Jugsnorsk: Difference between revisions

The following is a table of the modern diphthongs, notice how some speakers merge "ej, ou" with "é, ó" (and "au" with "ó" as well), also note how "eu, oj" can be realized as [ɤ]. Lastly, note how "ij, uv" don't exist, while they did exist at one point, they've since merged with the longs. You will occasionally still see "uv" as a result of "havt" contraction, this is always pronounced as ū.

| ʏy̯

| ʏy̯

| ɑu̯, ɒu̯, o̞u̯

! colspan=5 | consonants

! colspan=2 | Letter

! colspan=4 | IPA

! with -s

| Ф ф

| Й й

| П п

| В в

| Ц ц

| Z z

| rowspan=2 | Д̆ д̆

:Use of a "zig-zag" for "er" and, uniquely to Jugsnorsk, "ar". It is also occasionally used for "aj" when from older "aʀ".

The runic and Latin spellings should be a 1-to-1 correspondence, so "akka" should be written "ak̥a", the ring acting for long consonants. Diacritic usage should also closely follow Latin Jugsnorsk. Lastly, the "ʀ" rune acts for /j/.

[[w:umlaut|Umlaut]] is a kind of [[w:nonconcatenative morphology|nonconcatenative morphology]] defined by alternations in the stressed vowel. It arises as a historic vowel change, a kind of regressive harmony through which the stressed vowel becomes more similar to the vowel(s) in the following syllable, as in OWN "ǫlkur" (nominative plural of "alka"), from Proto-Germanic *alkōniz (nominative plural of *alkǭ). Umlaut was a pervasive feature of Old Norse, especially Old West Norse, appearing in almost every aspect of the language, but it is noticeably absent from Húsnorsk, having been fully analogized out, this greatly simplifies the language's morphology, but leads to many mergers, largely between different forms of a word (see the neuter a-stem nom/acc singular and plural, eg. ''mó'' and ''mó'').

Modern vowel variations in Jugsnorsk come primarily from l-vocalization and Vj/Vv smoothing (eg. ''al-'' > ''ó-'', ''alj'' > ''ǿ''), these are decently pervasive in Jugsnorsk, but not nearly as common as umlaut was in Old Norse. You will largely notice the effects of l-vocalization in the laudative and pejorative forms of nouns, where the -s-/-g- suffixes cause it to happen in every form (eg. ''mál-'', but ''mó-'' in the laudative and pejorative)

As with most other Germanic languages, a distinction between gender is made, which Jugsnorsk, like many Nordic languages, underwent the masculine/feminine merger that created the modern common/neuter system, though it is far more progressed than many of the continental Nordic languages, having undergone the change in pronouns as well. These are divided into ending, which is typically determined by the form in [[w:Proto-Germanic|Proto-Germanic]], which occasionally leads to potentially confusing stem names, such as "common ō-stem" nouns, which now have a null ending, where Proto-Germanic had *-ō. The strong/weak distinction is less important in the modern day, as the adjectival distinction this came from has since been lost in its entirety, so noun patterns are generally named for the gender and the stem type (eg. ''common a-stem'').

[[File:Jugs dmedin.jpg|thumb|right|The handwritten Latin Jugsnorsk text. The second displays extensive shortenings. This is a more conservative translation,  lacking the laudative and using "dýrá", "drǿmðu" is also malformed, using the -a from a 1st person conjugation in Old Norse.]]  

:"Proper": ęk drǿmðu mik a drǿms í nát ū : sýksi ok fýds

::[ˌɛk ˈdrøːː.ðʊ ˌmik ɐ ˈdrøːːs i ˈnɐu̯t uː : ˈsʏy̯.kʰɪ ɔ ˈfʏy̯tʰ]

::[ˌɛ.ˈdrøːː.ðʊ ˌmi ˈdrøːːs i ˈnɐu̯ð uː : ˈsʏy̯.kʰɪ ɔ ˈfʏy̯tʰ]

#"spá" from Old Norse "spá", meaning "to foretell".

#"feskj" from Old Húsnorsk *feskʀ, a form with introduced a-umlaut.

#"skīð" from Old Húsnorsk *skinþ, a continuation of -nþ- from Proto-Germanic.