forms.
Besides the above, only the highly irregular verb ''to pow'' "to be" has differing personal forms.
<!--
<!--
Personal endings are added to the present and past stems. These stems are obtained from the 1S forms by removing the final ''-i'' if present. Note that if the 1S form does not end in ''-i'', the corresponding stem is identical to the 1S form.
Personal endings are added to the present and past stems. These stems are obtained from the 1S forms by removing the final ''-i'' if present. Note that if the 1S form does not end in ''-i'', the corresponding stem is identical to the 1S form.
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====Tenses====
====Tenses====
As in English, continuous tenses are formed with the verb ''at est'' followed by the present participle, and the perfect is formed with the verb ''at have'' "to have" followed by the past participle.
As in English, continuous tenses are formed with the verb ''to pow'' followed by the present participle, and the perfect is formed with the verb ''to cap'' "to have" followed by the past participle.


The future is formed with the modal verb ''woll'' "will" followed by the bare infinitive of the main verb (or auxiliary in continuous/perfect tenses).
The future is formed with the modal verb ''will'' "will" followed by the bare infinitive of the main verb (or auxiliary in continuous/perfect tenses).


====Voice====
====Voice====
The passive is formed with the verb ''at est'' "to be" followed by the past participle.
The passive is formed with the verb ''to pow'' "to be" followed by the past participle.


====Non-finite forms====
====Non-finite forms====
'''Infinitive:''' ''at'' + present stem
'''Infinitive:''' ''to'' + present stem


'''Bare infinitive:''' present stem
'''Bare infinitive:''' present stem


'''Present participle:''' present stem + ''-(e)nt''
'''Present participle:''' present stem + ''-(e)nd''


'''Past participle:''' past stem
'''Past participle:''' past participle stem


====Negation and Interrogation====
====Negation and Interrogation====
Negation of verbs is ordinarily accomplished using the word ''newn'' /n(j)uːn/ "not" (which can be abbreviated as <i>'n</i>).
Negation of verbs is ordinarily accomplished using the word ''not'' /nɒt/ "not" <!--from *ne waikas + wikt- -->(which can be abbreviated as <i>-n't</i>).


Negation and interrogation use the conjugated helping verb ''at fay'' "to do" followed by the bare infinitive. This construction can also be used in positive sentences for emphasis. Examples:
Negation and interrogation use the conjugated helping verb ''to tie'' "to do" followed by the bare infinitive. This construction can also be used in positive sentences for emphasis. Examples:
*''You cant.'' "I sing." > ''You fay newn cant.'' "I do not sing." / ''You fay'n cant.'' "I don't sing."
*''Ear chew side.'' "I live here." > ''Ear tie not chew side.'' "I do not live here." / ''Ear tien't chew side.'' "I don't live here."
*''Ill dorms.'' "He sleeps." > ''Fays ill dorm?'' "Does he sleep?"
*''Se mulls.'' "He speaks." > ''Ties se mull?'' "Does he speak?"
*''Ell manges.'' "She eats." > ''Keeth fays ell mange?'' "What does she eat?"
*''She eats.'' "She eats." > ''Ho ties she eat?'' "What does she eat?"
*''Lie wise.'' "They saw." > ''Lie fetch weethe.'' "They did see."
*''They wit.'' "They see." > ''They tie wit.'' "They do see."


Modal verbs do not use the helping verb. Examples:
Modal verbs do not use the helping verb. Examples:

Latest revision as of 05:05, 19 December 2024

Rugic English (native: English) is the Rugic counterpart to real-life English.

Rugic English
English
Pronunciation[ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ]
Created byShariifka
Indo-European

Introduction

Phonology

Orthography

Alphabet

Letter Name IPA
A a a [eɪ]
B b bee [biː]
C c cee [siː]
D d dee [diː]
E e e [iː]
F f eff [ɛf]
G g gee [d͡ʒiː]
H h haitch [heɪt͡ʃʰ]
I i i [aɪ]
Letter Name IPA
J j jay [d͡ʒeɪ]
K k kay [kʰeɪ]
L l el [ɛɫ]
M m em [ɛm]
N n en [ɛn]
O o o [oʊ]
P p pee [pʰiː]
Q q que [kʰjuː]
R r ar [ɑɹ]
Letter Name IPA
S s ess [ɛs]
T t tee [tʰiː]
U u u [juː]
V v vee [viː]
W w double-u [ˈdʌbəɫ.juː]
X x ex [ɛkʰs]
Y y wye [waɪ]
Z z zed [zɛd]

Consonants

Vowels

Prosody

Stress

Intonation

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

Morphology

Nouns

Nouns are not declined for case.

There in no grammatical gender besides natural gender (similar to English).

Plural is usually formed in -(e)s.

The possessive is formed in -'s (-' after -s).

Adjectives

Adjectives precede the noun they modify.

Adjectives do not decline for case, gender, or number.

Comparative

The positive comparative is formed in two ways:

  • The suffix -er.
  • Preceding the adjective with the word flore "more".

The decision of which method to use primarily depends on the length of the adjective.

Superlative

The positive superlative is formed in two ways:

  • The suffix -est
  • Preceding the adjective with the word flost "most".

The decision of which method to use primarily depends on the length of the adjective.

Adverbs

Adverbs of manner

Manner adverbs are formed from the corresponding adjectives with the suffix -ly.

Comparative and superlative

The comparative and superlative of adverbs derived from adjectives are identical to those of their corresponding adjectives.

Articles

Precede the noun they modify.

  • Definite article: the /ðə, (stressed) ðiː/
  • Indefinite article (only in the singular):
  • Before consonants: a /ə, (stressed) eɪ/
  • Before vowels: an /ən, (stressed) æn/

Pronouns

Person/ Number Subject Object Possessive
Adjective Pronoun
1S ear /ir/ me /miː/ my /maɪ/ mine /maɪn/
2S (arch.) thou /ðaʊ/ thee /ðiː/ thy /ðaɪ/ thins /ðaɪn/
3SM se /siː/ sim /sɪm/ sis /sɪz/ sis /sɪz/
3SF she /ʃiː/ ser /sɜr/ ser /sɜr/ sers /sɜrz/
3SN sie /saɪ/ sie /saɪ/ sies /saɪz/ sies /saɪz/
1P ne /niː/ no /nuː/ neer /nɪr/ neers /nirz/
2S+P we /wiː/ wo /wuː/ weer /wɪr/ weers /wirz/
3P they /ðeɪ/ them /ðɛm/ their /ðer/ theirs /ðerz/

Numerals

Rugic English numerals
Cardinal Ordinal Fractional
Orth. IPA Orth. IPA Orth. IPA
0 null; zero /nʊl/; /ˈziːroʊ/ nullth; zeroeth /ˈnʊlθ/; /ˈziːroʊəθ/ – –
1 one /wʌn/ firm /fɜrm/ – –
2 two /tuː/ second /ˈsɛkənd/ //
3 three /θriː/ third /θɜrd/ third /θɜrd/
4 shour /ʃɔr/ shourth /ʃɔrθ/ quarter /kwɔrtər/
5 fiɡh /faɪ/ fiɡhth /faɪθ/ fiɡhth /faɪθ/
6 siss /sɪs/ sisth /sɪsθ/ sisth /sɪsθ/
7 sift /sɪft/ sifth /sɪftθ/ sifth /sɪftθ/
8 eight /eɪt/ eighth /eɪtθ/ eighth /eɪtθ/
9 newn /n(j)uːn/ newnth /n(j)uːnθ/ newnth /n(j)uːnθ/
10 tisen /ˈtɪzən/ tisenth /ˈtɪzənθ/ tisenth /ˈtɪzənθ/
11 eline /əˈlaɪn/ elineth /əˈlaɪnθ/ elineth /əˈlaɪnθ/
12 twelly /ˈtwɛli/
13 thirly
14 shorely
15 fighly
16 sisly
17 siftly
20 twissin
21 twissin-one
30 thirsin
40 shorsin
50 fixin
60 sissin
70 siftsin
80 eightsin
90 newnsin
100 sindred
1000 thousand
10⁶ million

Verbs

Principal parts

For the majority of verbs, the full conjugation can be determined from three principal parts: the bare infinitive, the simple past, and the past participle.

These forms are given in dictionaries. Otherwise, the infinitive is used as the citation form.

When the simple past and past participle are identical, the past participle is omitted.

Verb classes

Verbs may be regular or irregular.

Irregular verbs form their past stem irregularly.

Personal endings

The following personal endings are used in the present tense:

  • -(e)s in the third person singular (archaic: -(e)th)
  • -(e)st in the archaic second person singular

Other present tense forms use the basic infnite stem.

Besides the above, only the highly irregular verb to pow "to be" has differing personal forms.

Tenses

As in English, continuous tenses are formed with the verb to pow followed by the present participle, and the perfect is formed with the verb to cap "to have" followed by the past participle.

The future is formed with the modal verb will "will" followed by the bare infinitive of the main verb (or auxiliary in continuous/perfect tenses).

Voice

The passive is formed with the verb to pow "to be" followed by the past participle.

Non-finite forms

Infinitive: to + present stem

Bare infinitive: present stem

Present participle: present stem + -(e)nd

Past participle: past participle stem

Negation and Interrogation

Negation of verbs is ordinarily accomplished using the word not /nɒt/ "not" (which can be abbreviated as -n't).

Negation and interrogation use the conjugated helping verb to tie "to do" followed by the bare infinitive. This construction can also be used in positive sentences for emphasis. Examples:

  • Ear chew side. "I live here." > Ear tie not chew side. "I do not live here." / Ear tien't chew side. "I don't live here."
  • Se mulls. "He speaks." > Ties se mull? "Does he speak?"
  • She eats. "She eats." > Ho ties she eat? "What does she eat?"
  • They wit. "They see." > They tie wit. "They do see."

Modal verbs do not use the helping verb. Examples:

  • Ill pote newn dorm. "He may not sleep." / Ill pote'n dorm. "He mayn't sleep."
    • Note: Unlike in English, the abbreviation pote'n "mayn't" is not archaic.
  • Derry ill mange? "Should he eat?"

Archaically, non-modal verbs can likewise form their negation and interrogation without the helping verb. Examples:

  • You cant newn. "I sing not."
  • Dorms ill? "Sleeps he?"
  • Keeth manges ell? "What eats she?"

Examples of verbs

Regular - cant /kænt/, canteve /ˈkæntɪv/, cantet /ˈkæntɪt/ "to sing"
Conjugation of at cant "to sing"
Infinitive at cant
Present participle cantent
Past participle cantet
Present Past Imperative
you cant canteve
tou cantest cantevest cant
ill/ell/louth cants canteve
noose cant canteve
woose cant canteve cant
lie cant canteve
Irregular - cathe /keɪð/, case /keɪz/ "to fall"
Conjugation of at cathe "to fall"
Infinitive at cathe
Present participle cathent
Past participle case
Present Past Imperative
you cathe case
tou cathest casest cathe
ill/ell/louth cathes case
noose cathe case
woose cathe case cathe
lie cathe case
Irregular - die /daɪ/, dix /dɪks/, dight /daɪt/ "to say"
Conjugation of at die "to say"
Infinitive at die
Present participle dient
Past participle dight
Present Past Imperative
you die dix
tou diest dixest die
ill/ell/louth dies dix
noose die dix
woose die dix die
lie die dix
Irregular - est /ɛst/, fow /foʊ/, estet /ˈɛstət/ "to be"
Conjugation of at est "to be"
Infinitive at est
Present participle estent
Past participle estet
Present Past Imperative
you son fow
tou ist fowst est
ill/ell/louth is fow
noose son fore
woose son fore est
lie son fore
  • is /ɪz/
  • ist /ɪst/
  • son /sʌn/
  • fore /fɔr/
Irregular: have /hæv/, hat /hæt/ "to have"
Conjugation of at have "to have"
Infinitive at have
Present participle havent
Past participle hat
Present Past Imperative
you have hat
tu hast hatst have
ill/ell/louth has hat
noose have hat
woose have hat have
lie have hat have
Irregular - fay /feɪ/, fetch /fɛtʃ/, faight /feɪt/ "to do"
Conjugation of at fay "to do"
Infinitive at fay
Present participle fayent
Past participle faight
Present Past Imperative
you fay fetch
tou fayest fetchest fay
ill/ell/louth fays fetch
noose fay fetch
woose fay fetch fay
lie fay fetch
  • fays /fɛz/
  • fayest /fɛst/

Modal verbs

  • woll /wʊl/ "will"
    • Can contract as 'll.
    • Contracts with newn as wo'n /woʊn/.
  • woulce /wʊls/ "would"
    • Can contract as 'lce.
  • shy /ʃaɪ/ "can (has the ability to)"
  • shiss /ʃɪs/ "could (had the ability to)"
  • deve /diːv/ "shall"
  • deuce /d(j)uːs/ "must"
  • derry /dɛri/ "should, ought to"
  • pote /poʊt/ "may, can (is permitted to)"
  • pouts /paʊts/ "might, could (was permitted to)"

-->

Syntax

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Vocabulary

Time - Tense

|- | Monday || Londy /ˈlʌndi/ |- | Tuesday || Mardy /ˈmɑrdi/ |- | Wednesday || Merkerdy /ˈmɜrkərˌdi/ |- | Thursday || Yody /ˈjoʊdi/ |- | Friday || Wenderdy /ˈwɜrndi/ |- | Saturday || Sambdy /ˈsæmdi/ |- |}

Parts of the day - Parts de le yorn
English Yutch
day yorn /jɔrn/
dawn alb /ælb/
morning mattin /ˈmatɪn/
noon middy /ˈmɪdi/
afternoon apressmiddy /ˈæprəsˌmɪdi/
evening seer /sir/
dusk wesper /ˈwɛspər/
night naught /nɔːt/
midnight midnaught /ˈmɪdnɔːt/
Units of time - Units de tense
English Yutch
second second /ˈsɛkənd/
minute minute /ˈmɪnɪt/
hour hour /ˈaʊər/
day yorn /jɔrn/
week smane /ˈsmeɪn/
month meese /miːs/
season saison /ˈseɪzən/
year ann /æn/
Time adverbs - Tense adverbs
English Yutch
now awore /əˈwɔr/
then lorce /lɔrs/
recently, a short time ago recentment /ˈriːsɪntmənt/
earlier setter /ˈsɛtər/
soon, shortly toast /toʊst/; cortly /ˈkɔrtli/
later tarder /ˈtardər/
always sempers /ˈsɛmpərz/
often sovent /ˈsʌvənt/
sometimes awetches /əˈwɛtʃɪz/
rarely rarement /ˈrɛrmənt/
never namace /ˈnæməs/
ever yamace /ˈjæməs/
still, yet ancor /'æŋkər/
already yay /jeɪ/
today oy /ɔɪ/; ayorn /əˈjɔrn/
tonight anought /əˈnɔːt/
yesterday ear /ir/
last night detrain nought /dəˈtreɪn nɔːt/
tomorrow demane /dəˈmeɪn/
before yesterday avent ear /ˈævənt ir/
two nights ago doose noughts poss /dus ˈnɔːts pɔs/
after tomorrow apress demane /ˈæprəs dəˈmeɪn/
this week chist smane /tʃɪst smeɪn/
last week detrain smane /dəˈtreɪn smeɪn/
next week proppen smane /ˈprɔpən smeɪn/

Colours - Colours

Colours - Colours
English Yutch
white blank /blæŋk/
grey grice /ɡraɪs/
black nare /nɛr/
red roy /rɔɪ/
orange orange /ˈɔrəndʒ/
brown brune /bruːn/
yellow gall /ɡɔːl/
green word /wɜrd/
blue blaw /blɔː/
pink rose /roʊz/
purple purple /ˈpɜrpəl/
golden daurate /ˈdɔrɪt/

-->

Example texts

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)

Other resources

Swadesh list

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