Minhast: Difference between revisions

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====Oblique Cases====

===== Marked Oblique=====

Position and directional information are marked on the NP by various clitics. A few clitics are used to mark an argument that has been demoted by antipassivation, or by displacement by applicative formation. Some forms are dialectal or rare, such as the Inessive =''kīr/=kir''. The Oblique clitics have two forms, one form with a short medial vowel, and the other with a long medial vowel. Use of both forms are acceptable, but native speakers tend to use the clitics with short vowels when the clitic is preceded by a long vowel, while the converse is true for the clitics forms with long vowels. Highly uncommon postpositions, such as the aforementioned Inessive =''kīr/=kir'' are indicated in the following table with a double asterisk (**).

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|}

===== Unmarked Oblique=====

The Unmarked Oblique is in form indistinguishable from the Absolutive. However, it is identifiable in that is is always the noun phrase that lacks an agreement marker in the verb. Unmarked oblique nouns, when they appear, are usually patients of low transitivity verbs, or unindividuated patients of mid-transitivity verbs, e.g. ''Yak eškat pes-ek-araban'' "I was harvesting mushroooms". For perceptive verbs, their presence may differentiate non-volitional, unintentional, or accidental occurrences from deliberate, intentive ones, e.g. ''Yak kaslub šullum-ek-aran'' "I heard a dog", vs. ''Yakte kaslub šullum-ek-aru'' "I ''listened to'' the dog".

Unmarked obliques are often considered adjuncts, non-essential information provided only to provide more information, so it is not surprising that they are frequently converted to antitopics via postposed ''wa=''binding, e.g. ''Yakte šullum-ek-aran, wakkaslub.''

====Tense-Aspect Marking====

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Unlike other verb slots, where the affixes are strictly ordered in relation to each other, the affixes in the Preverb 3 slot exhibit free order, or to be more precise, they are scope-ordered. Within this slot, a given affix exhibits scope over the element immediately to its right. With few exceptions, several affixes may occur simultaneously, limited only by whether the combination "makes sense", i.e. the resulting semantic meaning is felicitous.

The positional variability within this slot traces back to an earlier stage in the language when these affixes were originally independent words in either a preposed-''wa'' construction, or verb-verb apposition structure. These older analytic structures were eventually reanalyzed and ~~gramatticalized~~, ultimately fusing both ~~phonetically~~ and morphologically into the verb complex.

The positional variability within this slot traces back to an earlier stage in the language when these affixes were originally independent words in either a preposed-''wa'' construction, or verb-verb apposition structure. These older analytic structures were eventually reanalyzed and grammaticalized, ultimately fusing both phonologically and morphologically into the verb complex.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg sortable mw-collapsible"

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! Distributed-Periodic

| -(a)x-

|-

! Iterative 2

| -(a)š-<ref>For numeric roots only</ref>

|-

! Partial Completion

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! rowspan="9" |Evidentials

! Factive

| -∅- -ne -št(a)- -štanne

| -∅- -ne- -št(a)- -štanne-

| Referred to as the Gnomic, Aorist, and Neutral in other comparative linguistics material, the term Factive is used due to the influence of Iroquoian linguistic literature, since early treatises of Minhast were conducted by experts in the Iroquoian languages, who noticed structural and typological similarities between the two otherwise different language groups.

|-

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! rowspan="4" |Miratives

! Unexpected

| -kil- -kila

| -kil- -kila-

| Indicates the verb is a sudden, unexpected event or state. The second form occurs in verb-final position.

|-

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==== Telicity ====

A process for deriving new verbs occurs via application of the Telicity affixes, the Durative ''-ħtaš'' and the Semelfactive ''-minn-''. Technically telicity is a type of aspect, but unlike other aspect markers, which can be spontaneously employed in a single utterance, these affixes serve a more derivational purpose; their function is chiefly semantic as opposed to syntactic. For example, the verb root ''-dāwap-'' "to drip", when prefixed with the Durative, creates the derived verb ''-ħtaštāwap-'', which means "to trickle", and the verb root ''-sar-'' (to see) becomes ''-ħtassar-'' (to watch). Examples of derivation with the Semalfactive include ''-~~minnisasšši~~-'' "to sit down" from the verb root ''-sašši-'' "to sit" and ''-minnittaħš-'' "to seize (violently)" from the verb ''-ittaħš-'' "to take, to have"<ref>Semantically, "to take" is a semelfactive verb, but semantic bleaching of ''-ittaħš-'' has occurred with this root, originally meaning "to take" in Classical Minhast. Classical Minhast used the verb root ''-kta-'' (properly, "to own") to secondarily express "to have". In the modern dialects where ''-kta-'' survives, it either retains its original meaning, or "to steal" (Osprey Speaker dialect), "to pick up from the ground" (Salmonic and Horse Speaker dialects), and "to gain, to come into possession (usually by purchase, barter, or other form of trade)" (Gull Speaker dialect).</ref>.

A process for deriving new verbs occurs via application of the Telicity affixes, the Durative ''-ħtaš'' and the Semelfactive ''-minn-''. Technically telicity is a type of aspect, but unlike other aspect markers, which can be spontaneously employed in a single utterance, these affixes serve a more derivational purpose; their function is chiefly semantic as opposed to syntactic. For example, the verb root ''-dāwap-'' "to drip", when prefixed with the Durative, creates the derived verb ''-ħtaštāwap-'', which means "to trickle", and the verb root ''-sar-'' (to see) becomes ''-ħtassar-'' (to watch). Examples of derivation with the Semalfactive include ''-minnisašši-'' "to sit down" from the verb root ''-sašši-'' "to sit" and ''-minnittaħš-'' "to seize (violently)" from the verb ''-ittaħš-'' "to take, to have"<ref>Semantically, "to take" is a semelfactive verb, but semantic bleaching of ''-ittaħš-'' has occurred with this root, originally meaning "to take" in Classical Minhast. Classical Minhast used the verb root ''-kta-'' (properly, "to own") to secondarily express "to have". In the modern dialects where ''-kta-'' survives, it either retains its original meaning, or "to steal" (Osprey Speaker dialect), "to pick up from the ground" (Salmonic and Horse Speaker dialects), and "to gain, to come into possession (usually by purchase, barter, or other form of trade)" (Gull Speaker dialect).</ref>.

==== Other Affixes ====

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'''(Note to author/collaborators: Use gloss templates for the examples in this section)'''

====Verbal Possession====

~~Two~~ verbs, ''subek-'' and ''wanket-'', both meaning "to hold in the hand", are used secondarily to mean "to have". The possessor is typically expressed with Absolutive affixes, and the possessum is expressed as an incorporated noun. There appears to be a restriction with these verbs, in that the possessum must either be inanimate, or an animate noun of low sentience. Thus, of the following examples, the first two are felicitous but the third is rejected by native speakers:

In addition to the ''matti'' construction, two verbs, ''subek-'' and ''wanket-'', both meaning "to hold in the hand", are used secondarily to mean "to have". The possessor is typically expressed with Absolutive affixes, and the possessum is expressed as an incorporated noun. There appears to be a restriction with these verbs, in that the possessum must either be inanimate, or an animate noun of low sentience. Thus, of the following examples, the first two are felicitous but the third is rejected by native speakers:

# Subekyetteħkan "My bowl" (lit. "I hold a bowl")

# Wankettuytahan "Your salmon"

# *Wakektaltahan (Intended: "Your horse")

In Modern Standard Minhast, the verb ''ittaħšu'' "to take" can secondarily mean "to have". Amongst younger speakers, the secondary meaning has actually eclipsed the original meaning. Because of this semantic bleaching, the Durative affix is now added to the verb stem to convey the meaning "to have", as in ''iħtašittaħšu'', whilst the Semelfactive, as in ''minnittaħšu'', is used by these speakers too convey "to take", displacing its original meaning, "to seize".

For animate possessa, the verb ''rununk-'' (to guide, to command) is used, but there is a noticeable avoidance of it for humans or other high agency nouns:

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| translation = While the other one ate, he watched tv. ''(lit. "The one (non-focus) who ate beside him (focus), he (focus) tv-watched.")'

}}

The Participial may also be used to create circumstantial clauses. This construction appears more often in Lower Minhast dialects.

===== Purposive =====

@@ Line 474: / Line 474: @@
 ====Oblique Cases====
+===== Marked Oblique=====
 Position and directional information are marked on the NP by various clitics.  A few clitics are used to mark an argument that has been demoted by antipassivation, or by displacement by applicative formation.  Some forms are dialectal or rare, such as the Inessive =''kīr/=kir''.  The Oblique clitics have two forms, one form with a short medial vowel, and the other with a long medial vowel.  Use of both forms are acceptable, but native speakers tend to use the clitics with short vowels when the clitic is preceded by a long vowel, while the converse is true for the clitics forms with long vowels.  Highly uncommon postpositions, such as the aforementioned Inessive =''kīr/=kir'' are indicated in the following table with a double asterisk (**).
@@ Line 512: / Line 514: @@
 |}
+===== Unmarked Oblique=====
+The Unmarked Oblique is in form indistinguishable from the Absolutive.  However, it is identifiable in that is is always the noun phrase that lacks an agreement marker in the verb.  Unmarked oblique nouns, when they appear, are usually patients of low transitivity verbs, or unindividuated patients of mid-transitivity verbs, e.g. ''Yak <u>eškat</u> pes-ek-araban'' "I was harvesting mushroooms".  For perceptive verbs, their presence may differentiate non-volitional, unintentional, or accidental occurrences from deliberate, intentive ones, e.g. ''Yak <u>kaslub</u> šullum-ek-aran'' "I heard a dog", vs. ''Yakte kaslub šullum-ek-aru'' "I ''listened to'' the dog".
+Unmarked obliques are often considered adjuncts, non-essential information provided only to provide more information, so it is not surprising that they are frequently converted to antitopics via postposed ''wa=''binding, e.g. ''Yakte šullum-ek-aran, wak<u>kaslub</u>.''
 ====Tense-Aspect Marking====
@@ Line 1,492: / Line 1,498: @@
 Unlike other verb slots, where the affixes are strictly ordered in relation to each other, the affixes in the Preverb 3 slot exhibit free order, or to be more precise, they are scope-ordered. Within this slot, a given affix exhibits scope over the element immediately to its right. With few exceptions, several affixes may occur simultaneously, limited only by whether the combination "makes sense", i.e. the resulting semantic meaning is felicitous.
-The positional variability within this slot traces back to an earlier stage in the language when these affixes were originally independent words in either a preposed-''wa'' construction, or verb-verb apposition structure.  These older analytic structures were eventually reanalyzed and gramatticalized, ultimately fusing both phonetically and morphologically into the verb complex.
+The positional variability within this slot traces back to an earlier stage in the language when these affixes were originally independent words in either a preposed-''wa'' construction, or verb-verb apposition structure.  These older analytic structures were eventually reanalyzed and grammaticalized, ultimately fusing both phonologically and morphologically into the verb complex.
 {| class="bluetable lightbluebg sortable mw-collapsible"
@@ Line 1,914: / Line 1,920: @@
 ! Distributed-Periodic
 | -(a)x-
+|-
+! Iterative 2
+| -(a)š-<ref>For numeric roots only</ref>
 |-
 ! Partial Completion
@@ Line 2,072: / Line 2,081: @@
 ! rowspan="9" |Evidentials
 ! Factive
-| -∅- <br/>-ne <br/>-št(a)-<br/>-štanne
+| -∅- <br/>-ne- <br/>-št(a)-<br/>-štanne-
 | Referred to as the Gnomic, Aorist, and Neutral in other comparative linguistics material, the term Factive is used due to the influence of Iroquoian linguistic literature, since early treatises of Minhast were conducted by experts in the Iroquoian languages, who noticed structural and typological similarities between the two otherwise different language groups.
 |-
@@ Line 2,109: / Line 2,118: @@
 ! rowspan="4" |Miratives
 ! Unexpected
-| -kil- <br/> -kila
+| -kil- <br/> -kila-
 | Indicates the verb is a sudden, unexpected event or state.  The second form occurs in verb-final position.
 |-
@@ Line 2,263: / Line 2,272: @@
 ==== Telicity ====
-A process for deriving new verbs occurs via application of the Telicity affixes, the Durative ''-ħtaš'' and the Semelfactive ''-minn-''.  Technically telicity is a type of aspect, but unlike other aspect markers, which can be spontaneously employed in a single utterance, these affixes serve a more derivational purpose; their function is chiefly semantic as opposed to syntactic.  For example, the verb root ''-dāwap-'' "to drip", when prefixed with the Durative, creates the derived verb ''-ħtaštāwap-'', which means "to trickle", and the verb root ''-sar-'' (to see) becomes ''-ħtassar-'' (to watch).  Examples of derivation with the Semalfactive include ''-minnisasšši-'' "to sit down" from the verb root ''-sašši-'' "to sit" and ''-minnittaħš-'' "to seize (violently)" from the verb ''-ittaħš-'' "to take, to have"<ref>Semantically, "to take" is a semelfactive verb, but semantic bleaching of ''-ittaħš-'' has occurred with this root, originally meaning "to take" in Classical Minhast.  Classical Minhast used the verb root ''-kta-'' (properly, "to own") to secondarily express "to have".  In the modern dialects where ''-kta-'' survives, it either retains its original meaning, or "to steal" (Osprey Speaker dialect), "to pick up from the ground" (Salmonic and Horse Speaker dialects), and "to gain, to come into possession (usually by purchase, barter, or other form of trade)" (Gull Speaker dialect).</ref>.
+A process for deriving new verbs occurs via application of the Telicity affixes, the Durative ''-ħtaš'' and the Semelfactive ''-minn-''.  Technically telicity is a type of aspect, but unlike other aspect markers, which can be spontaneously employed in a single utterance, these affixes serve a more derivational purpose; their function is chiefly semantic as opposed to syntactic.  For example, the verb root ''-dāwap-'' "to drip", when prefixed with the Durative, creates the derived verb ''-ħtaštāwap-'', which means "to trickle", and the verb root ''-sar-'' (to see) becomes ''-ħtassar-'' (to watch).  Examples of derivation with the Semalfactive include ''-minnisašši-'' "to sit down" from the verb root ''-sašši-'' "to sit" and ''-minnittaħš-'' "to seize (violently)" from the verb ''-ittaħš-'' "to take, to have"<ref>Semantically, "to take" is a semelfactive verb, but semantic bleaching of ''-ittaħš-'' has occurred with this root, originally meaning "to take" in Classical Minhast.  Classical Minhast used the verb root ''-kta-'' (properly, "to own") to secondarily express "to have".  In the modern dialects where ''-kta-'' survives, it either retains its original meaning, or "to steal" (Osprey Speaker dialect), "to pick up from the ground" (Salmonic and Horse Speaker dialects), and "to gain, to come into possession (usually by purchase, barter, or other form of trade)" (Gull Speaker dialect).</ref>.
 ==== Other Affixes ====
@@ Line 3,222: / Line 3,231: @@
 '''(Note to author/collaborators: Use gloss templates for the examples in this section)'''
 ====Verbal Possession====
-Two verbs, ''subek-'' and ''wanket-'', both meaning "to hold in the hand", are used secondarily to mean "to have".  The possessor is typically expressed with Absolutive affixes, and the possessum is expressed as an incorporated noun.  There appears to be a restriction with these verbs, in that the possessum must either be inanimate, or an animate noun of low sentience.  Thus, of the following examples, the first two are felicitous but the third is rejected by native speakers:
+In addition to the ''matti'' construction, two verbs, ''subek-'' and ''wanket-'', both meaning "to hold in the hand", are used secondarily to mean "to have".  The possessor is typically expressed with Absolutive affixes, and the possessum is expressed as an incorporated noun.  There appears to be a restriction with these verbs, in that the possessum must either be inanimate, or an animate noun of low sentience.  Thus, of the following examples, the first two are felicitous but the third is rejected by native speakers:
 # Subekyetteħkan "My bowl" (lit. "I hold a bowl")
 # Wankettuytahan "Your salmon"
 # *Wakektaltahan (Intended: "Your horse")
+In Modern Standard Minhast, the verb ''ittaħšu'' "to take" can secondarily mean "to have".  Amongst younger speakers, the secondary meaning has actually eclipsed the original meaning.  Because of this semantic bleaching, the Durative affix is now added to the verb stem to convey the meaning "to have", as in ''iħtašittaħšu'', whilst the Semelfactive, as in ''minnittaħšu'', is used by these speakers too convey "to take", displacing its original meaning, "to seize".
 For animate possessa, the verb ''rununk-'' (to guide, to command) is used, but there is a noticeable avoidance of it for humans or other high agency nouns:
@@ Line 3,404: / Line 3,415: @@
 | translation = While the other one ate, he watched tv. ''(lit. "The one (non-focus) who ate beside him (focus), he (focus) tv-watched.")'
 }}
+The Participial may also be used to create circumstantial clauses.  This construction appears more often in Lower Minhast dialects.
 ===== Purposive =====