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| '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ({{PAGENAME}}: ''eine Deuch Kurms'' (''An dhobhâdhaigh Cuatham'' /an33 zʷaj21 kʷam22/)) is a Wiebic language. It has a large number of click consonants, and is a monosyllabic tonal language with fusional morphology using mutations and tone changes.
| | : {{distinguish|text= the Earth language [[w:Fungor language|Fungor]], also known as Ko}} |
| ==Numbers==
| |
| *AW: va:m, *dɛɧɐ, nark, g!auf, ze:lɪɧ, ʃtu:m, ru:t, lɛrts, pfarp, ki:r
| |
| *Pre-Kurmo-Schnüher: va:m, dɪʃɐ, nɛɐk, g!a:f, ze:ləɧ, ʃtuom, ʀu:t, lɛɐts, pfɛɐp, kioɐ
| |
| *Pre-Schnüher: fˠa:m, dʲəs-S, nʲa:k, mʷo:l, zʲe:ləɧ, tʰʷwəm, vˠo:t, lʲatʰ, pʰʲa:p, kʲa:
| |
| <poem>
| |
| we need tones!
| |
|
| |
|
| lʲatʰ->lʲat(breathy)
| | :[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Wordlist]] |
| 9 and 10 sound similar
| |
| ok let's try tʰ > t(breathy)
| |
|
| |
|
| _Cʰ -> _C(breathy)
| | {{Infobox language |
| yes
| | |creator = User:IlL |
| | |name = {{PAGENAME}} |
| | |nativename = lees ndoigh Komh |
| | |setting = [[Verse:Tricin]] |
| | |state = Bjeheond |
| | |familycolor=hmong-mien |
| | |fam1=[[Hlou-Shum languages|Hlou-Shum]] |
| | |scripts=* Latin (Uncial) |
| | |notice=IPA |
| | }} |
| | '''{{SUBPAGENAME}}''' (English: /koʊ/, natively ''lees ndoigh Komh'' /li noi kɔ/ (TBA: tone)) is a language spoken in [[Bjeheond]]; as a [[Hlou-Shum languages|Hlou-Shum language]], it's related to [[Hlou]]. It is a monosyllabic tonal language inspired by Hmong, Irish, Manx, and English. Like Irish, Ko has initial consonant mutations. |
|
| |
|
| _ɧ -> _h -> _(breathy)
| | ==Todo== |
| yes
| | Motivation: "Sinospheric Irish" or "Hmoob read by an Irish speaker" |
| maybe not p-celticization?
| | *Explain: lexical mutation in Hlou, grammatical mutation in Ko |
| | **Hlou lexical mutation could have arisen from a grammatical mutation system where the particles fell away |
| | *''dor'' = to be born ~ Hlou ''Ndol'' 'person' |
| | *TODO: kl gl sk > q |
| | *bach = small, meer = big |
| | *hleubh = to love (hlub means "to love" in Hmong) |
| | *kein = archaic negative word |
| | *ein = emphasis/'rather' |
| | *koobh = good |
| | *cu = copper |
|
| |
|
| final k -> glottalization
| | ==Phonology== |
| | {{SUBPAGENAME}} has fewer initials than [[Hlou]], due to initial mutations. |
| | ===Phonotactics=== |
| | C + V + tone |
|
| |
|
| we should have that
| | ===Initials=== |
| | ''m n ņ l nl r y w'' = /m n ɲ l (dark l) r j w/ |
|
| |
|
| but final p -> w-glide!
| | ''hm hn hņ hl hr hy hw'' = /ʰm ʰn ʰɲ ʰl ʰr ç (voiceless w)/ |
|
| |
|
| 9 -> pʰʲa:w
| | ''p t tç ts tx c k q b d j g'' = /h t ts (Basque ts) tʃ c k q b d ɟ g/ |
|
| |
|
| or pʰʲa:wʔ
| | ''pl bl tl dl'' = /hl bl tl dl/ |
|
| |
|
| this is so fun
| | ''ph th tçh tsh txh ch kh qh bh dh jh gh'' = /f θ s (Basque s) ʃ ç x χ v ð j ɣ/ |
| vˠa:m, dʲə̤-S, nʲa:ʔ, mʷo:l, zʲe̤:l, tʰʷwəm, vˠo:ʔ, lʲa̤ʔ, pʰʲa:wʔ, kʲʷa:
| |
| i don't want final plosivess to diasppear yet!
| |
| i need them for sino-korean gib
| |
|
| |
|
| yes
| | ''phl bhl thl dhl'' /fl vl ɬ ɮ/ |
|
| |
|
| vˠa:m, dʲə̤-S, nʲa:k, mʷo:l, zʲe̤:l, tʰʷwəm, vˠo:t, lʲa̤t, pʰʲa:p, kʲʷa:
| | ''np nt ntç nts ntx nc nk nq nb nd nj ng'' = /b d dz (voiced Basque ts) dʒ ɟ g ɢ m n ɲ ŋ/ |
| let me look at what vowel phonemes we had before slenderization
| |
| ɪ i: ʏ y: u:
| |
| ə
| |
| ɛ e: œ ø: o:
| |
| a:
| |
| au ai ay iu io uo yø
| |
| should au ai ay front to ɛu ɛi ɛy?
| |
|
| |
|
| perhaps
| | ''npl nbl ntl ndl'' /bl ml dl nl/ |
|
| |
|
| looks abɛut right
| | ''f ç s x'' = /f s (Basque s) ʃ/ |
| actually maybe not
| |
| we need some "plain" consonants
| |
|
| |
|
| why?????
| | ''nf nç ns nx'', also ''fh çh sh xh'' = /v z (voiced Basque s) ʒ/ |
| for some balance?
| |
| au ai ay all merge into ɐː
| |
|
| |
|
| let's say au->ɛ:, ai->ɑ: as in australian or cockney(ish)
| | ===Rimes=== |
| ai, ay > a:
| | ''a i ao u e o ee oo ai ei oi au eu ia ua'' = /a ɪ ɨ ʊ ɛ ɔ i u ai ei oi au eu iə uə/ |
|
| |
|
| yes
| | ===Tones=== |
| ɪ i: ʏ y: u:
| | 9 tones: |
| ə
| |
| ɛ e: œ ø: o:
| |
| ɛ: œ
| |
| a:
| |
| iu io uo yø
| |
| should i have œ: < ay?
| |
|
| |
|
| yes!
| | *-Ø: mid level |
| | *-ch: glottal stop final |
| | *-s: low falling |
| | *-r: low rising |
| | *-gh: low breathy |
| | *-mh: creaky |
| | *-bh: mid rising |
| | *-dh: high falling |
| | *-n: high level |
|
| |
|
| symmetry!
| | ==Grammar== |
| ɪ i: ʏ y: u:
| | Ko is SVO and head-initial. Mutations often operate on a syntactic basis. |
| ə
| | ===Nouns=== |
| ɛ e: œ ø: o:
| | plural word: ''yoo-L'' (placed after classifier but before noun) |
| ɛ: œ:
| | ===Pronouns=== |
| a:
| | *xan = I |
| iu io uo yø
| | *çeedh = you |
| | |
| btw Californian English looks like it has /y/ and no /u/
| |
| so we're now at the "oddball accent of german"-stage
| |
| | |
| yes
| |
| | |
| i think now is a good time to slenderize!
| |
| yes
| |
| | |
| ɪ -> ʲə, i: -> ʲə:, ʏ -> ʲʷə, y: -> ʲʷə:, u: -> ʷə:...
| |
| what should the semi-vertical vowel system look like?
| |
| | |
| a:->ˠa:
| |
| a 3-level system?
| |
| | |
| fleibenschwankenschraft
| |
| with a ə ï
| |
| | |
| that looks good
| |
| so pre-cuatham:
| |
| ɪ i: ʏ y: u:
| |
| ə
| |
| e: ø: o:
| |
| ɛ ɛ: œ œ:
| |
| a:
| |
| iu io uo yø
| |
| | |
| ɪ i: ʏ y: u: -> ʲï ʲï: ʲʷï ʲʷï: ʷï:
| |
| old cuatham:
| |
| jɨ jɨj jwɨ jwɨj wɨw
| |
| | |
| better than my proposal
| |
| | |
| let's continue
| |
| | |
| ə is just ə
| |
| e: ø: o: > jəj jwəj wəw
| |
| | |
| yes
| |
| *middle chinese intensifies*
| |
| | |
| ɛ ɛ: œ œ: -> ja jai jwa jwai
| |
| a: -> a:
| |
| | |
| or jwaw?
| |
| a: > a:
| |
| | |
| iu io uo yø -> jɨw, jəw, wəw, jwəj?
| |
| jɨ, jə, wə, jwə
| |
| | |
| yes i can feel the middle chinese
| |
| | |
| so i and iu merge?
| |
| iu > jɨw
| |
| what does final -r do now?
| |
| fleibenschwankenschraft...
| |
| -w -j replaced w/ -a?
| |
| | |
| perhaps
| |
| | |
| with a subsequent sandhi
| |
| | |
| ɨa,əa-> ə:, aa->a:
| |
| this is pretty convenient as a, eo, eu are common in sino-korean
| |
| | |
| what? the sandhi?
| |
| the vertical vowel system
| |
| tho i also need -yu(C), -yo(C)
| |
| | |
| jɨw, jəw!
| |
| i can get them from jw-
| |
| ?
| |
| ok
| |
| | |
| CjɨwC->CyuC
| |
| yes
| |
| | |
| we still haven't gone over uo, üö and io
| |
| we have: iu io uo yø -> jɨw, jə, wə, jwə
| |
| so:
| |
| va:m, dəɧɐ, nɛɐk, mu:l, ze:ləɧ, ʃtuom, ʀu:t, lɛɐts, pfɛɐp, kioɐ
| |
| va:m, dəɧ-S, njə:k, mwɨwl, zjə̤jl, ʃtwəm, vwɨwt, ljə̤:t, pʰjə̤p, kjə:-S
| |
| the language should split at this stage or soon after
| |
| | |
| yes!
| |
| | |
| well it was descher in early curmian
| |
| sorry
| |
| | |
| va:m, djəɧ-S, njə:k, mwɨwl, zjə̤jl, ʃtwəm, vwɨwt, ljə̤:t, pʰjə̤p, kjə:-S
| |
| either german is the mother of all languages
| |
| or it's vietnamese
| |
| | |
| or wakashan
| |
| | |
| or clicky polynesian
| |
| | |
| (from a zulian perspective)
| |
| ʃC > Cʰ at this stage
| |
| va:m, djəɧ-S, njə:k, mwɨwl, zjə̤jl, tʰwəm, vwɨwt, ljə̤:t, pʰjə̤p, kjə:-S
| |
| forgot
| |
| va:m, djə̤ɧ-S, njə:k, mwɨwl, zjə̤jl, tʰwəm, vwɨwt, ljə̤:t, pʰjə̤p, kjə:-S
| |
| fa:m, djə̤-S, njə:k, mwɨwl, zjə̤jl, tʰwəm, vwɨwt, ljə̤:t, pʰjə̤p, kjə:-S
| |
| what about mutations caused by unstressed prefixes
| |
| i think they should be dropped before final endings are dropped
| |
| be-, ge-, ger- lenites
| |
| en-, wen- eclipses
| |
| des- aspirates
| |
| let's work the effects out
| |
| | |
| then when you lenite be-, you actually get bhe- (pronounced)
| |
| | |
| *gussnish intensifies*
| |
| sino-korean but with mutations, tone and gender is so funny
| |
| | |
| i can see you're more focused on Schnüher grin emoticon
| |
| b > v
| |
| d > dh (fric)
| |
| g > gh
| |
| | |
| that's pretty much gussnish
| |
| p > f
| |
| t > þ
| |
| k > x
| |
| dh > gh?
| |
| we're still at the "old irish" stage
| |
| | |
| irish/elephant gaelic
| |
| | |
| th -> h
| |
| | |
| dh -> gh
| |
| the following consonants can occur initially in late pre-old cuatham:
| |
| m n
| |
| p t ! k ʔ
| |
| b d g! g
| |
| ph th !h kh
| |
| f s h
| |
| v z
| |
| l j ʀ
| |
| right before prefixes trigger initial mutations
| |
| m
| |
| seimhius to ṽ
| |
| uru's to m
| |
| aspirates to mʰ
| |
| n
| |
| seimhius to n
| |
| urus to n
| |
| aspirates to nʰ
| |
| p
| |
| seimhius to f
| |
| urus to b
| |
| aspirates to pʰ
| |
| t
| |
| seimhius to θ
| |
| urus to d
| |
| aspsirates to tʰ
| |
| forgot ɧ as a possible initial fricative
| |
| !
| |
| seimhius to ɧ
| |
| urus to g!
| |
| aspirates to !ʰ
| |
| k
| |
| seimhius to x
| |
| urus to g
| |
| aspirates to kʰ
| |
| b
| |
| seimhius to v
| |
| urus to m
| |
| aspirates to bʰ?
| |
| b shouldn't aspirate unlike in Middle Wiobian
| |
| | |
| or An Bhl grin emoticon
| |
| b
| |
| seimhius to v
| |
| urus to m
| |
| d
| |
| seimhius to ð
| |
| urus to n
| |
| g!
| |
| seimhius to ɧ̬
| |
| urus to ŋ!
| |
| g
| |
| seimhius to ɣ
| |
| urus to ŋ
| |
| ph th !h kh
| |
| seimhius to p t ! k (!)
| |
| blaoighniúil
| |
| ph th !h kh
| |
| urus to m̊ n̊ ŋ̊! ŋ̊
| |
| sorry not blaoighniuil
| |
| seimhiu: ph > p > f
| |
| h drops out entirely
| |
| f s
| |
| seimhius to h h
| |
| urus to v z
| |
| v z
| |
| seimhius to ʔ ʔ
| |
| l j ʀ do not mutate
| |
| oops maybe i should have aspirated hl hj hr?
| |
| l j r
| |
| aspirate to hl hj hr
| |
| and v z aspirates to f s
| |
| ɧ seimhius to h and urus to ɧ̬
| |
| ɧ̬ seimhius to to ʔ and aspirates to ɧ
| |
| ʔ urus to n
| |
| and aspirates to h!
| |
| ok so what inventory do i have now
| |
| m̊ n̊ ŋ̊! ŋ̊
| |
| m n ŋ! ŋ
| |
| p t ! k ʔ
| |
| b d g! g
| |
| ph th !h kh
| |
| f s ɧ x h
| |
| ṽ v z ɧ̬ ɣ
| |
| l̊ j̊ ʀ̊
| |
| l j ʀ
| |
| | |
| this is "old cuatham"
| |
| pʰ tʰ !ʰ kʰ are pinyined p̂ t̂ ŧ̂ k̂
| |
| | |
| ĉ you mean
| |
| yes sorry
| |
| p̂ t̂ ŧ̂ ĉ
| |
| | |
| or:
| |
| | |
| use pr tr ŧr cr
| |
| i could derive aspirates from Cr!
| |
| | |
| as Cuatham has no initial consonant clusters
| |
| or maybe not?
| |
| | |
| you don't have to change the diachronics
| |
| r blocks medials from forming
| |
| | |
| i just picked something irishy
| |
| yes I could do that
| |
| | |
| because ŧ̂ is a little heavy on the diacritics
| |
| phr thr ŧhr chr
| |
| bpr dtr đŧr gcr?
| |
| bpr dtr đŧr gcr actually represetn voiceless nasals
| |
| | |
| yes
| |
| | |
| i don't know why i didn't think of that idea before
| |
| that's funny
| |
| but i'm adopting the idea anyway because irish
| |
| | |
| yes
| |
| | |
| also because nobody really knows what <r> is in Wiob
| |
| | |
| it should be the in universe orthography!
| |
| well <r> *is* sometimes /r/
| |
| Reber = ráp
| |
| | |
| but not always
| |
| | |
| that's why r could mean /r/ in Cuatham
| |
| | |
| in isolation
| |
| Schnueher uses Wiob orthography while Cuatham uses the irishy one
| |
| | |
| yes
| |
| because German read like Sino-Korean
| |
| | |
| or you could have Irish read as Sino-Korean tongue emoticon
| |
| that's why Hussmauchian conlangers like to do funny things with r
| |
| or avoid it
| |
| anyway
| |
| the language splits after slenderization?
| |
| | |
| yes!
| |
| I want to drop final plosives in cuatham while retaining them in schnueher
| |
| | |
| yes
| |
| | |
| so here are the numbers again:
| |
| | |
| va:m, djə̤-S, njə:k, mwɨwl, zjə̤jl, tʰwəm, vwɨwt, ljə̤:t, pʰjə̤p, kjə:-S
| |
| cuatham splits from schnueher by...
| |
| clicky clicky clicky!
| |
| | |
| what do you think abot -p -> -w?
| |
| | |
| yes!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
| |
| | |
| with all the !'s pronounced
| |
| yes, -p > -w in cuatham
| |
| | |
| -t just disappears
| |
| yes
| |
| or becomes -j?
| |
| | |
| -k -> -j
| |
| | |
| actually
| |
| hence -abh/-aigh?
| |
| | |
| final
| |
| p/jp/wp -> w/j/w
| |
| t/jt/wt -> Ø/j/w
| |
| k/jk/wk -> j/j/w
| |
| | |
| yes
| |
| yes
| |
| | |
| final -ŧ?
| |
| > Ø/j/w
| |
| | |
| final -l?
| |
| retained
| |
| | |
| final m, n, and ng are retained
| |
| yes
| |
|
| |
|
| | ===Classifiers=== |
| | Classifiers were historically a very open class. They always eclipse the following noun. |
|
| |
|
| high from falsetto: ŧrâdha
| | ''lu'', ''tzagh'', ''hņoobh'', ''lees'', ''çua'', ''yaus'', ... |
| mid tone: ŧra
| |
| low tone: ŧrà
| |
| high tone: ŧrá
| |
| mid falling: ŧradh
| |
| glottalized: ŧràdh
| |
| high falling: trádh
| |
| high from falsetto: ŧrâdh
| |
|
| |
|
| yes
| | *lu = humans, gods |
| maybe hmong is a cuatham jokelang
| | **''faon'' = a man; ''lu nfaon'' = the man (classifier ''lu'') |
| | *tçagh = animals, demons |
| | **''plaidh'' = a dog; ''tçagh nplaidh'' = the dog (classifier ''tçagh'') |
| | **''tçagh Nja Ber Woch'' = a demon in Ko mythology |
| | *hņoobh = tall objects such as trees, buildings |
| | **''qo'' = a tree; ''hņoobh nqo'' the tree |
| | *çua: infinitive |
| | **''dor'' = is born; ''çua ndor'' = to be born (inf.) |
| | *''lobh'': food, edible plants |
| | *''zail'': inedible plants |
| | *lees = nominalization, way of X-ing |
| | **''doigh'' = 'to speak'; ''lees ndoigh'' 'language' |
| | *In archaic language: fancy apparently ad-hoc classifiers for different animals and fruits (cf. English ''murder of crows'' except "murder" is a classifier) |
|
| |
|
| so what does -th- do?
| | ===Verbs=== |
| | | ba = subjunctive marker |
| i don't like ŧràthadh ...
| |
| | |
| let's say that -thadh- or -thidh- becomes -ch!
| |
| ŧrath
| |
| ŧràth
| |
| ŧráth
| |
| ŧrach
| |
| ŧràch
| |
| trách
| |
| ŧrâch
| |
| | |
| yes
| |
| this is def my irish jokelang
| |
| | |
| it's even funnier with the falsetto!
| |
| or an awesomenesslang
| |
| irish + khoisan + chinese
| |
| this is Old Kurmian right before it splits
| |
| | |
| fa:m, djə̤-S, njə:k, mwɨwl, zjə̤jl, tʰwəm, vwɨwt, ljə̤:t, pʰjə̤p, kjə:-S
| |
| | |
| yes
| |
| | |
| in modern kurm:
| |
| @am, |e, n|ek, n@ul, |el, |wem, @wit, ||et, @jep, !e:
| |
| schnueher drops -l
| |
| cuatham drops -p -t -k
| |
| | |
| yes
| |
| I'm doing cuatham first
| |
| | |
| @ = bilabial click
| |
| fa:m, djə̤-S, njə:, mwɨwl, zjə̤jl, tʰwəm, vwɨw, ljə̤:, pʰjə̤, kjə:-S
| |
| sorry
| |
| fa:m, djə̤-S, njə:, mwɨwl, zjə̤jl, tʰwəm, fwɨw, ljə̤:, pʰjə̤, kjə:-S
| |
| then final -w -j disappear before -m -n -l
| |
| fa:m, djə̤-S, njə:, mwɨl, zjə̤l, tʰwəm, fwɨw, ljə̤:, pʰjə̤, kjə:-S
| |
| | |
| yes
| |
| actually
| |
| -p turns to -w and deletes any -j before it
| |
| fa:m, djə̤-S, njə:, mwɨl, zjə̤l, tʰwəm, fwɨw, ljə̤:, pʰjə̤w, kjə:-S
| |
| | |
| yes
| |
| i also had -k -jk -wk > -j -j -w
| |
| fa:m, djə̤-S, njə:j, mwɨl, zjə̤l, tʰwəm, fwɨw, ljə̤:, pʰjə̤w, kjə:-S
| |
| | |
| yes
| |
| I had this
| |
| va:m, djə̤-S, njə:jQ, mwɨwl, zjə̤jl, tʰwəm, vwɨwQ, ljə̤:Q, pʰjə̤wQ, kjə:-S
| |
| va:m, djə̤-S, njə:jQ, mwɨl, zjə̤l, tʰwəm, vwɨwQ, ljə̤:Q, pʰjə̤wQ, kjə:-S
| |
| then I had some tone splits
| |
| va:m, djə̀-S, njə:jQ, mwɨl, zjə̀l, tʰwəm, vwɨwQ, ljə̀:Q, pʰjə̀wQ, kjə:-S
| |
| breathy > low
| |
| fa:m, djə̀-S, njə:jQ, mwɨl, zjə̀l, tʰwəm, fwɨwQ, ljə̀:Q, pʰjə̀wQ, kjə:-S*
| |
| | |
| low glottalized is easier than breathy glottalized
| |
| fa:m, djə̀-S, njə̌:j, mwɨl, zjə̀l, tʰwəm, fwɨ́wQ, ljə̌:, pʰjə̌w, kjə:-S
| |
| | |
| yes
| |
| fa:m, djə̀-S, njə̌:j, mwɨl, zjə̀l, tʰwəm, fwɨ́w, ljə̌:, pʰjə̌w, kjə:-S
| |
| and right then you monophthongized everything
| |
| I changed it so that we have less e's and o's
| |
| | |
| yes
| |
| i want to keep--jə̌w because mandarin
| |
| | |
| yóu
| |
| I do agree with ɨj/ɨw > i:/u:
| |
| | |
| "gozaimasu" should be an emphatic particle in kagasa
| |
| good time for the long vowel > tone split
| |
| | |
| yes
| |
| | |
| with the blaoighnity
| |
| | |
| same tones that we originally had
| |
| | |
| falsetto is too funny
| |
| | |
| early modern cuatham can sound like yodelling
| |
| fa:m, djə̀-S, njə:j (high), mwɨl, zjə̀l, tʰwəm, fwû:, ljə̀:, pʰjə̌w, kjə-S (high falling)
| |
| | |
| with long vowels?
| |
| sorry
| |
| fa:m, djə̀-S, njəj (high), mwɨl, zjə̀l, tʰwəm, fwû, ljə̀, pʰjə̌w, kjə-S (high falling)
| |
| then we can harmonize jə to je and perhaps wə to wo
| |
| | |
| yes
| |
| except you don't have jew
| |
| | |
| shouldn't fa:m have a tone change?
| |
| sorry
| |
| fam (mid falling), djə̀-S, njəj (high), mwɨl, zjə̀l, tʰwəm, fwû, ljə̀, pʰjə̌w, kjə-S (high falling)
| |
| i'll use tone numbers now
| |
| | |
| next crazy idea!
| |
| | |
| a monosyllabic tonal language based on Schwünter
| |
| | |
| where each word gets compressed to a single syllable
| |
| fam31, djə22-S, njej55, mwɨl33, sjəl22, tʰwəm33, fwu51, ljə21, pʰjəw15, kjə51-S
| |
| | |
| yes
| |
| wɨ, jɨ > u, i
| |
| fam31, djə22-S, njej55, mul33, sjəl22, tʰwəm33, fwu51, ljə21, pʰjəw15, kjə51-S
| |
| | |
| so 4 can be "mul"
| |
| | |
| that's the joke
| |
| | |
| bevolo -> beolo -> beol -> meol -> mul
| |
| now the clickification
| |
| | |
| fam31, gǀə22-S, ŋǀej55, !aw21, sjəl22, tʰwəm33, fɨ51, ʎə21, ʘʰəw33, cə51-S
| |
| fadham, dè, néidhigh, đàdhabh, sèil, trobhuam, faoidh, lèidh, preobh, céidh
| |
| | |
| ur > u:ə > uə > Modern Kurmian ua
| |
| so Cuam, genitive Cuatham
| |
| </poem>
| |
| | |
| ==Phonology==
| |
| ===Initials===
| |
| | |
| An unusual feature of {{PAGENAME}} phonology is that palatalized stops are realized as clicks.
| |
| {|class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center"
| |
| |-
| |
| |+'''{{PAGENAME}} initials'''
| |
| !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|
| |
| !colspan="2" | Labial
| |
| !colspan="2" | Coronal
| |
| !colspan="2" | Lateral
| |
| !colspan="2" | Coarticulated
| |
| !colspan="2" | Velar
| |
| !rowspan="2" | Glottal
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <small>"broad"</small>
| |
| ! <small>"slender"</small>
| |
| ! <small>"broad"</small>
| |
| ! <small>"slender"</small>
| |
| ! <small>"broad"</small>
| |
| ! <small>"slender"</small>
| |
| ! <small>"broad"</small>
| |
| ! <small>"slender"</small>
| |
| ! <small>"broad"</small>
| |
| ! <small>"slender"</small>
| |
| |-
| |
| !rowspan="2"| Nasal
| |
| ! <small>voiceless</small>
| |
| | /m̊/ || /ŋ̊ʘ/
| |
| | /n̊/ || /ŋ̊ǀ/
| |
| | /n̊ˡ/ || /ŋ̊ǁ/
| |
| | /ŋ̊!/ || /ŋ̊ǂ/
| |
| | /ŋ̊/ || /ɲ̊/
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <small>voiceless</small>
| |
| | /m/ || /ŋʘ/
| |
| | /n/ || /ŋǀ/
| |
| | /nˡ/ || /ŋǁ/
| |
| | /ŋ!/ || /ŋǂ/
| |
| | /ŋ/ || /ɲ/
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| !rowspan="4" | Stop
| |
| !<small>tenuis</small>
| |
| | /p/ || /ʘ/
| |
| | /t/ || /ǀ/
| |
| | /tɬ/ || /ǁ/
| |
| | /!/ || /ǂ/
| |
| | /k/ || /c/
| |
| | /ʔ/
| |
| |-
| |
| !<small>aspirated</small>
| |
| | /pʰ/ || /ʘʰ/
| |
| | /tʰ/ || /ǀʰ/
| |
| | /tɬʰ/ || /ǁʰ/
| |
| | /!ʰ/ || /ǂʰ/
| |
| | /kʰ/ || /cʰ/
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| !<small>voiced</small>
| |
| | /b/ || /gʘ/
| |
| | /d/ || /gǀ/
| |
| | /dɮ/ || /gǁ/
| |
| | /g!/ || /gǂ/
| |
| | /g/ || /ɟ/
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| !<small>breathy voiced</small>
| |
| | /bʱ/ || /gʘʱ/
| |
| | /dʱ/ || /gǀʱ/
| |
| | /dɮʱ/ || /gǁʱ/
| |
| | /g!ʱ/ || /gǂʱ/
| |
| | /gʱ/ || /ɟʱ/
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| !rowspan="2"|Fricative
| |
| !<small>voiceless</small>
| |
| | /f/ || /fʲ/
| |
| | /s/ || /sʲ/
| |
| | /ɬ/ || /ɬʲ/
| |
| | /ɧ/ || /çˁ/
| |
| | /x/ || /ç/
| |
| | /h/
| |
| |-
| |
| !<small>voiced</small>
| |
| | ||
| |
| | /z/ || /zʲ/
| |
| | /ɮ/ || /ɮʲ/
| |
| | /ɧ̬/ || /ʝˁ/
| |
| | /ɣ/ || /ʝ/
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan=2| Trill
| |
| | ||
| |
| | /r/ || /r̝/
| |
| | ||
| |
| | ||
| |
| | ||
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan=2| Approximant
| |
| | /w/ || /ɥ/
| |
| | ||
| |
| | /l/ || /ʎ/
| |
| | ||
| |
| | || /j/
| |
| |
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ===Medials===
| |
| The medial is optional. There is one possible medial, /w~ɥ/.
| |
| ===Nucleus===
| |
| There are three possible nuclei: /a/, /ə/ and zero. The nuclei display a range of different realizations depending on the phonetic environment:
| |
| */a/ is realized as:
| |
| **/ɑ/ after a broad labialized consonant
| |
| **/æ/ after a palatal consonant, palatal click or /ɥ/
| |
| **/a/ otherwise
| |
| */ə/ is realized as:
| |
| **/ɔ/ after a broad labialized consonant
| |
| **/e/ after a palatal consonant, palatal click or /ɥ/, or with /-j/ coda
| |
| **/ə/ otherwise
| |
| *Zero nucleus is realized as:
| |
| **/u/ if the medial is /w/
| |
| **/y/ if the medial is /ɥ/
| |
| **/ɨ/ if the medial is zero and initial is a dental click, a retroflex or a broad velar
| |
| **/i/ if the medial is zero, for other initials
| |
| | |
| ===Coda===
| |
| The coda is optional. There are seven possible finals in {{PAGENAME}}: /m n ŋ l r w j/.
| |
| ===Tones===
| |
| | |
| ===Mutations===
| |
| <poem>
| |
| seimhiu
| |
| /p, ʘ/ > /f(ʲ)/
| |
| /pʰ, ʘʰ/ > /f(ʲ)/
| |
| /b, gʘ, m, ŋʘ/ > /w, ɥ/
| |
| /t, |/ > /h/
| |
| /d, g|/ > /ɣ, j/
| |
| /tʰ, |ʰ/ > /h/
| |
| /!, ǂ, !ʰ, ǂʰ/ > /ɧ, ɧʲ/
| |
| /g|, gǂ/ > voiced sj
| |
| /k, c, kʰ, cʰ/ > /x, ç/
| |
| /g, gʲ/ > /ɣ, j/
| |
| /s, sʲ/ > /x, ç/
| |
| | |
| uru:
| |
| /p, ʘ/ > /b gʘ/ > /m, ŋʘ/
| |
| /pʰ ʘʰ/ > /m̊ ŋ̊ʘ/
| |
| /t, |/ > /d, g|/ > /n, ŋ|/
| |
| /tʰ, |ʰ/ > /nʰ, ŋʰ|/
| |
| /!, ǂ/ > /g!, gǂ/ > /ŋ!, ŋǂ/
| |
| /!ʰ, ǂʰ/ > /ŋʰ!, ŋʰǂ/
| |
| /k, c/ >/g, gʲ/ > /ŋ, ŋʲ/
| |
| /s, sʲ/ > /z, zʲ/ (spelled ns)
| |
| </poem>
| |
| | |
| ==Grammar==
| |
| ===Nouns===
| |
| Nouns inflect for two cases, nominative and genitive. The genitive derives from the Ancient Wiebian dative.
| |
| ====Definite article ''an''====
| |
|
| |
|
| {| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style=" text-align: center;"
| | ''Ba fhaomh-saigh le çeedh'' = If you like it |
| |-
| |
| ! style="width: 90px;" | Number
| |
| ! colspan="2" style="width: 200px;" | Singular
| |
| ! colspan="2" style="width: 200px;" | Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="width: 90px;" | Gender
| |
| ! | Masculine
| |
| ! | Feminine
| |
| ! | Masculine
| |
| ! | Feminine
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Nominative
| |
| | ''an'' || ''an''-L || ''na''-N || ''na''-L
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Genitive
| |
| | ''an''-L || ''na''-H || ''na''-H || ''na''-N
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Vocative
| |
| | ''a''-L || ''a''-L || ''le''-T || ''le''-T
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| | ==Sample text== |
| | ===Tower of Babel=== |
| | :''Pugh çedh yaus nqar ņiamh tso txuabh çhaor aon lees ndoigh kiabh aon lees ntlair.'' |
| | :CONJ in CLF world whole PST give only one CLF language and one CLF speak |
| | :And in the whole world there was one language and one way of speaking. |
|
| |
|
| {| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style=" text-align: center;"
| | :''Roomh lu yoo las jhugh dle [hyoch mhar], [ka nfemh] re txuabh tçhaoch ibh yaus [njo qiagh] Xi-Na, pugh re txuabh cheich hmoi nblaun.'' |
| |-
| | :when CLF PL person travel eastward then |
| ! style="width: 90px;" | Number
| | :As the people moved eastward... |
| ! colspan="2" style="width: 200px;" | Singular
| |
| ! colspan="2" style="width: 200px;" | Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="width: 90px;" | Gender
| |
| ! | Masculine
| |
| ! | Feminine
| |
| ! | Masculine
| |
| ! | Feminine
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Nominative
| |
| | ''an càigh''<br/>''an áigh'' || ''an fheól''<br/>''an ìdh'' || ''na càigh''<br/>''na t-áigh'' || ''na fheól''<br/>''na ìdh''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Genitive
| |
| | ''an cháigh''<br/>''an àigh'' || ''na feól''<br/>''na hìdh'' || ''na hcàigh''<br/>''na háigh'' || ''na bhfeól''<br/>''na n-ìdh''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Vocative
| |
| | ''a cháigh''<br/>''a àigh'' || ''a fheól''<br/>''a ìdh'' || ''le càigh''<br/>''le t-áigh'' || ''le feól''<br/>''le t-ìdh''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| ==Lexicon==
| | [[Category:Quihum languages]][[Category:Tricin]][[Category:Languages]] |
| *bhò-N - from
| |
| *na-N - ''bhò + an''
| |
| *''Ŧú Teatham Ŧathaigh''
| |
| [[Category:Pfeuno-K'aitian languages]][[Category:Pfeunic languages]][[Category:Wiebic languages]][[Category:Hussmauch]][[Category:Pseudo-Celtic]] | |