Jugsnorsk: Difference between revisions

From Linguifex
Jump to navigation Jump to search
← Older edit
VisualWikitext
Melinoë (talk | contribs)
Bots
3,108 edits
Melinoë (talk | contribs)
Bots
3,108 edits
No edit summary
 
(30 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 6: Line 6:
|pronunciation=ˈyɡ.rɐ.ˌnor̥.kʰɐ
|pronunciation=ˈyɡ.rɐ.ˌnor̥.kʰɐ
|ethnicity=Jugsnorsk
|ethnicity=Jugsnorsk
|states=[[w:Novgorod republic|Húsnorsk republic]]</br>[[w:Altai mountains|Altai mountain region]]
|states=[[w:Altai mountains|Altai mountain region]]
|fam1=[[w:Indo-European|Indo-European]]
|fam1=[[w:Indo-European|Indo-European]]
|fam2=[[w:Germanic Languages|Germanic]]
|fam2=[[w:Germanic Languages|Germanic]]
Line 18: Line 18:
|ancestor3=[[Húsnorsk]]
|ancestor3=[[Húsnorsk]]
|ancestor4={{PAGENAME}}
|ancestor4={{PAGENAME}}
|creator=[[User:Wfeozawra|Melinoë]]
|creator=[[User:Melinoë]]
|created=February 23rd, 2026
|created=February 23rd, 2026
|setting=
|stand1=Varhúsnorsk
|stand1=Varhúsnorsk
|familycolor=Indo-European
|familycolor=Indo-European
Line 26: Line 25:
|speakers=(L1) 400,000
|speakers=(L1) 400,000
|speakers2=(L2) 20,000
|speakers2=(L2) 20,000
|date=2018
|date=2020
|agency=The Húsnorsk Academy <small>(Unrecognized)</small>
|agency=The Húsnorsk Academy
|map=File:Lang Status 80-VU.svg
|mapcaption=Jugsnorsk is classified as [[w:Vulnerable language|vulnerable]] by the UNESCO ''[[w:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]''
|notice=IPA
|notice=IPA
}}
}}
Line 34: Line 35:


==History==
==History==
===Middle Húsnorsk (1350AD~1600AD)===
===Early Jugsnorsk (1770AD~1850AD)===
In the early 1770's, a large exodus of Húsnorsk from Novgorod began, likely spurred on by the [[w:1770-1772 Russian plague|Russian plague]], these fleeing families would move east, into [[w:Siberia|Siberia]] (So-called "Jugra" by the Húsnorsk, from Russian [[w:Yugra|Yugra]]). These Húsnorsk were once called "Plýggnorska" ("Fleeing Norse"), though this is a [[w:pejorative|pejorative]], and they are now called "Jugsnorsk" ("Yugra's Norse").


===Common Húsnorsk (1600AD~1770AD)===
Starting around 1790, Jugsnorsk developed its defining laudative and pejorative forms through -isti and -ki respectively. These suffixes, originally augmentative and diminutive, were used so often as laudative and pejorative that they reduced down to -(i)s- and -g(i)-/-k(i)- and became new noun forms as they lost their original patterns and took on the patterns of the noun they were attached to. The original suffixes, -isti and -ki, are still used with their original meanings and patterns, as with {{term|raukki}} for example, from {{term|raunj}} and {{term|-ki}}.
In the early 1770's, a large exodus of Húsnorsk from Novgorod began, likely spurred on by the [[w:1770-1772 Russian plague|Russian plague]], these fleeing families would move east, into [[w:Siberia|Siberia]] (So-called "Jugra" by the Húsnorsk, from Russian [[w:Yugra|Yugra]]). These Húsnorsk were once called "Plýggnorska" ("Fleeing Norse"), though this is a [[w:pejorative|pejorative]], and they are now called "Jugsnorsk" ("Yugra's Norse").


===Modern Jugsnorsk (1850AD~Today)===
===Modern Jugsnorsk (1850AD~Today)===
Line 363: Line 364:
====Strong nouns====
====Strong nouns====
=====Common patterns=====
=====Common patterns=====
{{Jugsnorsk nouns|lem=aulj|type=c-a|ty=a|str=y|aul|oul|mean= - "hearth"}}
{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-a|lem=aulj|aul|oul|mean=hearth}}




{{Jugsnorsk nouns|lem=ǿ|type=c-i|ty=i|str=y|v=y|al|ol|ó|ǿ|ó|mean= - "awl"}}
{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-i|lem=ǿ|v=y|al|ol|ó|ǿ|ó|mean=awl}}


As can be seen with this table, nouns can be irregular, especially when it consists of a vowel followed by l, as historic l-vocalization caused additional vowel alternations on top of umlaut.
As can be seen with this table, nouns can be irregular, especially when it consists of a vowel followed by l, as historic l-vocalization caused additional vowel alternations on top of umlaut.


{{Jugsnorsk nouns|lem=ósj|type=c-u|ty=u|str=y|ós|és|mean= - "god"}}
{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-u|lem=ósj|ós|és|mean=(pagan) god}}
 
 
{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-c|lem=najlj|najl|nejl|nojl|mean=nail}}


======Feminine patterns======
The feminines have long since merged with the masculines to form the commons, this section will cover how each feminine pattern merged into the masculines. some of the feminine patterns have remained distinct in form, but still became common in treatment.


{{Jugsnorsk nouns|lem=najlj|type=c-c|ty=consonant|str=y|najl|nejl|nojl|mean= - "nail"}}
feminine ō-stem:
{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-a|lem=nasj|pej=k|nas|nos|mean=nose}}
 
feminine ōn-stem
{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-ōn|lem=akka|akk|okk|1p=akkj|2p=okkj|mean=arrow}}


=====Neuter patterns=====
=====Neuter patterns=====
(all outdated)
{{Jugsnorsk nouns n-a|lem=mó|1l=mó|mál|mó|mól|mean=language}}
{{Jugsnorsk nouns n-a|mál-|mó-|mól-||m= - "Language"}}
{{Jugsnorsk nouns n-a|lem=ísladd|ísladd|íslodd|mean=icy land|notes=forms where -g isn't followed by a vowel are occasionally seen as -gi}}


===Verbs===
===Verbs===
Line 384: Line 394:


Strong verbs have been falling out of use since the 17th century, and most verbs that once were strong are now weak, especially in Jugsnorsk, which is far more inclined to grammatical change than Nygadsnorsk.
Strong verbs have been falling out of use since the 17th century, and most verbs that once were strong are now weak, especially in Jugsnorsk, which is far more inclined to grammatical change than Nygadsnorsk.
An example of this is the verb "lýga".
{{Jugsnorsk verbs w|lem=lýga|lýg-}}


=====Class 1=====
=====Class 1=====
 
{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=grípa|type=1|gríp-|grip-}}
=====Class 2=====
=====Class 2=====
{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=lýga|type=2|lýg-|lug-}}
=====Class 3=====
=====Class 3=====
{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=sykka|type=3|sykk-|sukk-}}
=====Class 4=====
=====Class 4=====
=====Class 5=====
=====Class 5=====
{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=geta|pastpart=gát-tj|type=5|get-|1s=gez-|gát-|2t=gáz-|2s=gáz-}}
{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=gata|pastpart=tj|type=5|gat-|gát-}}
 
=====Class 6=====
=====Class 6=====
=====Class 7=====
=====Class 7=====
 
{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=gagga|type=7|gagg-|gegg-}}
 
the -gg- of ''gagga'' acts as a good example for the -gg- > -j- change exhibited by many younger speakers in common verbs.


====Weak verbs====
====Weak verbs====
weak verbs have largely been leveled to one or two patterns, now called weak and j-weak. This first verb, ''bǿgja'', is a j-weak.
weak verbs have largely been leveled to one or two patterns, now called weak and j-weak. This first verb, ''bǿgja'', is a j-weak.
{{Jugsnorsk verbs w|lem=bǿgja|j=y|m= - "to bend, bow"|bǿg-}}
{{Jugsnorsk verbs w|lem=bǿgja|m= - "to bend, bow"|bǿg-|1j=bǿ(g)j-}}


This next verb, ''hava'', is a plain weak.
This next verb, ''hava'', is a plain weak.
Line 410: Line 421:
Jugsnorsk has a few suppletive verbs in which some forms were replaced by another verb's forms.
Jugsnorsk has a few suppletive verbs in which some forms were replaced by another verb's forms.


This first verb is the main copula.
This first verb is the main copula. Though the tables presented here are fully regular as a strong 5 verb, forms exist which aren't, the Contionary page should be seen for these.
{|
{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|type=5|lem=vaja|m=|vaj-|váj-|1js=vé-|2js=vé-}}
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|type=5|lem=ǫja|m=|ǫj-|ǫ́j-|1js=ǿ|2js=ǿ}}
| {{Jugsnorsk veja|lem=véja|m=|véj-|éj-|vé-|é-}}
| {{Jugsnorsk veja|lem=ǿja|m=|ǿj-|éj-|ǿ-|é-}}
|}


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
Húsnorsk has relatively free word order, outside of requiring V2, allowing nouns to appear anywhere in the sentence as long as they're marked correctly.
Jugsnorsk has relatively free word order, outside of requiring V2, allowing nouns to appear anywhere in the sentence as long as they're marked correctly.


These following examples will serve to illustrate sentence construction in Húsnorsk. (subject in yellow, verb in blue, object in red).
These following examples will serve to illustrate sentence construction in Jugsnorsk. (subject in yellow, verb in blue, object in red).


:'''''<span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:#fad67d">mānpjǫudīn</span> <span style="background-color:#abd5f5">wą</span> <span style="background-color:#ff9090"> 1.500</span> </span>'''''—''The population was 1,500''
:'''''<span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:#fad67d">mānpǿdī</span> <span style="background-color:#abd5f5">vé</span> <span style="background-color:#ff9090"> 1.500</span> </span>'''''—''The population was 1,500''
In this example, the word order matches English relatively well, and we see "wą" ("was") in the second position.
In this example, the word order matches English relatively well, and we see "wą" ("was") in the second position.


In this next example, we see it break away from English order, with the verb still occupying V2 position.
In this next example, we see it break away from English order, with the verb still occupying V2 position.
:'''''<span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:#90ff90">árit 2000</span> <span style="background-color:#abd5f5">wą</span> <span style="background-color:#fad67d">mānpjǫudīn</span> <span style="background-color:#ff9090">1.500</span></span>'''''—''In 2000, the population was 1,500'' (lit. ''The year 2000 was the population 1,500'')
:'''''<span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:#90ff90">árit 2000</span> <span style="background-color:#abd5f5">vé</span> <span style="background-color:#fad67d">mānpǿdī</span> <span style="background-color:#ff9090">1.500</span></span>'''''—''In 2000, the population was 1,500'' (lit. ''The year 2000 was the population 1,500'')
The prepositional phrase "árit 2000" (in green) counts as a single unit, thus the verb must come after ''2000'' rather than ''árit''.
The prepositional phrase "árit 2000" (in green) counts as a single unit, thus the verb must come after ''2000'' rather than ''árit''.


Unlike Icelandic, V2 order has no exceptions, as SV inversion isn't used for yes/no questions. In the following example, you'll see one method of question marking:
Unlike Icelandic, V2 order has no exceptions, as SV inversion isn't used for yes/no questions. In the following example, you'll see one method of question marking:
:'''''Ari havi soutīn''''' — ''Ari is hungry'' (lit. ''Ari has hungry'')
:'''''Ari havi sútīn''''' — ''Ari is hungry'' (lit. ''Ari has hungry'')
and as a question:
and as a question:
:'''''Ari havi soutīn?''''' — ''Is Ari hungry?'' (lit. ''Ari has hungry?'')
:'''''Ari havi sútīn?''''' — ''Is Ari hungry?'' (lit. ''Ari has hungry?'')
Here you see the most common form of question, one without grammatical change, these use a rising vocal intonation as their marking (or a question mark in writing).
Here you see the most common form of question, one without grammatical change, these use a rising vocal intonation as their marking (or a question mark in writing).


Another method is SO inversion, as in:
Another method is SO inversion, as in:
:'''''soutīn havi Ari?''''' — ''Is Ari hungry?'' (lit. ''Hungry has Ari?'')
:'''''sútīn havi Ari?''''' — ''Is Ari hungry?'' (lit. ''Hungry has Ari?'')


Something important you'll notice here is the use of "to have" where "to be" is used in other Germanic languages, this is a feature of Húsnorsk where permanent attributes use "to be" while temporary states use "to have", thus:
Something important you'll notice here is the use of "to have" where "to be" is used in other Germanic languages, this is a feature of Húsnorsk where permanent attributes use "to be" while temporary states use "to have", thus:
:'''''Ari er sę́u''''' — ''Ari is happy'' (Ari is ''always'' happy)
:'''''Ari véji sǿ''''' — ''Ari is happy'' (Ari is ''always'' happy)
:'''''Ari havi sę́u''''' — ''Ari is happy'' (Ari is happy right now)
:'''''Ari havi sǿ''''' — ''Ari is happy'' (Ari is happy right now)
While "hava" can generally only take a noun, when used this way, "hava" takes an adjective just like "vera". When both an adjective and a noun exist, there is a semantic difference in meaning between the two, so saying '''''Ari havi sę́u''''' is the English "Ari is happy", but saying '''''Ari havi sę́ud''''' means she's possessing happiness, "having happiness" is roughly equivalent to saying "withholding/denying happiness".
While "hava" can generally only take a noun, when used this way, "hava" takes an adjective just like "vera". When both an adjective and a noun can be taken, there is a semantic difference between the two, so saying '''''Ari havi sǿ''''' is "Ari is happy", but saying '''''Ari havi sǿd''''' means she is possessing happiness, "having happiness" is roughly equivalent to saying "withholding/denying happiness".


This hava vs vera copula system is, in a way, similar to Spanish's two copulas.
This hava vs véja copula system is, in a way, similar to Spanish's two copulas.


==Texts==
==Texts==
Line 456: Line 464:
:[ˌɛk ˈdrøːː.ðʊ ˌmik ɐ ˈdrøːːs i ˈnɐu̯t uː : ˈsʏy̯.kɪs ɔ ˈfʏy̯tʰ]
:[ˌɛk ˈdrøːː.ðʊ ˌmik ɐ ˈdrøːːs i ˈnɐu̯t uː : ˈsʏy̯.kɪs ɔ ˈfʏy̯tʰ]


#"a"/"ą" is a filler syllable to pad the line out, it has no semantic meaning.
#"a" is a filler syllable to make it flow better, it has no semantic meaning.


'''English''':
'''English''':

Latest revision as of 20:48, 24 March 2026


Jugsnorsk
Ygranorska
Pronunciation[ˈyɡ.rɐ.ˌnor̥.kʰɐ]
Created byUser:Melinoë
DateFebruary 23rd, 2026
Native toAltai mountain region
EthnicityJugsnorsk
Native speakers(L1) 400,000 (2020)
(L2) 20,000
Early forms
Standard form
Varhúsnorsk
Official status
Recognised minority
language in
Regulated byThe Húsnorsk Academy
Jugsnorsk is classified as vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Jugsnorsk (/jugz.norsk/; endonym: Ygranorska, [ˈyɡ.rɐ.ˌnor̥.kʰɐ]) is a dialect of Húsnorsk, or possibly a distinct but closely related language.

History

Early Jugsnorsk (1770AD~1850AD)

In the early 1770's, a large exodus of Húsnorsk from Novgorod began, likely spurred on by the Russian plague, these fleeing families would move east, into Siberia (So-called "Jugra" by the Húsnorsk, from Russian Yugra). These Húsnorsk were once called "Plýggnorska" ("Fleeing Norse"), though this is a pejorative, and they are now called "Jugsnorsk" ("Yugra's Norse").

Starting around 1790, Jugsnorsk developed its defining laudative and pejorative forms through -isti and -ki respectively. These suffixes, originally augmentative and diminutive, were used so often as laudative and pejorative that they reduced down to -(i)s- and -g(i)-/-k(i)- and became new noun forms as they lost their original patterns and took on the patterns of the noun they were attached to. The original suffixes, -isti and -ki, are still used with their original meanings and patterns, as with raukki for example, from raunj and -ki.

Modern Jugsnorsk (1850AD~Today)

Phonology

Labial Dental Alveolar Velar
Nasal m n
Stop Unvoiced p t k
Voiced b d g
Aspirated pʰ tʰ kʰ
Fricative Unvoiced f θ s x
Voiced ð
Approximant ʋ r², l j
  1. /b, d, g/ become /p, t, k/ next to voiceless stops and /s/, but not /f/, which becomes /ʋ/ next to these consonants.
  2. Realized as /t, p/ before /n, m/ (as in "ormj" /opmʲ/). Additionally, /rs/ may be realized as [tʰ] (or [r̥]).
  3. All geminates are realized as short in coda position (Thus "Plýgg" is /ˈplʏy̯ɡ/)


Stressed vowels
Front Back
Unround Round
Short Diph. Long Short Diph. Long Short Diph. Long
High i ɪi̯ iː y ʏy̯ yː u ʊu̯ uː
Mid e e̞i̯ eː ø ø̞y̯ øː o o̞u̯ oː
Low a ɐu̯ aː
Unstressed vowels
Front Back
Unround Round
Short Diph. Long Short Diph. Long Short Diph. Long
High ɪ i iː ʏ y yː ʊ u uː
Mid ɛ e eː œ ø øː ɔ o oː
Low ɐ a aː

Within the "long" class is also overlongs that are exceedingly rare, occurring from Old Norse /VːN/, to Varhúsnorsk /Ṽː/, then modern /Vːː/.

/ɛ, ɔ/ also exist in stressed syllables as standalone sounds, but are rather rare, occuring from initial jV/wV assimilation (see "vatn"/"ǫtn" and "jaun"/"ęun"). There are also diphthongs formed from /Vi, Vu/ that aren't in the table, these occur from various sources.

Orthography

Acutes stand for diphthongs (old longs) and macrons stand for long vowels (new longs), there also exists vowels with graves standing for overlongs.

Many Old Norse conventions are still used in handwriting, especially by the highly literate, such as:

"v" as vend ("ꝩ") and a y with a tittle (looking like vend + dot, "ꝩ̇")
Long s is still used
Dotless i ("i" is also often used in place of "j")
Extensive use of ligatures
Shorthand (such as "⁊" and "ᛘ")
Use of a "zig-zag" for "er" and "ir" (such as "ꝩ͛a" for "vera"). Sometimes you may see it alone standing for "er", here it's larger, looking like the rune "ᛋ"
Noun endings are reduced significantly, the "-ʀ" (modern "-j") endings are often all reduced to a simple "j", often with a strike through it, like "ɟ".
Use of R rotunda ("ꝛ"), this often attaches to the preceding letter when it is a large curve (like in "oꝛ")

Runic script

Húsnorsk's defining script, "runic miniscule"

As both the Latin alphabet and the Runic alphabet are fully phonemic, there's a one-to-one correspondence between the two. This also means the Latin letters absent from Jugsnorsk should also have their rune equivalent discarded.

The "ʀ" rune acts for /j/

Jugsnorsk's overlongs should be written as macron + acute (like in Latin, eg. "ḗ"). Diacritic usage should closely follow Latin in Jugsnorsk, except with long consonants, which use an overring (eg. "b̊" for "bb")

This so-called "runic miniscule" is extremely unintuitive for most readers of any language, being written right to left, but also bottom to top (so written up the page, not down)

Morphology

Umlaut

Umlaut is a kind of nonconcatenative morphology defined by alternations in the stressed vowel.

All noun patterns exhibit umlaut, but some vowels are unaffected by certain kinds. Some of these have been "corrected" through regularization in Húsnorsk, though a lot of these are a result of false correlation, not actual correction. As with Old Norse "ríkjum" (dative plural of "ríki") becoming "rýkjum" through the dative plural getting analogized to have u-umlaut in all nominal patterns.

The general rules for Nordic umlaut are decently simple, going as follows:

U-umlaut rounds unround vowels (/i, e, ɛ, a/ > /y, ø, ø, ɔ/) and raises round vowels (/o/ > /u/).
I-umlaut raises unround vowels (/e, ɛ, a/ > /i, e, ɛ/) and fronts round vowels (/u, o/ > /y, ø/)
A-umlaut lowers high vowels (/i, u/ > /e, o/)

Some words exhibit both u-umlaut and i-umlaut, as with Proto-Germanic *garwijaną > Old Norse gøra.

Nouns

Húsnorsk, as with most other Germanic languages, has a distinction between strong and weak stem types. These types are divided into classes based on gender and ending, the ending is typically determined by the form in Proto-Germanic, which occasionally leads to potentially confusing stem names, such as "strong ō-stem" nouns, which now have a null ending, where Proto-Germanic had *-ō. The historic Proto-Germanic ending is what determines the modern umlaut patterns, due to this the stem name can help you figure out the type of umlaut the noun has, though, sometimes confusingly, a noun may exhibit a different kind of umlaut in some forms (see the strong u-stems).

Húsnorsk occasionally extends umlaut across patterns in a form of regularization or analogy, this can lead to irregular evolution but morphology that's easier to remember (note how umlaut was extended to almost all vowels)

Like many Nordic languages, Húsnorsk underwent the masculine/feminine merger that creates the modern common/neuter systems in the continental Nordic languages.

Strong nouns

Common patterns
Inflection of aulj - "hearth" (common a-stem)
neutral singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative aulj auljī aulé auléní
accusative aul aulī aula aulana
dative auli aulinū oulū oulunū
genitive aulis aulinūs oulūs oulunūs
laudative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative aulsj aulsjī aulsé aulséní
accusative auls aulsī aulsa aulsana
dative aulsi aulsinū oulsū oulsunū
genitive aulsis aulsinūs oulsūs oulsunūs
pejorative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative aulgj aulgjī aulgé aulgéní
accusative aulg aulgī aulga aulgana
dative aulgi aulginū oulgū oulgunū
genitive aulgis aulginūs oulgūs oulgunūs


Inflection of ǿ - "awl" (common i-stem)
neutral singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative ǿ ójī alé aléní
accusative ó alī ala alana
dative ali alinū olū olunū
genitive alis alinūs olūs olunūs
laudative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative ósj ósjī alsé alséní
accusative ós alsī alsa alsana
dative alsi alsinū olsū olsunū
genitive alsis alsinūs olsūs olsunūs
pejorative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative ógj ógjī algé algéní
accusative óg algī alga algana
dative algi alginū olgū olgunū
genitive algis alginūs olgūs olgunūs

As can be seen with this table, nouns can be irregular, especially when it consists of a vowel followed by l, as historic l-vocalization caused additional vowel alternations on top of umlaut.

Inflection of ósj - "(pagan) god" (common u-stem)
neutral singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative ósj ósjī ésí ésíní
accusative ós ósī ési ésina
dative ési ésinū ósū ósunū
genitive ésis ésinūs ósūs ósunūs
laudative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative óssj óssjī éssé ésséní
accusative óss óssī éssa éssana
dative éssi éssinū óssū óssunū
genitive éssis éssinūs óssūs óssunūs
pejorative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative ósgj ósgjī ésgé ésgéní
accusative ósg ósgī ésga ésgana
dative ésgi ésginū ósgū ósgunū
genitive ésgis ésginūs ósgūs ósgunūs


Inflection of najlj - "nail" (common consonant-stem)
neutral singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative najlj najljī nejl nejliní
accusative najl najlī nejl nejlina
dative najli najlinū nojlū nojlunū
genitive najlis najlinūs nojlūs nojlunūs
laudative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative najlsj najlsjī nejls nejlsiní
accusative najls najlsī nejls nejlsina
dative najlsi najlsinū nojlsū nojlsunū
genitive najlsis najlsinūs nojlsūs nojlsunūs
pejorative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative najlgj najlgjī nejlg nejlginí
accusative najlg najlgī nejlg nejlgina
dative najlgi najlginū nojlgū nojlgunū
genitive najlgis najlginūs nojlgūs nojlgunūs
Feminine patterns

The feminines have long since merged with the masculines to form the commons, this section will cover how each feminine pattern merged into the masculines. some of the feminine patterns have remained distinct in form, but still became common in treatment.

feminine ō-stem:

Inflection of nasj - "nose" (common a-stem)
neutral singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative nasj nasjī nasé naséní
accusative nas nasī nasa nasana
dative nasi nasinū nosū nosunū
genitive nasis nasinūs nosūs nosunūs
laudative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative nassj nassjī nassé nasséní
accusative nass nassī nassa nassana
dative nassi nassinū nossū nossunū
genitive nassis nassinūs nossūs nossunūs
pejorative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative naskj naskjī naské naskéní
accusative nask naskī naska naskana
dative naski naskinū noskū noskunū
genitive naskis naskinūs noskūs noskunūs

feminine ōn-stem

Inflection of akka - "arrow" (common ōn-stem)
neutral singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative akka akkā akký akkýní
accusative akku akkū akký akkýna
dative akki akkinū okkū okkunū
genitive akkis akkinūs okkūs okkunūs
laudative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative akksa akksā akksý akksýní
accusative akksu akksū akksý akksýna
dative akksi akksinū okksū okksunū
genitive akksis akksinūs okksūs okksunūs
pejorative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative akkja akkjā akkjý akkjýní
accusative akkju akkjū akkjý akkjýna
dative akkji akkjinū okkjū okkjunū
genitive akkjis akkjinūs okkjūs okkjunūs
Neuter patterns
Inflection of mó - "language" (neuter a-stem)
neutral singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative mó málit mó mólī
accusative mó málit mó mólī
dative máli málinū mólū mólunū
genitive mális málinūs mólūs mólunūs
laudative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative mós málsit mós mólsī
accusative mós málsit mós mólsī
dative málsi málsinū mólsū mólsunū
genitive málsis málsinūs mólsūs mólsunūs
pejorative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative móg málgit móg mólgī
accusative móg málgit móg mólgī
dative málgi málginū mólgū mólgunū
genitive málgis málginūs mólgūs mólgunūs
Inflection of ísladd - "icy land" (neuter a-stem)
neutral singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative ísladd ísladdit íslodd ísloddī
accusative ísladd ísladdit íslodd ísloddī
dative ísladdi ísladdinū ísloddū ísloddunū
genitive ísladdis ísladdinūs ísloddūs ísloddunūs
laudative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative ísladds ísladdsit íslodds ísloddsī
accusative ísladds ísladdsit íslodds ísloddsī
dative ísladdsi ísladdsinū ísloddsū ísloddsunū
genitive ísladdsis ísladdsinūs ísloddsūs ísloddsunūs
pejorative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative ísladdg ísladdgit ísloddg ísloddgī
accusative ísladdg ísladdgit ísloddg ísloddgī
dative ísladdgi ísladdginū ísloddgū ísloddgunū
genitive ísladdgis ísladdginūs ísloddgūs ísloddgunūs

forms where -g isn't followed by a vowel are occasionally seen as -gi

Verbs

Strong verbs

Strong verbs are characterized by ablaut in the past tense forms, rather than the dental suffix of the weak verbs.

Strong verbs have been falling out of use since the 17th century, and most verbs that once were strong are now weak, especially in Jugsnorsk, which is far more inclined to grammatical change than Nygadsnorsk.

Class 1
Conjugation of grípa (strong class 1)
non-finites active mediopassive
infinitive gríp-a gríp-ask
pr. part. gríp-addi gríp-addisk
pa. part. grip-ðj grip-tsk
supine grip-t grip-tsk
indicative present past present past
singular gríp-u grip-u gríp-usk grip-usk
plural gríp-ū grip-ū gríp-ūsk grip-ūsk
subjunctive present past present past
singular gríp-i grip-i gríp-isk grip-isk
plural gríp-ī grip-ī gríp-īsk grip-īsk
imperative present present
singular gríp- gríp-sk
plural gríp-ið gríp-itsk
Class 2
Conjugation of lýga (strong class 2)
non-finites active mediopassive
infinitive lýg-a lýg-ask
pr. part. lýg-addi lýg-addisk
pa. part. lug-ðj lug-tsk
supine lug-t lug-tsk
indicative present past present past
singular lýg-u lug-u lýg-usk lug-usk
plural lýg-ū lug-ū lýg-ūsk lug-ūsk
subjunctive present past present past
singular lýg-i lug-i lýg-isk lug-isk
plural lýg-ī lug-ī lýg-īsk lug-īsk
imperative present present
singular lýg- lýg-sk
plural lýg-ið lýg-itsk
Class 3
Conjugation of sykka (strong class 3)
non-finites active mediopassive
infinitive sykk-a sykk-ask
pr. part. sykk-addi sykk-addisk
pa. part. sukk-ðj sukk-tsk
supine sukk-t sukk-tsk
indicative present past present past
singular sykk-u sukk-u sykk-usk sukk-usk
plural sykk-ū sukk-ū sykk-ūsk sukk-ūsk
subjunctive present past present past
singular sykk-i sukk-i sykk-isk sukk-isk
plural sykk-ī sukk-ī sykk-īsk sukk-īsk
imperative present present
singular sykk- sykk-sk
plural sykk-ið sykk-itsk
Class 4
Class 5
Conjugation of gata (strong class 5)
non-finites active mediopassive
infinitive gat-a gat-ask
pr. part. gat-addi gat-addisk
pa. part. gát-tj gát-tsk
supine gát-t gát-tsk
indicative present past present past
singular gat-u gát-u gat-usk gát-usk
plural gat-ū gát-ū gat-ūsk gát-ūsk
subjunctive present past present past
singular gat-i gát-i gat-isk gát-isk
plural gat-ī gát-ī gat-īsk gát-īsk
imperative present present
singular gat- gat-sk
plural gat-ið gat-itsk
Class 6
Class 7
Conjugation of gagga (strong class 7)
non-finites active mediopassive
infinitive gagg-a gagg-ask
pr. part. gagg-addi gagg-addisk
pa. part. gegg-ðj gegg-tsk
supine gegg-t gegg-tsk
indicative present past present past
singular gagg-u gegg-u gagg-usk gegg-usk
plural gagg-ū gegg-ū gagg-ūsk gegg-ūsk
subjunctive present past present past
singular gagg-i gegg-i gagg-isk gegg-isk
plural gagg-ī gegg-ī gagg-īsk gegg-īsk
imperative present present
singular gagg- gagg-sk
plural gagg-ið gagg-itsk

the -gg- of gagga acts as a good example for the -gg- > -j- change exhibited by many younger speakers in common verbs.

Weak verbs

weak verbs have largely been leveled to one or two patterns, now called weak and j-weak. This first verb, bǿgja, is a j-weak.

Conjugation of bǿgja (weak)
non-finites active mediopassive
infinitive bǿ(g)j-a bǿ(g)j-ask
pr. part. bǿ(g)j-addi bǿ(g)j-addisk
pa. part. bǿg-ðj bǿg-tsk
supine bǿg-t bǿg-tsk
indicative present past present past
singular bǿ(g)j-u bǿg-ðu bǿ(g)j-usk bǿg-ðusk
plural bǿ(g)j-ū bǿg-ðū bǿ(g)j-ūsk bǿg-ðūsk
subjunctive present past present past
singular bǿg-i bǿg-ði bǿg-isk bǿg-ðisk
plural bǿg-ī bǿg-ðī bǿg-īsk bǿg-ðīsk
imperative present present
singular bǿg- bǿg-sk
plural bǿg-ið bǿg-itsk

This next verb, hava, is a plain weak.

Conjugation of hava (weak)
non-finites active mediopassive
infinitive hav-a hav-ask
pr. part. hav-addi hav-addisk
pa. part. hav-ðj hav-tsk
supine hav-t hav-tsk
indicative present past present past
singular hav-u hav-ðu hav-usk hav-ðusk
plural hav-ū hav-ðū hav-ūsk hav-ðūsk
subjunctive present past present past
singular hav-i hav-ði hav-isk hav-ðisk
plural hav-ī hav-ðī hav-īsk hav-ðīsk
imperative present present
singular hav- hav-sk
plural hav-ið hav-itsk

Suppletive verbs

Jugsnorsk has a few suppletive verbs in which some forms were replaced by another verb's forms.

This first verb is the main copula. Though the tables presented here are fully regular as a strong 5 verb, forms exist which aren't, the Contionary page should be seen for these.

Conjugation of vaja (strong class 5)
non-finites active mediopassive
infinitive vaj-a vaj-ask
pr. part. vaj-addi vaj-addisk
pa. part. vé-ðj vé-tsk
supine vé-t vé-tsk
indicative present past present past
singular vaj-u váj-u vaj-usk váj-usk
plural vaj-ū váj-ū vaj-ūsk váj-ūsk
subjunctive present past present past
singular vaj-i váj-i vaj-isk váj-isk
plural vaj-ī váj-ī vaj-īsk váj-īsk
imperative present present
singular vé- vé-sk
plural vaj-ið vaj-itsk
Conjugation of ǫja (strong class 5)
non-finites active mediopassive
infinitive ǫj-a ǫj-ask
pr. part. ǫj-addi ǫj-addisk
pa. part. ǿðj ǿtsk
supine ǿt ǿtsk
indicative present past present past
singular ǫj-u ǫ́j-u ǫj-usk ǫ́j-usk
plural ǫj-ū ǫ́j-ū ǫj-ūsk ǫ́j-ūsk
subjunctive present past present past
singular ǫj-i ǫ́j-i ǫj-isk ǫ́j-isk
plural ǫj-ī ǫ́j-ī ǫj-īsk ǫ́j-īsk
imperative present present
singular ǿ ǿsk
plural ǫj-ið ǫj-itsk

Syntax

Jugsnorsk has relatively free word order, outside of requiring V2, allowing nouns to appear anywhere in the sentence as long as they're marked correctly.

These following examples will serve to illustrate sentence construction in Jugsnorsk. (subject in yellow, verb in blue, object in red).

mānpǿdī vé 1.500 —The population was 1,500

In this example, the word order matches English relatively well, and we see "wą" ("was") in the second position.

In this next example, we see it break away from English order, with the verb still occupying V2 position.

árit 2000 vé mānpǿdī 1.500—In 2000, the population was 1,500 (lit. The year 2000 was the population 1,500)

The prepositional phrase "árit 2000" (in green) counts as a single unit, thus the verb must come after 2000 rather than árit.

Unlike Icelandic, V2 order has no exceptions, as SV inversion isn't used for yes/no questions. In the following example, you'll see one method of question marking:

Ari havi sútīn — Ari is hungry (lit. Ari has hungry)

and as a question:

Ari havi sútīn? — Is Ari hungry? (lit. Ari has hungry?)

Here you see the most common form of question, one without grammatical change, these use a rising vocal intonation as their marking (or a question mark in writing).

Another method is SO inversion, as in:

sútīn havi Ari? — Is Ari hungry? (lit. Hungry has Ari?)

Something important you'll notice here is the use of "to have" where "to be" is used in other Germanic languages, this is a feature of Húsnorsk where permanent attributes use "to be" while temporary states use "to have", thus:

Ari véji sǿ — Ari is happy (Ari is always happy)
Ari havi sǿ — Ari is happy (Ari is happy right now)

While "hava" can generally only take a noun, when used this way, "hava" takes an adjective just like "vera". When both an adjective and a noun can be taken, there is a semantic difference between the two, so saying Ari havi sǿ is "Ari is happy", but saying Ari havi sǿd means she is possessing happiness, "having happiness" is roughly equivalent to saying "withholding/denying happiness".

This hava vs véja copula system is, in a way, similar to Spanish's two copulas.

Texts

Drømde mik en drøm i nat

The handwritten Latin Jugsnorsk text. The second displays extensive shortenings.
The Jugsnorsk text in runic miniscule.

Original (OEN):

Drømde mik en drøm i nat um : silki ok ærlik pæl

Jugsnorsk:

ęk drø̀ðu mik a drø̀s í nát ū : sýkis ok fýds
[ˌɛk ˈdrøːː.ðʊ ˌmik ɐ ˈdrøːːs i ˈnɐu̯t uː : ˈsʏy̯.kɪs ɔ ˈfʏy̯tʰ]
  1. "a" is a filler syllable to make it flow better, it has no semantic meaning.

English:

I dreamt a dream last night of : silk and fine fur.
literal: I dreamt me a dream last night about : silk and fine fur

UDHR Article 1

Original (English):

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Jugsnorsk:

ódmaðj er prǿsporīn ok ęun onnū virðiggi¹ ok rétti. meðj eru haft irki ok suvesti, ok meðj skulu gørt anna bróðurléki.
[ˈo̞u̯d.ˌmaðj ˈer ˈprø̞y̯.ˌpʰo.riːn ɔ ɛu̯n ˌon.nuː ˈʋir.ðɪɡ.ɡɪ¹ ɔ ˈre̞i̯t.tɪ ˈmeðj ˈe.rʊ xɐtʰ ˈir.kɪ ɔ ˈsu.ʋɛs.tɪ ɔ ˈmeðj kʰʊ.lɐ ˈɡørt ˈan.nɐ ˈbro̞u̯.ðʊr.ˌle̞i̯.kɪ]
  1. "virðiggi" also appears as "yrðiggi" [ˈyr.ðɪɡ.ɡɪ]

Literal translation:

Every human is free-born and the same to others, to value, and to rights. Humans will always have reason and conscience, and humans should (or "must") treat others to brotherhood.

Lexical comparison

  1. Not cognate
"spá" from Old Norse "spá", meaning "to foretell".
Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Jugsnorsk&oldid=491367"