Jugsnorsk: Difference between revisions
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[[Jugsnorsk]] (/jugz.norsk/; [[w:endonym|endonym]]: ''Ygranorska'', [ˈyɡ.rɐ.ˌnor̥.kʰɐ]) is a | [[Jugsnorsk]] (/jugz.norsk/; [[w:endonym|endonym]]: ''Ygranorska'', [ˈyɡ.rɐ.ˌnor̥.kʰɐ]) is a group of several closely related dialects of the Húsnorsk language, though many linguists would now class it as a distinct language. Being a group of dialects, Jugsnorsk forms the ''Eastern Húsnorsk dialect continuum'', so-called such as it is entirely mutually unintelligible with [[Nygadsnorsk]] <ref>{{cite book|first=|last=|year=1990|title=A concise comparison of Novgorodian Norse and Yugric Norse}}</ref> | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
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In the early 1770's, a large exodus of Húsnorsk from Novgorod began, likely spurred on by the [[w:1770-1772 Russian plague|Russian plague]], these fleeing families would move east, into [[w:Siberia|Siberia]] (So-called "Jugra" by the Húsnorsk, from Russian [[w:Yugra|Yugra]]). These Húsnorsk were once called "Plýggnorska" ("Fleeing Norse"), though this is a [[w:pejorative|pejorative]], and they are now called "Jugsnorsk" ("Yugra's Norse"). | In the early 1770's, a large exodus of Húsnorsk from Novgorod began, likely spurred on by the [[w:1770-1772 Russian plague|Russian plague]], these fleeing families would move east, into [[w:Siberia|Siberia]] (So-called "Jugra" by the Húsnorsk, from Russian [[w:Yugra|Yugra]]). These Húsnorsk were once called "Plýggnorska" ("Fleeing Norse"), though this is a [[w:pejorative|pejorative]], and they are now called "Jugsnorsk" ("Yugra's Norse"). | ||
Starting around 1790, Jugsnorsk developed its defining laudative and pejorative forms through -isti and -ki respectively. These suffixes, originally augmentative and diminutive, were used so often as laudative and pejorative that they reduced down to -(i)s- and -g(i)-/-k(i)- and became new noun forms as they lost their original patterns and took on the patterns of the noun they were attached to. The original suffixes, -isti and -ki, are still used with their original meanings and patterns, as with {{term| | Starting around 1790, Jugsnorsk developed its defining laudative and pejorative forms through -isti and -ki respectively. These suffixes, originally augmentative and diminutive, were used so often as laudative and pejorative that they reduced down to -(i)s- and -g(i)-/-k(i)- and became new noun forms as they lost their original patterns and took on the patterns of the noun they were attached to. The original suffixes, -isti and -ki, are still used with their original meanings and patterns, as with {{term|ravkki}} for example, from {{term|ravnj}} and {{term|-ki}}. | ||
===Modern Jugsnorsk (1850AD~Today)=== | ===Modern Jugsnorsk (1850AD~Today)=== | ||
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/ɛ, ɔ/ also exist in stressed syllables as standalone sounds, but are rather rare, occuring from initial jV/wV assimilation (see "vatn"/"ǫtn" and "ęvn"). | /ɛ, ɔ/ also exist in stressed syllables as standalone sounds, but are rather rare, occuring from initial jV/wV assimilation (see "vatn"/"ǫtn" and "ęvn"). | ||
The following is a table of the modern diphthongs, notice how some speakers merge "ej, ou" with "é, ó", also note how "eu, oj" can be realized as [ɤ]. Lastly, note how "ij, uv" don't exist, while they did exist at one point, they've since merged with the longs. | The following is a table of the modern diphthongs, notice how some speakers merge "ej, ou" with "é, ó", also note how "eu, oj" can be realized as [ɤ]. Lastly, note how "ij, uv" don't exist, while they did exist at one point, they've since merged with the longs. You will occasionally still see "uv" as a result of "havt" contraction, this is always pronounced as ū. | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | ||
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===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
Since Old Norse, Húsnorsk has begun using {{term|-at}} far more often, generalizing it into the negative affix for all verbs, as such, all verbs here will show two tables, one positive, one negative. | |||
====Strong verbs==== | ====Strong verbs==== | ||
Strong verbs are characterized by ablaut in the past tense forms, rather than the dental suffix of the weak verbs. | Strong verbs are characterized by ablaut in the past tense forms, rather than the dental suffix of the weak verbs. | ||
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=====Class 1===== | =====Class 1===== | ||
{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=grípa|type=1|gríp | {{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=grípa|type=1|gríp|grip}} | ||
{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|neg=y|lem=grípa|type=1|gríp|grip}} | |||
=====Class 2===== | =====Class 2===== | ||
{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=lýga|type=2|lýg | {{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=lýga|type=2|lýg|lug}} | ||
{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|neg=y|lem=lýga|type=2|lýg|lug}} | |||
=====Class 3===== | =====Class 3===== | ||
{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=sykka|type=3|sykk | {{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=sykka|type=3|sykk|sukk}} | ||
{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|neg=y|lem=sykka|type=3|sykk|sukk}} | |||
=====Class 4===== | =====Class 4===== | ||
=====Class 5===== | =====Class 5===== | ||
{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=gata|pastpart=tj|type=5|gat | {{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=gata|pastpart=tj|type=5|gat|gát}} | ||
{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|neg=y|lem=gata|pastpart=tj|type=5|gat|gát}} | |||
=====Class 6===== | =====Class 6===== | ||
=====Class 7===== | =====Class 7===== | ||
{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=gagga|type=7|gagg | {{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=gagga|type=7|gagg|gegg}} | ||
{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|neg=y|lem=gagga|type=7|gagg|gegg}} | |||
the -gg- of ''gagga'' acts as a good example for the -gg- > -j- change exhibited by many younger speakers in common verbs. | the -gg- of ''gagga'' acts as a good example for the -gg- > -j- change exhibited by many younger speakers in common verbs. | ||
====Weak verbs==== | ====Weak verbs==== | ||
weak verbs have largely been leveled to one or two patterns, now called weak and j-weak. This first verb, ''bǿgja'', is a j-weak. | weak verbs have largely been leveled to one or two patterns, now called weak and j-weak. This first verb, ''bǿgja'', is a j-weak. | ||
{{Jugsnorsk verbs w|lem=bǿgja| | {{Jugsnorsk verbs w|lem=bǿgja|bǿg|1j=bǿ(g)j}} | ||
{{Jugsnorsk verbs w|neg=y|lem=bǿgja|bǿg|1j=bǿ(g)j}} | |||
This next verb, ''hava'', is a plain weak. | This next verb, ''hava'', is a plain weak. | ||
{{Jugsnorsk verbs w|lem=hava|j=n| | {{Jugsnorsk verbs w|lem=hava|j=n|hav}} | ||
{{Jugsnorsk verbs w|neg=y|lem=hava|j=n|hav}} | |||
''hava'' rarely appears in its full form anymore, instead more often appearing as'' 'va'' | ''hava'' rarely appears in its full form anymore, instead more often appearing as'' 'va'' | ||
{{Jugsnorsk verbs w|lem='va|j=n| | {{Jugsnorsk verbs w|lem='va|j=n|'v}} | ||
{{Jugsnorsk verbs w|neg=y|lem='va|j=n|'v}} | |||
====Suppletive verbs==== | ====Suppletive verbs==== | ||
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This first verb is the main copula. Though the tables presented here are fully regular as a strong 5 verb, forms exist which aren't, the Contionary page should be seen for these. | This first verb is the main copula. Though the tables presented here are fully regular as a strong 5 verb, forms exist which aren't, the Contionary page should be seen for these. | ||
{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|type=5|lem=vaja | {{Jugsnorsk verbs s|type=5|lem=vaja|vaj|váj|1js=vé|2js=vé}} | ||
{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|type=5| | {{Jugsnorsk verbs s|type=5|neg=y|lem=vaja|vaj|váj|1js=vé|2js=vé}} | ||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
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#"feskj" from hypothetical **feskʀ, a form with introduced a-umlaut. | #"feskj" from hypothetical **feskʀ, a form with introduced a-umlaut. | ||
#"skīð" from hypothetical **skinþ, a continuation of -nþ- from Proto-Germanic | #"skīð" from hypothetical **skinþ, a continuation of -nþ- from Proto-Germanic | ||
==References== | |||
{{Reflist}} | |||