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|pronunciation=ˈyɡ.rɐ.ˌnor̥.kʰɐ
|pronunciation=ˈyɡ.rɐ.ˌnor̥.kʰɐ
|ethnicity=Jugsnorsk
|ethnicity=Jugsnorsk
|states=[[w:Altai mountains|Altai mountain region]]
|states=The areas along the [[w:Katun (river)|Katun]] and [[w:Biya (river)|Biya]]
|fam1=[[w:Indo-European|Indo-European]]
|fam1=[[w:Indo-European|Indo-European]]
|fam2=[[w:Germanic Languages|Germanic]]
|fam2=[[w:Germanic Languages|Germanic]]
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|script1=Runr
|script1=Runr
|script2=Latn
|script2=Latn
|script3=Brai
|script3=Cyrl
|script4=Brai
|ancestor=[[w:Old Norse language|Old Norse]]
|ancestor=[[w:Old Norse language|Old Norse]]
|ancestor2=[[w:Old East Norse|Old East Norse]]
|ancestor2=[[w:Old East Norse|Old East Norse]]
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|stand1=Varhúsnorsk
|stand1=Varhúsnorsk
|familycolor=Indo-European
|familycolor=Indo-European
|minority=<small>[[w:Altai Republic|Altai Republic]]</small></br><small>[[w:Buryatia|Buryatia]]</small></br><small>[[w:Mongolia|Northern Mongolia]]</small>
|minority=<small>[[w:Altai Republic|Altai Republic]]</small></br><small>[[w:Buryatia|Buryatia]]</small></br><small>[[w:Mongolia|Far western Mongolia]]</small>
|speakers=(L1) 400,000
|speakers=(L1) 400,000
|speakers2=(L2) 20,000
|speakers2=(L2) 20,000
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}}
}}


[[Jugsnorsk]] (/jugz.norsk/; [[w:endonym|endonym]]: ''Ygranorska'', [ˈyɡ.rɐ.ˌnor̥.kʰɐ]) is a dialect of Húsnorsk, or possibly a distinct but closely related language.
[[Jugsnorsk]] (/jugz.norsk/; [[w:endonym|endonym]]: ''Ygranorska'', [ˈyɡ.rɐ.ˌnor̥.kʰɐ]) is a group of several closely related dialects of the Húsnorsk language, though many linguists would now class it as a distinct language. Being a group of dialects, Jugsnorsk forms the ''Eastern Húsnorsk dialect continuum'', so-called such as it is entirely mutually unintelligible with [[Nygadsnorsk]], both from sound changes and semantic shift.<ref>Ósafojlj & Abbi (2011). ''A concise comparison of Novgorodian Norse and Yugric Norse''. pp. 8-9. ''([[A concise comparison of Novgorodian Norse and Yugric Norse|digitized]] and updated in 2022)''</ref>


==History==
==History==
===Name===
Jugsnorsk has had many names since it first split, the earliest being ''Plýggnorska'', a pejorative meaning "Fleer's Norse", this was used by the people of Novgorod for many decades, nearly a century. It next gained the common name still used for it, ''Jugranorska'' (modern: ''Ygranorska''), though this would fall to ''A(l)tænorska'', ''A(l)tæ'' (modern ''Átæ'') meaning "Altai mountains", coming from Northern Altai ''Алтай'', this name still persists, but is far less common than ''Ygranorska'', which has had a resurgence and overtook ''Átænorska''.
===Early Jugsnorsk (1770AD~1850AD)===
===Early Jugsnorsk (1770AD~1850AD)===
In the early 1770's, a large exodus of Húsnorsk from Novgorod began, likely spurred on by the [[w:1770-1772 Russian plague|Russian plague]], these fleeing families would move east, into [[w:Siberia|Siberia]] (So-called "Jugra" by the Húsnorsk, from Russian [[w:Yugra|Yugra]]). These Húsnorsk were once called "Plýggnorska" ("Fleeing Norse"), though this is a [[w:pejorative|pejorative]], and they are now called "Jugsnorsk" ("Yugra's Norse").
In the early 1770's, a large exodus of Húsnorsk from Novgorod began, likely spurred on by the [[w:1770-1772 Russian plague|Russian plague]], these fleeing families would move east, into [[w:Siberia|Siberia]] (So-called "Jugra" by the Húsnorsk, from Russian [[w:Yugra|Yugra]]). These Húsnorsk were once called "Plýggnorska" ("Fleeing Norse"), though this is a [[w:pejorative|pejorative]], and they are now called "Jugsnorsk" ("Yugra's Norse").
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===Modern Jugsnorsk (1850AD~Today)===
===Modern Jugsnorsk (1850AD~Today)===
===Development===
Jugsnorsk's phonological history is largely extremely well understood. The exact mechnism through which the laudative and pejorative forms developed is not understood well though.
The following are the reconstructed phonological and grammatical changes between Varhúsnorsk and Jugsnorsk. Grammatical changes will be italicized.
*/iu, eu/ > /ju/
*coda geminates shorten
*''The laudative and pejorative forms must have developed prior to diphthong flattening, while coda /l/ still existed as the allophone [u̯]''
*nasals to nasalization before fricatives, seemingly only when place of articulation is the same, but always before ð (/mun.ðʀ/ > /mũðj/, but /bloːm.stʀ/ > /bloːmsj/ )
*Diphthong flattening: /au, ɛu, øy, ɔu, ou/ /ɔː, œː, yː, oː, uː/
**Diphthong flattening continues after with /-j/. (thus "alr" (Eastern "alʀ") becomes "œ" /œː/)
*/r̥, l̥/ to /r, l/
*''Original genitives are lost, and get reformed as dative + -s''
*/Cj/ > /Cʲ/ (/k, g, x, n, l/ to palatal)
*/ɣ/ to /g/
*/w, v/ merge to /ʋ/ except word initially
*Vowel shifts:
**Overlong to plain long
**Mid-highs and mid-lows merge (affects nasals), /ɛ, ɛː/ to /a, ai̯/ though.
**Unstressed shifts:
***Short: /i, e, y, ø, u, o, a/ > /ɪ, ɛ, ʏ, œ, ʊ, ɔ, ɐ/
***Long: /iː, eː, yː, øː, uː, oː, aː/ > /i, e, y, ø, u, o, a/
**Stressed long splitting: /iː, eː, uː, oː, yː, øː, aː/ > /ɪi, e̞i, ʊu, o̞u, ʏy, ø̞y, ɐu/
**Nasal vowels to long, long nasals to overlong. (nasals unaffected by the other vowel shifts)
*/Cf, Cs/ to /Cʰ/
*/Vbl̩, Vdl̩, Vgl̩/ to /u̯l, l, i̯l/, [ʎ] ("lj") is still treated as /lj/, so "ablj" [a.bʎ̩] becomes [au̯ʎ]
*initial jV-/wV- assimilation.
**Not all speakers have wV- assimilation, those that don't finish the w/v merger.
*/sC/ to /Cʰ/, likely through intermediate /ʰC/
*(not all speakers) in some of the more common verbs, geminates are reduced to approximates/fricatives
**"-pp-, -bb-" > "-v-"
**"-tt-, -dd-" > "-ð-"
**"-kk-, -gg-" > "-j-"


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
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/ɛ, ɔ/ also exist in stressed syllables as standalone sounds, but are rather rare, occuring from initial jV/wV assimilation (see "vatn"/"ǫtn" and "ęvn").  
/ɛ, ɔ/ also exist in stressed syllables as standalone sounds, but are rather rare, occuring from initial jV/wV assimilation (see "vatn"/"ǫtn" and "ęvn").  


The following is a table of the modern diphthongs, notice how some speakers merge "ej, ou" with "é, ó", also note how "eu, oj" can be realized as [ɤ]. Lastly, note how "ij, uv" don't exist, while they did exist at one point, they've since merged with the longs. You will occasionally still see "uv" as a result of "havt" contraction, this is always pronounced as ū.
The following is a table of the modern diphthongs, notice how some speakers merge "ej, ou" with "é, ó" (and "au" with "ó" as well), also note how "eu, oj" can be realized as [ɤ]. Lastly, note how "ij, uv" don't exist, while they did exist at one point, they've since merged with the longs. You will occasionally still see "uv" as a result of "havt" contraction, this is always pronounced as ū.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
|-
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! í/ī-
! í/ī-
| —
| —
| jːu, i.ju
| ʏy̯
|-
|-
! u-
! u-
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|-
|-
! ú/ū-
! ú/ū-
| wːi, u.wi
| ʏy̯
| —
| —
|-
|-
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! a-
! a-
| äi̯
| äi̯
| ɑu̯, ɒu̯
| ɑu̯, ɒu̯, o̞u̯
|-
|-
! á/ā-
! á/ā-
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{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align: center;"
|-
|-
! colspan=2 |  
! colspan=5 | consonants
|-
|-
! Letter
! colspan=2 | Letter
! IPA
! colspan=4 | IPA
|-
|-
| A a
! Cyrillic
| ɐ
! Latin
|-
! plain
| Á á
! with -s
| ɐu
! with s-
! with -f
|-
|-
| Б б
| B b
| B b
| b
| b
| colspan=3 | pʰ
|-
|-
| Д д
| D d
| D d
| d
| d
| colspan=3 | tʰ
|-
|-
| E e
| Ф ф
| e̞
|-
| É é
| e̞i
|-
| F f
| F f
| f
| f
| colspan=2 | h
| f(ː)
|-
|-
| Г г
| G g
| G g
| ɡ
| ɡ
| colspan=3 | kʰ
|-
|-
| Х х
| H h
| H h
| x
| x
| colspan=3 | h(ː)
|-
|-
| I i
| Й й
| i
|-
| Í í
| ɪi
|-
| J j
| J j
| j
| j
| is~ç
| sʲ~ç
| ç
|-
|-
| К к
| K k
| K k
| k
| k
| colspan=3 | kʰ
|-
|-
| Л л
| L l
| L l
| l
| l
| colspan=3 | l̥~u
|-
|-
| М м
| M m
| M m
| m
| m
| colspan=3 | m̥
|-
|-
| Н н
| N n
| N n
| n
| n
| colspan=3 | n̥
|-
|-
| O o
| П п
| o̞
|-
| Ó ó
| o̞u
|-
| P p
| P p
| p
| p
| colspan=3 | pʰ
|-
|-
| Р р
| R r
| R r
| r
| r
| r̥
| r̥~tʰ
| r̥
|-
|-
| С с
| S s
| S s
| s
| s
| colspan=2 | s(ː)
| ʃ
|-
|-
| Т т
| T t
| T t
| t
| t
| colspan=3 | tʰ
|-
|-
| U u
| В в
| ʊ
|-
| Ú ú
| ʊu
|-
| V v
| V v
| ʋ
| ʋ
| colspan=2 | f
| ʋː~uʋ
|-
|-
| Y y
| Ц ц
| ʏ
| Z z
|-
| Ý ý
| ʏy
|-
| (Z z)
| tʰ
| tʰ
| colspan=3 | —
|-
|-
| Ø ø
| rowspan=2 | Д̆ д̆
| ø̞
|-
| Ǿ ǿ
| ø̞y
|-
| Þ þ
| Þ þ
| θ
| θ
| colspan=3 | tʰ
|-
|-
| Ð ð
| Ð ð
| ð
| ð
| colspan=3 | tʰ
|}
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan=8 | vowels
|-
! rowspan=2 colspan=2 | Letter
! colspan=5 | IPA
! style="width: 75px;" rowspan=3 | Notes
|-
! colspan=2 | stressed
! colspan=2 | unstressed
! rowspan=2 | new long
|-
! Cyrillic
! Latin
! plain
! old long
! plain
! old long
|-
| А а
| A a
| ɑ
| ɐu̯
| ɐ
| ɑ
| ɑː
|-
| Э э
| E e
| e
| e̞i̯
| ɛ
| e
| eː
|-
| Я я
| Ę ę
| ɛ
| ɛy̯
| —
| —
| ɛː
| ę́ is the only sound in Jugsnorsk with mixed rounding.
|-
| И и
| I i
| i
| ɪi̯
| ɪ
| i
| iː
|-
| О о
| O o
| o
| o̞u̯
| ɔ
| o
| oː
|-
| Ө ө
| Ǫ ǫ
| ɔ
| o̞u̯
| —
| —
| ɔː
| ǫ́ is identical to ó in sound
|-
| У у
| U u
| u
| ʊu̯
| ʊ
| u
| uː
|-
| Ӱ ӱ
| Y y
| y
| ʏy̯
| ʏ
| y
| yː
|-
| Ӧ ӧ
| Ø ø
| ø
| ø̞y̯
| œ
| ø
| øˑ
|-
|}
|}


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:Extensive use of ligatures
:Extensive use of ligatures
:Shorthand (such as "⁊" and "ᛘ")
:Shorthand (such as "⁊" and "ᛘ")
:Use of a "zig-zag" for "er" and "ir" (such as "ꝩ͛a" for "vera"). Sometimes you may see it alone standing for "er", here it's larger, looking like the rune "ᛋ"
:Use of a "zig-zag" for "er" and, uniquely to Jugsnorsk, "ar". It is also occasionally used for "aj" when from older "aʀ".
:Noun endings are reduced significantly, the "-ʀ" (modern "-j") endings are often all reduced to a simple "j", often with a strike through it, like "ɟ".
:Use of R rotunda ("ꝛ"), this often attaches to the preceding letter when it is a large curve (like in "oꝛ")
:Use of R rotunda ("ꝛ"), this often attaches to the preceding letter when it is a large curve (like in "oꝛ")


===Runic script===
===Runic script===
[[File:20260311 130119.jpg|thumb|right|Húsnorsk's defining script, "runic miniscule"]]
[[File:20260311 130119.jpg|thumb|right|Húsnorsk's defining script, "runic miniscule"]]
As both the Latin alphabet and the Runic alphabet are fully phonemic, there's a one-to-one correspondence between the two. This also means the Latin letters absent from Jugsnorsk should also have their rune equivalent discarded.
The runic and Latin spellings should be a 1-to-1 correspondence, so "akka" should be written "ak̥a", the ring acting for long consonants. Diacritic usage should also closely follow Latin Jugsnorsk. Lastly, the "ʀ" rune acts for /j/.
 
The "ʀ" rune acts for /j/
 
Jugsnorsk's overlongs should be written as macron + acute (like in Latin, eg. "ḗ"). Diacritic usage should closely follow Latin in Jugsnorsk, except with long consonants, which use an overring (eg. "b̊" for "bb")


This so-called "runic miniscule" is extremely unintuitive for most readers of any language, being written right to left, but also bottom to top (so written ''up'' the page, not down)
This so-called "runic miniscule" is extremely unintuitive for most readers of any language, being written right to left, but also bottom to top (so written ''up'' the page, not down)
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==Morphology==
==Morphology==
===Umlaut===
===Umlaut===
[[w:umlaut|Umlaut]] is a kind of [[w:nonconcatenative morphology|nonconcatenative morphology]] defined by alternations in the stressed vowel.
[[w:umlaut|Umlaut]] is a kind of [[w:nonconcatenative morphology|nonconcatenative morphology]] defined by alternations in the stressed vowel. It arises as a historic vowel change, a kind of regressive harmony through which the stressed vowel becomes more similar to the vowel(s) in the following syllable, as in OWN "ǫlkur" (nominative plural of "alka"), from Proto-Germanic *alkōniz (nominative plural of *alkǭ). Umlaut was a pervasive feature of Old Norse, especially Old West Norse, appearing in almost every aspect of the language, but it is not nearly as so in Húsnorsk, u-umlaut having been fully analogized out, this greatly simplifies the language's morphology, but leads to many mergers, largely between different forms of a word (see the neuter a-stem nom/acc singular and plural, eg. ''mó'' and ''mó''). i-umlaut, however, is largely preserved, even extended at times. An odd phenomena occurs wherein words where the stressed vowel is ''i'', when undergoing i-umlaut, instead exhibit u-umlaut (eg. ''i'' > ''y''), the cause for this is entirely unknown.


All noun patterns exhibit umlaut, but some vowels are unaffected by certain kinds. Some of these have been "corrected" through regularization in Húsnorsk, though a lot of these are a result of false correlation, not actual correction. As with Old Norse "ríkjum" (dative plural of "ríki") becoming "rýkjum" through the dative plural getting analogized to have u-umlaut in all nominal patterns.
Modern vowel variations in Jugsnorsk come primarily from l-vocalization and Vj/Vv smoothing (eg. ''al-'' > ''ó-'', ''alj'' > ''ǿ''), these are decently pervasive in Jugsnorsk, but not nearly as common as umlaut was in Old Norse. You will largely notice the effects of l-vocalization in the laudative and pejorative forms of nouns, where the -s-/-g- suffixes cause it to happen in every form (eg. ''mál-'', but ''mó-'' in the laudative and pejorative)


The general rules for Nordic umlaut are decently simple, going as follows:
:U-umlaut rounds unround vowels (/i, e, ɛ, a/ > /y, ø, ø, ɔ/) and raises round vowels (/o/ > /u/).
:I-umlaut raises unround vowels (/e, ɛ, a/ > /i, e, ɛ/) and fronts round vowels (/u, o/ > /y, ø/)
:A-umlaut lowers high vowels (/i, u/ > /e, o/)
Some words exhibit both u-umlaut ''and'' i-umlaut, as with Proto-Germanic *garwijaną > Old Norse ''gøra''.
===Nouns===
===Nouns===
Húsnorsk, as with most other Germanic languages, has a distinction between strong and weak stem types. These types are divided into classes based on gender and ending, the ending is typically determined by the form in [[w:Proto-Germanic|Proto-Germanic]], which occasionally leads to potentially confusing stem names, such as "strong ō-stem" nouns, which now have a null ending, where Proto-Germanic had *-ō. The historic Proto-Germanic ending is what determines the modern umlaut patterns, due to this the stem name can help you figure out the type of umlaut the noun has, though, sometimes confusingly, a noun may exhibit a different kind of umlaut in some forms (see the strong u-stems).
As with most other Germanic languages, a distinction between gender is made, which Jugsnorsk, like many Nordic languages, underwent the masculine/feminine merger that created the modern common/neuter system, though it is far more progressed than many of the continental Nordic languages, having undergone the change in pronouns as well. These are divided into ending, which is typically determined by the form in [[w:Proto-Germanic|Proto-Germanic]], which occasionally leads to potentially confusing stem names, such as "common ō-stem" nouns, which now have a null ending, where Proto-Germanic had *-ō. The strong/weak distinction is less important in the modern day, as the adjectival distinction this came from has since been lost in its entirety, so noun patterns are generally named for the gender and the stem type (eg. ''common a-stem'').
 
Húsnorsk occasionally extends umlaut across patterns in a form of regularization or analogy, this can lead to irregular evolution but morphology that's easier to remember (note how umlaut was extended to almost all vowels)
 
Like many Nordic languages, Húsnorsk underwent the masculine/feminine merger that creates the modern common/neuter systems in the continental Nordic languages.


In the 1950's, a shift occurred that led to the development of the Jugsnorsk neo-vocative through degrading ''je'' into the modern ''{{term|j'}}'', which, with the way it acts, is essentially a case prefix.
====Strong nouns====
====Strong nouns====
=====Common patterns=====
=====Common patterns=====
{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-a|lem=avlj|avl|ovl|mean=}}
{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-a|avl}}
{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-a|úv|1l=ú}}




{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-i|lem=ǿ|v=y|al|ol|ó|ǿ|ó|mean=}}
{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-i|al|1l=ó|1lj=ǿ}}


As can be seen with this table, nouns can be irregular, especially when it consists of a vowel followed by l, as historic l-vocalization caused additional vowel alternations on top of umlaut.
As can be seen with this table, nouns can be irregular, especially when it consists of a vowel followed by l, as historic l-vocalization caused additional vowel alternations on top of umlaut.


{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-u|lem=ósj|ós|és|mean=}}
{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-u|pej=k|ás|æs}}
The u-stem has largely become identical to the i-stem, the only difference being the i-umlaut in the nominative plural.




{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-c|lem=najlj|najl|nejl|nojl|mean=}}
{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-c|najl|najl}}
 
In ''najlj'', you see how historic sound shifts occasionally flatten umlaut variations, such as here with the old /a/-/ɛ/ dynamic, where in Jugsnorsk /ɛ/ has merged with /a/. This should not be thought of as the removal of umlaut, but rather the loss of the distinction, as the umlaut variations can still be seen in other words, such as the following word:
{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-c|pej=j|figg|fygg}}
Here in ''figgj'' you see how i-umlauted ''i'' becomes ''y'', instead of the expected outcome of being unaffected.
======Feminine patterns======
======Feminine patterns======
The feminines have long since merged with the masculines to form the commons, this section will cover how each feminine pattern merged into the masculines. some of the feminine patterns have remained distinct in form, but still became common in treatment.
The feminines have long since merged with the masculines to form the commons, this section will cover how each feminine pattern merged into the masculines. some of the feminine patterns have remained distinct in form, but still became common in treatment.


feminine ō-stem:
feminine ō-stem:
{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-a|lem=nasj|pej=k|nas|nos|mean=}}
{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-a|pej=k|nas}}


feminine ōn-stem
feminine ōn-stem
{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-ōn|lem=akka|akk|okk|1p=akkj|2p=okkj|mean=}}
{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-ōn|pej=j|akk}}


=====Neuter patterns=====
=====Neuter patterns=====
{{Jugsnorsk nouns n-a|lem=mó|1l=mó|mál|mó|mól|mean=}}
{{Jugsnorsk nouns n-a|1l=mó|mál}}
{{Jugsnorsk nouns n-a|lem=ísladd|ísladd|íslodd|mean=|notes=forms where -g isn't followed by a vowel are occasionally seen as -gi}}
{{Jugsnorsk nouns n-a|ísladd|notes=forms where -g isn't followed by a vowel are occasionally seen as -gi}}


===Adjectives===
===Adjectives===
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{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|type=5|lem=vaja|vaj|váj|1js=vé|2js=vé}}
{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|type=5|lem=vaja|vaj|váj|1js=vé|2js=vé}}
{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|type=5|neg=y|lem=vaja|vaj|váj|1js=vé|2js=vé}}
{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|type=5|neg=y|lem=vaja|vaj|váj|1js=vé|2js=vé}}
===Numerals===
{{Jugsnorsk adj pos|we=n|lem=énj|én|nsn=étt}}


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
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==Texts==
==Texts==
===Drømde mik en drøm i nat===
===Drømde mik en drøm i nat===
[[File:Jugs dmedin.jpg|thumb|right|The handwritten Latin Jugsnorsk text. The second displays extensive shortenings.]]  
[[File:Jugs dmedin.jpg|thumb|right|The handwritten Latin Jugsnorsk text. The second displays extensive shortenings. This is a more conservative translation,  lacking the laudative and using "dýrá", "drǿmðu" is also malformed, using the -a from a 1st person conjugation in Old Norse.]]  
[[File:Húsrunes dmedin.jpg|thumb|The Jugsnorsk text in runic miniscule.]]
[[File:Húsrunes dmedin.jpg|thumb|The Jugsnorsk text in runic miniscule.]]
'''Original (OEN)''':
'''Original (OEN)''':
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'''Jugsnorsk''':
'''Jugsnorsk''':
:ęk drǿmðu mik a drǿms í nát ū : sýkis ok fýds
:"Proper": ęk drǿmðu mik a drǿms í nát ū : sýksi ok fýds
:[ˌɛk ˈdrøːː.ðʊ ˌmik ɐ ˈdrøːːs i ˈnɐu̯t uː : ˈsʏy̯.kɪs ɔ ˈfʏy̯tʰ]
::[ˌɛk ˈdrøːː.ðʊ ˌmik ɐ ˈdrøːːs i ˈnɐu̯t uː : ˈsʏy̯.kʰɪ ɔ ˈfʏy̯tʰ]
:Informal: ę'drǿmðu mi(h) drǿms í náð ū : sýksi o fýds
::[ˌɛ.ˈdrøːː.ðʊ ˌmi ˈdrøːːs i ˈnɐu̯ð uː : ˈsʏy̯.kʰɪ ɔ ˈfʏy̯tʰ]


#"a" is a filler syllable to make it flow better, it has no semantic meaning.
#"a" is a filler syllable to make it flow better, it has no semantic meaning.
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!colspan=9|Leipzig-Jakarta List
!colspan=9|Leipzig-Jakarta List<ref>Ósafojlj & Abbi (2011). ''A concise comparison of Novgorodian Norse and Yugric Norse''. pp. 50-52. ''(digitized and updated in 2022)''</ref>
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! Rank
! Rank
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#Not cognate
#"spá" from Old Norse "spá", meaning "to foretell".
#:"spá" from Old Norse "spá", meaning "to foretell".
#"feskj" from Old Húsnorsk *feskʀ, a form with introduced a-umlaut.
#"feskj" from hypothetical **feskʀ, a form with introduced a-umlaut.
#"skīð" from Old Húsnorsk *skinþ, a continuation of -nþ- from Proto-Germanic.
#"skīð" from hypothetical **skinþ, a continuation of -nþ- from Proto-Germanic
 
 
{{Jugsnorsk familial terms}}
A large majority of the terms in the ''bloðhýski'' and ''kǿsthýski'' tables are rare. The terms with the side specified (''móð-'' and ''fað-''; ''kø,-'' and ''kar-'') are largely only used for step-siblings (siblings who only share one parent) and step-children (children you yourself did not help conceive), so the middle section should be treated as the primary
 
==References==
{{Reflist}}
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