Jugsnorsk: Difference between revisions
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[[Jugsnorsk]] (/jugz.norsk/; [[w:endonym|endonym]]: ''Ygranorska'', [ˈyɡ.rɐ.ˌnor̥.kʰɐ]) is a group of several closely related dialects of the Húsnorsk language, though many linguists would now class it as a distinct language. Being a group of dialects, Jugsnorsk forms the ''Eastern Húsnorsk dialect continuum'', so-called such as it is entirely mutually unintelligible with [[Nygadsnorsk]] <ref>Ósafojlj & Abbi (2011). ''A concise comparison of Novgorodian Norse and Yugric Norse''. pp. 8-9. ''([[A concise comparison of Novgorodian Norse and Yugric Norse|digitized]] and updated in 2022)''</ref> | [[Jugsnorsk]] (/jugz.norsk/; [[w:endonym|endonym]]: ''Ygranorska'', [ˈyɡ.rɐ.ˌnor̥.kʰɐ]) is a group of several closely related dialects of the Húsnorsk language, though many linguists would now class it as a distinct language. Being a group of dialects, Jugsnorsk forms the ''Eastern Húsnorsk dialect continuum'', so-called such as it is entirely mutually unintelligible with [[Nygadsnorsk]], both from sound changes and semantic shift.<ref>Ósafojlj & Abbi (2011). ''A concise comparison of Novgorodian Norse and Yugric Norse''. pp. 8-9. ''([[A concise comparison of Novgorodian Norse and Yugric Norse|digitized]] and updated in 2022)''</ref> | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
===Name=== | |||
Jugsnorsk has had many names since it first split, the earliest being ''Plýggnorska'', a pejorative meaning "Fleer's Norse", this was used by the people of Novgorod for many dialects, nearly a century. It next gained the common name still used for it, ''Jugranorska'' (modern: ''Ygranorska''), though this would fall to ''A(l)tænorska'', ''A(l)tæ'' (modern ''Átæ'') meaning "Altai mountains", coming from Northern Altai ''Алтай'', this name still persists, but is far less common than ''Ygranorska'', which has had a resurgence and overtook ''Átænorska''. | |||
===Early Jugsnorsk (1770AD~1850AD)=== | ===Early Jugsnorsk (1770AD~1850AD)=== | ||
In the early 1770's, a large exodus of Húsnorsk from Novgorod began, likely spurred on by the [[w:1770-1772 Russian plague|Russian plague]], these fleeing families would move east, into [[w:Siberia|Siberia]] (So-called "Jugra" by the Húsnorsk, from Russian [[w:Yugra|Yugra]]). These Húsnorsk were once called "Plýggnorska" ("Fleeing Norse"), though this is a [[w:pejorative|pejorative]], and they are now called "Jugsnorsk" ("Yugra's Norse"). | In the early 1770's, a large exodus of Húsnorsk from Novgorod began, likely spurred on by the [[w:1770-1772 Russian plague|Russian plague]], these fleeing families would move east, into [[w:Siberia|Siberia]] (So-called "Jugra" by the Húsnorsk, from Russian [[w:Yugra|Yugra]]). These Húsnorsk were once called "Plýggnorska" ("Fleeing Norse"), though this is a [[w:pejorative|pejorative]], and they are now called "Jugsnorsk" ("Yugra's Norse"). | ||
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===Modern Jugsnorsk (1850AD~Today)=== | ===Modern Jugsnorsk (1850AD~Today)=== | ||
===Development=== | |||
Jugsnorsk's phonological history is largely extremely well understood. The exact mechnism through which the laudative and pejorative forms developed is not understood well though. | |||
The following are the reconstructed phonological and grammatical changes between Varhúsnorsk and Jugsnorsk. Grammatical changes will be italicized. | |||
*/iu, eu/ > /ju/ | |||
*coda geminates shorten | |||
*''The laudative and pejorative forms must have developed prior to diphthong flattening, while coda /l/ still existed as the allophone [u̯]'' | |||
*nasals to nasalization before fricatives, seemingly only when place of articulation is the same, but always before ð (/mun.ðʀ/ > /mũðj/, but /bloːm.stʀ/ > /bloːmsj/ ) | |||
*Diphthong flattening: /au, ɛu, øy, ɔu, ou/ /ɔː, œː, yː, oː, uː/ | |||
**Diphthong flattening continues after with /-j/. (thus "alr" (Eastern "alʀ") becomes "œ" /œː/) | |||
*/r̥, l̥/ to /r, l/ | |||
*''Original genitives are lost, and get reformed as dative + -s'' | |||
*/Cj/ > /Cʲ/ (/k, g, x, n, l/ to palatal) | |||
*/ɣ/ to /g/ | |||
*/w, v/ merge to /ʋ/ except word initially | |||
*Vowel shifts: | |||
**Overlong to plain long | |||
**Mid-highs and mid-lows merge (affects nasals), /ɛ, ɛː/ to /a, ai̯/ though. | |||
**Unstressed shifts: | |||
***Short: /i, e, y, ø, u, o, a/ > /ɪ, ɛ, ʏ, œ, ʊ, ɔ, ɐ/ | |||
***Long: /iː, eː, yː, øː, uː, oː, aː/ > /i, e, y, ø, u, o, a/ | |||
**Stressed long splitting: /iː, eː, uː, oː, yː, øː, aː/ > /ɪi, e̞i, ʊu, o̞u, ʏy, ø̞y, ɐu/ | |||
**Nasal vowels to long, long nasals to overlong. (nasals unaffected by the other vowel shifts) | |||
*/Cf, Cs/ to /Cʰ/ | |||
*/Vbl̩, Vdl̩, Vgl̩/ to /u̯l, l, i̯l/, [ʎ] ("lj") is still treated as /lj/, so "ablj" [a.bʎ̩] becomes [au̯ʎ] | |||
*initial jV-/wV- assimilation. | |||
**Not all speakers have wV- assimilation, those that don't finish the w/v merger. | |||
*/sC/ to /Cʰ/, likely through intermediate /ʰC/ | |||
*(not all speakers) in some of the more common verbs, geminates are reduced to approximates/fricatives | |||
**"-pp-, -bb-" > "-v-" | |||
**"-tt-, -dd-" > "-ð-" | |||
**"-kk-, -gg-" > "-j-" | |||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
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==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
===Umlaut=== | ===Umlaut=== | ||
[[w:umlaut|Umlaut]] is a kind of [[w:nonconcatenative morphology|nonconcatenative morphology]] defined by alternations in the stressed vowel. It arises as a historic vowel change, a kind of regressive harmony through which the stressed vowel becomes more similar to the vowel(s) in the following syllable, as in OWN "ǫlkur" (nominative plural of "alka"), from Proto-Germanic *alkōniz (nominative plural of *alkǭ). Umlaut was a pervasive feature of Old Norse, especially Old West Norse, appearing in almost every aspect of the language, but it is | [[w:umlaut|Umlaut]] is a kind of [[w:nonconcatenative morphology|nonconcatenative morphology]] defined by alternations in the stressed vowel. It arises as a historic vowel change, a kind of regressive harmony through which the stressed vowel becomes more similar to the vowel(s) in the following syllable, as in OWN "ǫlkur" (nominative plural of "alka"), from Proto-Germanic *alkōniz (nominative plural of *alkǭ). Umlaut was a pervasive feature of Old Norse, especially Old West Norse, appearing in almost every aspect of the language, but it is not nearly as so in Húsnorsk, u-umlaut having been fully analogized out, this greatly simplifies the language's morphology, but leads to many mergers, largely between different forms of a word (see the neuter a-stem nom/acc singular and plural, eg. ''mó'' and ''mó''). i-umlaut, however, is largely preserved, even extended at times. An odd phenomena occurs wherein words where the stressed vowel is ''i'', when undergoing i-umlaut, instead exhibit u-umlaut (eg. ''i'' > ''y''), the cause for this is entirely unknown. | ||
Modern vowel variations in Jugsnorsk come primarily from l-vocalization and Vj/Vv smoothing (eg. ''al-'' > ''ó-'', ''alj'' > ''ǿ''), these are decently pervasive in Jugsnorsk, but not nearly as common as umlaut was in Old Norse. You will largely notice the effects of l-vocalization in the laudative and pejorative forms of nouns, where the -s-/-g- suffixes cause it to happen in every form (eg. ''mál-'', but ''mó-'' in the laudative and pejorative) | Modern vowel variations in Jugsnorsk come primarily from l-vocalization and Vj/Vv smoothing (eg. ''al-'' > ''ó-'', ''alj'' > ''ǿ''), these are decently pervasive in Jugsnorsk, but not nearly as common as umlaut was in Old Norse. You will largely notice the effects of l-vocalization in the laudative and pejorative forms of nouns, where the -s-/-g- suffixes cause it to happen in every form (eg. ''mál-'', but ''mó-'' in the laudative and pejorative) | ||
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As can be seen with this table, nouns can be irregular, especially when it consists of a vowel followed by l, as historic l-vocalization caused additional vowel alternations on top of umlaut. | As can be seen with this table, nouns can be irregular, especially when it consists of a vowel followed by l, as historic l-vocalization caused additional vowel alternations on top of umlaut. | ||
{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-u|pej=k|ás}} | {{Jugsnorsk nouns c-u|pej=k|ás|és}} | ||
The u-stem has largely become identical to the i-stem, the only difference being the i-umlaut in the nominative plural. | |||
{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-c|najl|nejl}} | |||
{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-c|pej=j|figg|fygg}} | |||
Here in ''figgj'' you see how i-umlaut ''i'' becomes ''y'', instead of the expected outcome of being unaffected. | |||
======Feminine patterns====== | ======Feminine patterns====== | ||
The feminines have long since merged with the masculines to form the commons, this section will cover how each feminine pattern merged into the masculines. some of the feminine patterns have remained distinct in form, but still became common in treatment. | The feminines have long since merged with the masculines to form the commons, this section will cover how each feminine pattern merged into the masculines. some of the feminine patterns have remained distinct in form, but still became common in treatment. | ||
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{{Jugsnorsk familial terms}} | {{Jugsnorsk familial terms}} | ||
A large majority of the terms in the ''bloðhýski'' and ''kǿsthýski'' tables are rare. The terms with the side specified (''móð-'' and ''fað-''; ''kø,-'' and ''kar-'') are largely only used for half-siblings (siblings who only share one parent) and half-children (children you yourself did not help conceive), so the middle section should be treated as the primary | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist}} | {{Reflist}} | ||