Jugsnorsk: Difference between revisions

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In the early 1770's, a large exodus of Húsnorsk from Novgorod began, likely spurred on by the [[w:1770-1772 Russian plague|Russian plague]], these fleeing families would move east, into [[w:Siberia|Siberia]] (So-called "Jugra" by the Húsnorsk, from Russian [[w:Yugra|Yugra]]). These Húsnorsk were once called "Plýggnorska" ("Fleeing Norse"), though this is a [[w:pejorative|pejorative]], and they are now called "Jugsnorsk" ("Yugra's Norse").

Starting around 1790, Jugsnorsk developed its defining laudative and pejorative forms through -isti and -ki respectively. These suffixes, originally augmentative and diminutive, were used so often as laudative and pejorative that they reduced down to -(i)s- and -g(i)-/-k(i)- and became new noun forms as they lost their original patterns and took on the patterns of the noun they were attached to. The original suffixes, -isti and -ki, are still used with their original meanings and patterns, as with {{term|~~raukki~~}} for example, from {{term|~~raunj~~}} and {{term|-ki}}.

Starting around 1790, Jugsnorsk developed its defining laudative and pejorative forms through -isti and -ki respectively. These suffixes, originally augmentative and diminutive, were used so often as laudative and pejorative that they reduced down to -(i)s- and -g(i)-/-k(i)- and became new noun forms as they lost their original patterns and took on the patterns of the noun they were attached to. The original suffixes, -isti and -ki, are still used with their original meanings and patterns, as with {{term|ravkki}} for example, from {{term|ravnj}} and {{term|-ki}}.

===Modern Jugsnorsk (1850AD~Today)===

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/ɛ, ɔ/ also exist in stressed syllables as standalone sounds, but are rather rare, occuring from initial jV/wV assimilation (see "vatn"/"ǫtn" and "ęvn").

The following is a table of the modern diphthongs, notice how some speakers merge "ej, ou" with "é, ó", also note how "eu, oj" can be realized as [ɤ]. Lastly, note how "ij, uv" don't exist, while they did exist at one point, they've since merged with the longs.

The following is a table of the modern diphthongs, notice how some speakers merge "ej, ou" with "é, ó", also note how "eu, oj" can be realized as [ɤ]. Lastly, note how "ij, uv" don't exist, while they did exist at one point, they've since merged with the longs. You will occasionally still see "uv" as a result of "havt" contraction, this is always pronounced as ū.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

|-

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===Adjectives===

===Pronouns===

===Verbs===

Since Old Norse, Húsnorsk has begun using {{term|-at}} far more often, generalizing it into the negative affix for all verbs, as such, all verbs here will show two tables, one positive, one negative.

====Strong verbs====

Strong verbs are characterized by ablaut in the past tense forms, rather than the dental suffix of the weak verbs.

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=====Class 1=====

=====Class 2=====

=====Class 3=====

=====Class 4=====

=====Class 5=====

=====Class 6=====

=====Class 7=====

the -gg- of ''gagga'' acts as a good example for the -gg- > -j- change exhibited by many younger speakers in common verbs.

====Weak verbs====

weak verbs have largely been leveled to one or two patterns, now called weak and j-weak. This first verb, ''bǿgja'', is a j-weak.

{{Jugsnorsk verbs w|lem=bǿgja|m= ~~- "to bend, bow"~~|bǿg|1j=bǿ(g)j}}

This next verb, ''hava'', is a plain weak.

''hava'' rarely appears in its full form anymore, instead more often appearing as'' 'va''

====Suppletive verbs====

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This first verb is the main copula. Though the tables presented here are fully regular as a strong 5 verb, forms exist which aren't, the Contionary page should be seen for these.

{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|type=5|lem=vaja~~|m=~~|vaj-|váj-|1js=vé-|2js=vé-}}

{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|type=5|~~lem~~=~~ǫja~~|m=|~~ǫj-~~|~~ǫ́j-~~|1js=ǿ|2js=ǿ}}

{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|type=5|neg=y|lem=vaja|vaj|váj|1js=vé|2js=vé}}

==Syntax==

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The prepositional phrase "árit 2000" (in green) counts as a single unit, thus the verb must come after ''2000'' rather than ''árit''.

Unlike Icelandic, V2 order has no exceptions, as SV inversion isn't used for yes/no questions. In the following example, you'll see ~~one method of~~ question marking:

Unlike Icelandic, V2 order has no exceptions, as SV inversion isn't used for yes/no questions. In the following example, you'll see the different methods for question marking:

:'''''Ari havi sútī''''' — ''Ari is hungry'' (lit. ''Ari has hungry'')

and as a question:

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Something important you'll notice here is the use of "to have" where "to be" is used in other Germanic languages, this is a feature of Húsnorsk where permanent attributes use "to be" while temporary states use "to have", thus:

:'''''Ari ~~véji sǿ~~''''' — ''Ari is happy'' (Ari is ''always'' happy)

:'''''Ari vaji sélā''''' — ''Ari is happy'' (Ari is ''always'' happy)

:'''''Ari havi sǿ''''' — ''Ari is happy'' (Ari is happy right now)

:'''''Ari havi sélā''''' — ''Ari is happy'' (Ari is happy right now)

While "hava" can generally only take a noun, when used this way, "hava" takes an adjective just like "~~vera~~". When both an adjective and a noun can be taken, there is a semantic difference between the two, so saying '''''Ari havi sǿ''''' is "Ari is happy", but saying '''''Ari havi ~~sǿd~~''''' means she is possessing happiness, "having happiness" is roughly equivalent to saying "withholding/denying happiness".

While "hava" can generally only take a noun, when used this way, "hava" takes an adjective just like "vaja". When both an adjective and a noun can be taken, there is a semantic difference between the two, so saying '''''Ari havi sélā''''' is "Ari is happy", but saying '''''Ari havi sǿð''''' means she is possessing happiness, "having happiness" is roughly equivalent to saying "withholding/denying happiness".

This hava vs ~~véja~~ copula system is, in a way, similar to Spanish's two copulas.

This hava vs vaja copula system is, in a way, similar to Spanish's two copulas.

==Texts==

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'''Jugsnorsk''':

:ęk ~~drø̀ðu~~ mik a ~~drø̀s~~ í nát ū : sýkis ok fýds

:ęk drǿmðu mik a drǿms í nát ū : sýkis ok fýds

:[ˌɛk ˈdrøːː.ðʊ ˌmik ɐ ˈdrøːːs i ˈnɐu̯t uː : ˈsʏy̯.kɪs ɔ ˈfʏy̯tʰ]

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| bein

| bēn

| bḗ

| bén

| bein

| ben

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|-

|15||name

|

| nafn

|

| nafn (naβn?)

|

| navn

|

| nafn

| namn

|-

|16||louse ([[:w:Phthiraptera|Phthirapteron]])

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| hann (m)hǫ́n (f)þat (n)

| han(n) (m)hōn (f)þæt? (n)

| hán (m)~~hón~~ (f)~~þet~~ (n)

| hán (c)þat (n)

|

| hann (m)hún (f)það (n)

|

| han (m)hon (f)det (n)

|-

|36||to hit/beat

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|-

|40||fish

|

| fiskr

|

| fiskʀ

|

| feskj²

|

| fiskur

| fisk

|-

|41||yesterday

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| eigi(verbal) -at

| ej(verbal) -at

| eigi, ekki

| eigi, ekki

| ej, icke

| ej, icke

|-

|57||good

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|68||skin/hide

| feldr (animal) skinn (general)húð

| feldʀ (animal) ~~skinn~~ (general)hūþ

| feldʀ (animal) skin(n) (general)hūþ

| fǿdj (animal) ~~skīn~~ (general)húðj (human)

| fǿdj (animal) skīð³ (general)húðj (human)

| skinnhúð

| skinnhúð

| skinn (general)hud

| skinn (general)hud

|-

|69||to suck

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#Not cognate

:::"spá" from Old Norse "spá", meaning "to foretell".

#:"spá" from Old Norse "spá", meaning "to foretell".

#"feskj" from hypothetical **feskʀ, a form with introduced a-umlaut.

#"skīð" from hypothetical **skinþ, a continuation of -nþ- from Proto-Germanic

@@ Line 39: / Line 39: @@
 In the early 1770's, a large exodus of Húsnorsk from Novgorod began, likely spurred on by the [[w:1770-1772 Russian plague|Russian plague]], these fleeing families would move east, into [[w:Siberia|Siberia]] (So-called "Jugra" by the Húsnorsk, from Russian [[w:Yugra|Yugra]]). These Húsnorsk were once called "Plýggnorska" ("Fleeing Norse"), though this is a [[w:pejorative|pejorative]], and they are now called "Jugsnorsk" ("Yugra's Norse").
-Starting around 1790, Jugsnorsk developed its defining laudative and pejorative forms through -isti and -ki respectively. These suffixes, originally augmentative and diminutive, were used so often as laudative and pejorative that they reduced down to -(i)s- and -g(i)-/-k(i)- and became new noun forms as they lost their original patterns and took on the patterns of the noun they were attached to. The original suffixes, -isti and -ki, are still used with their original meanings and patterns, as with {{term|raukki}} for example, from {{term|raunj}} and {{term|-ki}}.
+Starting around 1790, Jugsnorsk developed its defining laudative and pejorative forms through -isti and -ki respectively. These suffixes, originally augmentative and diminutive, were used so often as laudative and pejorative that they reduced down to -(i)s- and -g(i)-/-k(i)- and became new noun forms as they lost their original patterns and took on the patterns of the noun they were attached to. The original suffixes, -isti and -ki, are still used with their original meanings and patterns, as with {{term|ravkki}} for example, from {{term|ravnj}} and {{term|-ki}}.
 ===Modern Jugsnorsk (1850AD~Today)===
@@ Line 217: / Line 217: @@
 /ɛ, ɔ/ also exist in stressed syllables as standalone sounds, but are rather rare, occuring from initial jV/wV assimilation (see "vatn"/"ǫtn" and "ęvn").
-The following is a table of the modern diphthongs, notice how some speakers merge "ej, ou" with "é, ó", also note how "eu, oj" can be realized as [ɤ]. Lastly, note how "ij, uv" don't exist, while they did exist at one point, they've since merged with the longs.
+The following is a table of the modern diphthongs, notice how some speakers merge "ej, ou" with "é, ó", also note how "eu, oj" can be realized as [ɤ]. Lastly, note how "ij, uv" don't exist, while they did exist at one point, they've since merged with the longs. You will occasionally still see "uv" as a result of "havt" contraction, this is always pronounced as ū.
 {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
 |-
@@ Line 441: / Line 441: @@
 ===Adjectives===
 {{Jugsnorsk adj|lem=sý|sél|1l=sǿ|1lj=sý}}
+===Pronouns===
+{{Jugsnorsk pronouns}}
 ===Verbs===
+Since Old Norse, Húsnorsk has begun using {{term|-at}} far more often, generalizing it into the negative affix for all verbs, as such, all verbs here will show two tables, one positive, one negative.
 ====Strong verbs====
 Strong verbs are characterized by ablaut in the past tense forms, rather than the dental suffix of the weak verbs.
@@ Line 449: / Line 453: @@
 =====Class 1=====
-{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=grípa|type=1|gríp-|grip-}}
+{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=grípa|type=1|gríp|grip}}
+{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|neg=y|lem=grípa|type=1|gríp|grip}}
 =====Class 2=====
-{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=lýga|type=2|lýg-|lug-}}
+{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=lýga|type=2|lýg|lug}}
+{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|neg=y|lem=lýga|type=2|lýg|lug}}
 =====Class 3=====
-{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=sykka|type=3|sykk-|sukk-}}
+{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=sykka|type=3|sykk|sukk}}
+{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|neg=y|lem=sykka|type=3|sykk|sukk}}
 =====Class 4=====
 =====Class 5=====
-{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=gata|pastpart=tj|type=5|gat-|gát-}}
+{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=gata|pastpart=tj|type=5|gat|gát}}
+{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|neg=y|lem=gata|pastpart=tj|type=5|gat|gát}}
 =====Class 6=====
 =====Class 7=====
-{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=gagga|type=7|gagg-|gegg-}}
+{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=gagga|type=7|gagg|gegg}}
+{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|neg=y|lem=gagga|type=7|gagg|gegg}}
 the -gg- of ''gagga'' acts as a good example for the -gg- > -j- change exhibited by many younger speakers in common verbs.
 ====Weak verbs====
 weak verbs have largely been leveled to one or two patterns, now called weak and j-weak. This first verb, ''bǿgja'', is a j-weak.
-{{Jugsnorsk verbs w|lem=bǿgja|m= - "to bend, bow"|bǿg|1j=bǿ(g)j}}
+{{Jugsnorsk verbs w|lem=bǿgja|bǿg|1j=bǿ(g)j}}
+{{Jugsnorsk verbs w|neg=y|lem=bǿgja|bǿg|1j=bǿ(g)j}}
 This next verb, ''hava'', is a plain weak.
-{{Jugsnorsk verbs w|lem=hava|j=n|m= - "to have"|hav}}
+{{Jugsnorsk verbs w|lem=hava|j=n|hav}}
+{{Jugsnorsk verbs w|neg=y|lem=hava|j=n|hav}}
 ''hava'' rarely appears in its full form anymore, instead more often appearing as'' 'va''
-{{Jugsnorsk verbs w|lem='va|j=n|m= - "to have"|'v}}
+{{Jugsnorsk verbs w|lem='va|j=n|'v}}
+{{Jugsnorsk verbs w|neg=y|lem='va|j=n|'v}}
 ====Suppletive verbs====
@@ Line 477: / Line 487: @@
 This first verb is the main copula. Though the tables presented here are fully regular as a strong 5 verb, forms exist which aren't, the Contionary page should be seen for these.
-{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|type=5|lem=vaja|m=|vaj-|váj-|1js=vé-|2js=vé-}}
+{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|type=5|lem=vaja|vaj|váj|1js=vé|2js=vé}}
-{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|type=5|lem=ǫja|m=|ǫj-|ǫ́j-|1js=ǿ|2js=ǿ}}
+{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|type=5|neg=y|lem=vaja|vaj|váj|1js=vé|2js=vé}}
 ==Syntax==
@@ Line 492: / Line 502: @@
 The prepositional phrase "árit 2000" (in green) counts as a single unit, thus the verb must come after ''2000'' rather than ''árit''.
-Unlike Icelandic, V2 order has no exceptions, as SV inversion isn't used for yes/no questions. In the following example, you'll see one method of question marking:
+Unlike Icelandic, V2 order has no exceptions, as SV inversion isn't used for yes/no questions. In the following example, you'll see the different methods for question marking:
 :'''''Ari havi sútī''''' — ''Ari is hungry'' (lit. ''Ari has hungry'')
 and as a question:
@@ Line 502: / Line 512: @@
 Something important you'll notice here is the use of "to have" where "to be" is used in other Germanic languages, this is a feature of Húsnorsk where permanent attributes use "to be" while temporary states use "to have", thus:
-:'''''Ari véji sǿ''''' — ''Ari is happy'' (Ari is ''always'' happy)
+:'''''Ari vaji sélā''''' — ''Ari is happy'' (Ari is ''always'' happy)
-:'''''Ari havi sǿ''''' — ''Ari is happy'' (Ari is happy right now)
+:'''''Ari havi sélā''''' — ''Ari is happy'' (Ari is happy right now)
-While "hava" can generally only take a noun, when used this way, "hava" takes an adjective just like "vera". When both an adjective and a noun can be taken, there is a semantic difference between the two, so saying '''''Ari havi sǿ''''' is "Ari is happy", but saying '''''Ari havi sǿd''''' means she is possessing happiness, "having happiness" is roughly equivalent to saying "withholding/denying happiness".
+While "hava" can generally only take a noun, when used this way, "hava" takes an adjective just like "vaja". When both an adjective and a noun can be taken, there is a semantic difference between the two, so saying '''''Ari havi sélā''''' is "Ari is happy", but saying '''''Ari havi sǿð''''' means she is possessing happiness, "having happiness" is roughly equivalent to saying "withholding/denying happiness".
-This hava vs véja copula system is, in a way, similar to Spanish's two copulas.
+This hava vs vaja copula system is, in a way, similar to Spanish's two copulas.
 ==Texts==
@@ Line 516: / Line 526: @@
 '''Jugsnorsk''':
-:ęk drø̀ðu mik a drø̀s í nát ū : sýkis ok fýds
+:ęk drǿmðu mik a drǿms í nát ū : sýkis ok fýds
 :[ˌɛk ˈdrøːː.ðʊ ˌmik ɐ ˈdrøːːs i ˈnɐu̯t uː : ˈsʏy̯.kɪs ɔ ˈfʏy̯tʰ]
@@ Line 602: / Line 612: @@
 | bein
 | bēn
-| bḗ
+| bén
 | bein
 | ben
@@ Line 645: / Line 655: @@
 |-
 |15||name
-|
+| nafn
-|
+| nafn (naβn?)
-|
+| navn
-|
+| nafn
+| namn
 |-
 |16||louse ([[:w:Phthiraptera|Phthirapteron]])
@@ Line 769: / Line 780: @@
 | hann (m)</br>hǫ́n (f)</br>þat (n)
 | han(n) (m)</br>hōn (f)</br>þæt? (n)
-| hán (m)</br>hón (f)</br>þet (n)
+| hán (c)</br></br>þat (n)
-|
+| hann (m)</br>hún (f)</br>það (n)
-|
+| han (m)</br>hon (f)</br>det (n)
 |-
 |36||to hit/beat
@@ Line 799: / Line 810: @@
 |-
 |40||fish
-|
+| fiskr
-|
+| fiskʀ
-|
+| feskj²
-|
+| fiskur
+| fisk
 |-
 |41||yesterday
@@ Line 898: / Line 910: @@
 | eigi</br>(verbal) -at
 | ej</br>(verbal) -at
-| eigi, ekki
+| eigi, ekki</br>
-| ej, icke
+| ej, icke</br>
 |-
 |57||good
@@ Line 969: / Line 981: @@
 |68||skin/hide
 | feldr (animal)</br> skinn (general)</br>húð
-| feldʀ (animal)</br> skinn (general)</br>hūþ
+| feldʀ (animal)</br> skin(n) (general)</br>hūþ
-| fǿdj (animal)</br> skīn (general)</br>húðj (human)
+| fǿdj (animal)</br> skīð³ (general)</br>húðj (human)
-| skinn</br>húð
+| </br>skinn</br>húð
-| skinn (general)</br>hud
+| </br>skinn (general)</br>hud
 |-
 |69||to suck
@@ Line 1,171: / Line 1,183: @@
 #Not cognate
-:::"spá" from Old Norse "spá", meaning "to foretell".
+#:"spá" from Old Norse "spá", meaning "to foretell".
+#"feskj" from hypothetical **feskʀ, a form with introduced a-umlaut.
+#"skīð" from hypothetical **skinþ, a continuation of -nþ- from Proto-Germanic