Jugsnorsk: Difference between revisions
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In the early 1770's, a large exodus of Húsnorsk from Novgorod began, likely spurred on by the [[w:1770-1772 Russian plague|Russian plague]], these fleeing families would move east, into [[w:Siberia|Siberia]] (So-called "Jugra" by the Húsnorsk, from Russian [[w:Yugra|Yugra]]). These Húsnorsk were once called "Plýggnorska" ("Fleeing Norse"), though this is a [[w:pejorative|pejorative]], and they are now called "Jugsnorsk" ("Yugra's Norse"). | In the early 1770's, a large exodus of Húsnorsk from Novgorod began, likely spurred on by the [[w:1770-1772 Russian plague|Russian plague]], these fleeing families would move east, into [[w:Siberia|Siberia]] (So-called "Jugra" by the Húsnorsk, from Russian [[w:Yugra|Yugra]]). These Húsnorsk were once called "Plýggnorska" ("Fleeing Norse"), though this is a [[w:pejorative|pejorative]], and they are now called "Jugsnorsk" ("Yugra's Norse"). | ||
Starting around 1790, Jugsnorsk developed its defining laudative and pejorative forms through -isti and -ki respectively. These suffixes, originally augmentative and diminutive, were used so often as laudative and pejorative that they reduced down to -(i)s- and -g(i)-/-k(i)- and became new noun forms as they lost their original patterns and took on the patterns of the noun they were attached to. The original suffixes, -isti and -ki, are still used with their original meanings and patterns, as with {{term| | Starting around 1790, Jugsnorsk developed its defining laudative and pejorative forms through -isti and -ki respectively. These suffixes, originally augmentative and diminutive, were used so often as laudative and pejorative that they reduced down to -(i)s- and -g(i)-/-k(i)- and became new noun forms as they lost their original patterns and took on the patterns of the noun they were attached to. The original suffixes, -isti and -ki, are still used with their original meanings and patterns, as with {{term|ravkki}} for example, from {{term|ravnj}} and {{term|-ki}}. | ||
===Modern Jugsnorsk (1850AD~Today)=== | ===Modern Jugsnorsk (1850AD~Today)=== | ||
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/ɛ, ɔ/ also exist in stressed syllables as standalone sounds, but are rather rare, occuring from initial jV/wV assimilation (see "vatn"/"ǫtn" and "ęvn"). | /ɛ, ɔ/ also exist in stressed syllables as standalone sounds, but are rather rare, occuring from initial jV/wV assimilation (see "vatn"/"ǫtn" and "ęvn"). | ||
The following is a table of the modern diphthongs, notice how some speakers merge "ej, ou" with "é, ó", also note how "eu, oj" can be realized as [ɤ]. Lastly, note how "ij, uv" don't exist, while they did exist at one point, they've since merged with the longs. | The following is a table of the modern diphthongs, notice how some speakers merge "ej, ou" with "é, ó", also note how "eu, oj" can be realized as [ɤ]. Lastly, note how "ij, uv" don't exist, while they did exist at one point, they've since merged with the longs. You will occasionally still see "uv" as a result of "havt" contraction, this is always pronounced as ū. | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
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===Adjectives=== | ===Adjectives=== | ||
{{Jugsnorsk adj|lem=sý|sél|1l=sǿ|1lj=sý}} | {{Jugsnorsk adj|lem=sý|sél|1l=sǿ|1lj=sý}} | ||
===Pronouns=== | |||
{{Jugsnorsk pronouns}} | |||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
Since Old Norse, Húsnorsk has begun using {{term|-at}} far more often, generalizing it into the negative affix for all verbs, as such, all verbs here will show two tables, one positive, one negative. | |||
====Strong verbs==== | ====Strong verbs==== | ||
Strong verbs are characterized by ablaut in the past tense forms, rather than the dental suffix of the weak verbs. | Strong verbs are characterized by ablaut in the past tense forms, rather than the dental suffix of the weak verbs. | ||
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=====Class 1===== | =====Class 1===== | ||
{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=grípa|type=1|gríp | {{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=grípa|type=1|gríp|grip}} | ||
{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|neg=y|lem=grípa|type=1|gríp|grip}} | |||
=====Class 2===== | =====Class 2===== | ||
{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=lýga|type=2|lýg | {{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=lýga|type=2|lýg|lug}} | ||
{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|neg=y|lem=lýga|type=2|lýg|lug}} | |||
=====Class 3===== | =====Class 3===== | ||
{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=sykka|type=3|sykk | {{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=sykka|type=3|sykk|sukk}} | ||
{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|neg=y|lem=sykka|type=3|sykk|sukk}} | |||
=====Class 4===== | =====Class 4===== | ||
=====Class 5===== | =====Class 5===== | ||
{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=gata|pastpart=tj|type=5|gat | {{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=gata|pastpart=tj|type=5|gat|gát}} | ||
{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|neg=y|lem=gata|pastpart=tj|type=5|gat|gát}} | |||
=====Class 6===== | =====Class 6===== | ||
=====Class 7===== | =====Class 7===== | ||
{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=gagga|type=7|gagg | {{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=gagga|type=7|gagg|gegg}} | ||
{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|neg=y|lem=gagga|type=7|gagg|gegg}} | |||
the -gg- of ''gagga'' acts as a good example for the -gg- > -j- change exhibited by many younger speakers in common verbs. | the -gg- of ''gagga'' acts as a good example for the -gg- > -j- change exhibited by many younger speakers in common verbs. | ||
====Weak verbs==== | ====Weak verbs==== | ||
weak verbs have largely been leveled to one or two patterns, now called weak and j-weak. This first verb, ''bǿgja'', is a j-weak. | weak verbs have largely been leveled to one or two patterns, now called weak and j-weak. This first verb, ''bǿgja'', is a j-weak. | ||
{{Jugsnorsk verbs w|lem=bǿgja| | {{Jugsnorsk verbs w|lem=bǿgja|bǿg|1j=bǿ(g)j}} | ||
{{Jugsnorsk verbs w|neg=y|lem=bǿgja|bǿg|1j=bǿ(g)j}} | |||
This next verb, ''hava'', is a plain weak. | This next verb, ''hava'', is a plain weak. | ||
{{Jugsnorsk verbs w|lem=hava|j=n| | {{Jugsnorsk verbs w|lem=hava|j=n|hav}} | ||
{{Jugsnorsk verbs w|neg=y|lem=hava|j=n|hav}} | |||
''hava'' rarely appears in its full form anymore, instead more often appearing as'' 'va'' | ''hava'' rarely appears in its full form anymore, instead more often appearing as'' 'va'' | ||
{{Jugsnorsk verbs w|lem='va|j=n| | {{Jugsnorsk verbs w|lem='va|j=n|'v}} | ||
{{Jugsnorsk verbs w|neg=y|lem='va|j=n|'v}} | |||
====Suppletive verbs==== | ====Suppletive verbs==== | ||
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This first verb is the main copula. Though the tables presented here are fully regular as a strong 5 verb, forms exist which aren't, the Contionary page should be seen for these. | This first verb is the main copula. Though the tables presented here are fully regular as a strong 5 verb, forms exist which aren't, the Contionary page should be seen for these. | ||
{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|type=5|lem=vaja | {{Jugsnorsk verbs s|type=5|lem=vaja|vaj|váj|1js=vé|2js=vé}} | ||
{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|type=5| | {{Jugsnorsk verbs s|type=5|neg=y|lem=vaja|vaj|váj|1js=vé|2js=vé}} | ||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
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The prepositional phrase "árit 2000" (in green) counts as a single unit, thus the verb must come after ''2000'' rather than ''árit''. | The prepositional phrase "árit 2000" (in green) counts as a single unit, thus the verb must come after ''2000'' rather than ''árit''. | ||
Unlike Icelandic, V2 order has no exceptions, as SV inversion isn't used for yes/no questions. In the following example, you'll see | Unlike Icelandic, V2 order has no exceptions, as SV inversion isn't used for yes/no questions. In the following example, you'll see the different methods for question marking: | ||
:'''''Ari havi sútī''''' — ''Ari is hungry'' (lit. ''Ari has hungry'') | :'''''Ari havi sútī''''' — ''Ari is hungry'' (lit. ''Ari has hungry'') | ||
and as a question: | and as a question: | ||
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'''Jugsnorsk''': | '''Jugsnorsk''': | ||
:ęk | :ęk drǿmðu mik a drǿms í nát ū : sýkis ok fýds | ||
:[ˌɛk ˈdrøːː.ðʊ ˌmik ɐ ˈdrøːːs i ˈnɐu̯t uː : ˈsʏy̯.kɪs ɔ ˈfʏy̯tʰ] | :[ˌɛk ˈdrøːː.ðʊ ˌmik ɐ ˈdrøːːs i ˈnɐu̯t uː : ˈsʏy̯.kɪs ɔ ˈfʏy̯tʰ] | ||
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| bein | | bein | ||
| bēn | | bēn | ||
| | | bén | ||
| bein | | bein | ||
| ben | | ben | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|15||name | |15||name | ||
| | | nafn | ||
| | | nafn (naβn?) | ||
| | | navn | ||
| | | nafn | ||
| namn | |||
|- | |- | ||
|16||louse ([[:w:Phthiraptera|Phthirapteron]]) | |16||louse ([[:w:Phthiraptera|Phthirapteron]]) | ||
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| hann (m)</br>hǫ́n (f)</br>þat (n) | | hann (m)</br>hǫ́n (f)</br>þat (n) | ||
| han(n) (m)</br>hōn (f)</br>þæt? (n) | | han(n) (m)</br>hōn (f)</br>þæt? (n) | ||
| hán (m)</br> | | hán (c)</br></br>þat (n) | ||
| | | hann (m)</br>hún (f)</br>það (n) | ||
| han (m)</br>hon (f)</br>det (n) | |||
|- | |- | ||
|36||to hit/beat | |36||to hit/beat | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|40||fish | |40||fish | ||
| | | fiskr | ||
| | | fiskʀ | ||
| | | feskj² | ||
| | | fiskur | ||
| fisk | |||
|- | |- | ||
|41||yesterday | |41||yesterday | ||
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| eigi</br>(verbal) -at | | eigi</br>(verbal) -at | ||
| ej</br>(verbal) -at | | ej</br>(verbal) -at | ||
| eigi, ekki | | eigi, ekki</br> | ||
| ej, icke | | ej, icke</br> | ||
|- | |- | ||
|57||good | |57||good | ||
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|68||skin/hide | |68||skin/hide | ||
| feldr (animal)</br> skinn (general)</br>húð | | feldr (animal)</br> skinn (general)</br>húð | ||
| feldʀ (animal)</br> | | feldʀ (animal)</br> skin(n) (general)</br>hūþ | ||
| fǿdj (animal)</br> | | fǿdj (animal)</br> skīð³ (general)</br>húðj (human) | ||
| skinn</br>húð | | </br>skinn</br>húð | ||
| skinn (general)</br>hud | | </br>skinn (general)</br>hud | ||
|- | |- | ||
|69||to suck | |69||to suck | ||
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#Not cognate | #Not cognate | ||
#:"spá" from Old Norse "spá", meaning "to foretell". | |||
#"feskj" from hypothetical **feskʀ, a form with introduced a-umlaut. | |||
#"skīð" from hypothetical **skinþ, a continuation of -nþ- from Proto-Germanic | |||