Scots Norse

Scots Norse
Sudhraèsc
Pronunciation	[sˠɤðˠ.ˈreʃc]
Created by	Melinoë
Date	April 3rd, 2026
Native to	Suðreyjar
Ethnicity	Norse Scots
Native speakers	(L1) 2,000 (2019) (L2) < 50,000
Language family	Indo-European Germanic North Germanic West Scandinavian Gaelo-Nordic? Scots Norse
Early forms	Old Norse Old West Norse Sudrey Norse Scots Norse
Dialects	Inner South Inner Central Inner North Outer South Outer North
Writing system	Latin
Official status
Official language in	Scotland
Scots Norse is classified as critically endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger

Scots Norse (Also Sodor Norse; endonym: Sudhraèsc; /sˠɤðˠ.ˈreʃc/) is a West Nordic language, thus closer to Icelandic and Faroese than Swedish or Danish. It is natively spoken throughout Suðreyjar, being the dominant language of the isles. It has recieved heavy influence from Gàidhlig over the last several centuries, contributing heavily to the spelling conventions of the language, and likely being the primary pushing force behind the development of the broad/slender distinction in Scots Norse.

Scots Norse is typically split into two main dialect groups, Inner and Outer, corresponding to the Inner and Outer Hebrides, these are further divided into North and South for both, with a Central division for Inner. These dialects are almost entirely mutually intelligible within their groups, and mostly so even between the groups. Uniting all of these is the standardized form, Hàsudraèsc, literally meaning "High Scots Norse". ("high" as in "exalted")

Scots Norse is hard to classify type-wise, as it shows signs of creolization, but not to the extent where it could typically be classed as a creole, this leads to the branching from Insular West Norse into so-called "Gaelo-Nordic", characterized by the partial creolization of Old West Norse with Middle Irish and Scots Gaelic. Regardless how it is classed, Scots Norse is with no doubt some kind of mixed language.

History

Pre-Modern

Scots Norse originates in the mid to late 13th century, around the time Suðreyjar was handed over to Scotland with the Treaty of Perth. Though the language would continue to be largely unchanged from the Old Norse of the 12th century, 1266AD is often used as a dividing date between Old Norse and the earliest forms of Scots Norse. While 1266 is a relatively arbitrary date, it serves its purpose as a convenient divide between two stages, as following the Treaty of Perth, the Hebrides would gain a much larger population of Gaelic and English speakers (At this point still Middle Irish and Middle English), and from roughly 1450AD onward, Scots Norse would be increasingly influenced by Scots Gaelic and, to a lesser extent, Scots.

Having been spoken throughout Suðreyjar, Scots Norse had a dialect within the Isle of Man (Scots Norse Monaèirr). Little is known about Manx Norse (Monaèsc), as it is very poorly recorded, the most extensive description being a short document from around 1500AD that contains a list of about 150 words (see the Noreine speche fra Man), with a very poor description of the pronunciations. Though from this description we can gather that Manx Norse still had the dental fricatives that had been lost in other dialects (merging with t/d), we get this from the description "... these [th and dh] are like that of the Saxons' beloved þ."

Following the treaty of Perth, the usage of Norse began declining significantly, with evidence it was nearly extinct by 1550. A small revitalization occured in the mid 18th century when several of the last native speakers (at the time, Scots Norse had no more than 150 remaining speakers) gathered together to document the language so it could be taught to children. This effort was mostly effective, leading to the first noticeable rise in speaker count since it began declining. By the 1880's, there would be upwards of 1,500 native speakers, a majority of them young.

Modern

Modern Scots Norse is typically classed as critically endangered due to how few speakers it has, having no more than 2,500 native speakers as of 2020, and virtually all of them live in the Hebrides, making it extremely limited.

Since the early 1990's, Scots Norse has gained a small but dedicated community of linguists that are determined to further document it and make resources more readily available. As of 2018, an online course has been published that goes over Standard Scots Norse, and it has been continually updated since then, improving the quality and extent of the contents, having started out as a rather barebones description of the phonology, orthography, and rudimentary grammar.

Phonology

		labial			dental			alveolar			velar
		plain	broad	slender	plain	broad	slender	plain	broad	slender	plain	broad	slender
Nasal		m	mˠ	mʲ				n	nˠ	ɲ
Stop	Unvoiced	p	pˠ	pʲ				t	tˠ	tʲ	k		c
	Voiced	b	bˠ	bʲ				d	dˠ	dʲ	g		ɟ
Fricative	Unvoiced	f	fˠ	fʲ	θ	θˠ	θʲ	s	sˠ	ʃ	h¹	x	ç
	Voiced	v	vˠ	vʲ	ð	ðˠ	ðʲ	z	zˠ	ʒ	ɣ		ʝ
Approximant								r, l	rˠ, lˠ	rʲ, ʎ	j

1. /h/ merges with /x/ outside of Standard Scots Norse.

	Front	Back
		Unround	Round
High	i		u
Near-High	ɪ	ɤ~ʊ
Mid	e	(ə)	o
Low	æ~ɛ		ɔ~ɒ

1. /ə/ is the unstressed realization of /æ, ɔ/. (differing by slender vs broad)
2. /æ/ is often /ɛ/ before nasals, but rarely so anywhere else.

Long vowels have long been lost, though their effects remain prominently, influencing the languages stress patterns heavily.

Every vowel can appear nasalized, though nasalization only occurs in specific positions, and is always shown with a single N. (though not all single Ns are nasalization)

• Word finally
• Before a fricative (Though "nh" is /n̥/)
• In some irregular positions when loaned from another language.

Dialects

Uist Norse

		labial		dental		alveolar		velar
		broad	slender	broad	slender	broad	slender	broad	slender
Nasal		m	mʲ			n	ɲ
Stop	Unvoiced	p	pʲ			t	tʲ	k	c
	Voiced	b	bʲ			d	dʲ	g	ɟ
Fricative	Unvoiced	f	fʲ	θ	θʲ	s	ʃ	x	ç
	Voiced	v	vʲ	ð	ðʲ	z	ʒ	ɣ	ʝ
Approximant						r, ɫ	rʲ, ʎ	j

	Front	Back
		Unround	Round
High	i		u
Mid	e		o
Low	ɛ	(ɐ)	ɔ~ɒ

1. /ə/ is the unstressed realization of /ɛ, ɔ/. (differing by slender vs broad)

Nasal vowels in Uist Norse are typically realized slightly centralized and longer, often without the nasalization.

	Front	Back
		Unround	Round
High	ɪ̈ˑ		ʊ̈ˑ
Mid	ɘˑ		ɵˑ
Low	ɜˑ	(əˑ)	ɞˑ

Prosody

The rules for stress are very slightly more complex than they were in Old Norse, but not by much.

Stress always goes on the left-most syllable possible. When there are vowels with a grave, stress goes to the first one, skipping over all vowels without one. (so sudhraèir is stressed on "aèi")

Mutation

Since Old Norse, initial consonant mutation has developed. Scots Norse has several forms:

radical (basic)

lenited

nasal

voiced

these can be shown quite well through pronoun + verb, as a pronoun exists that causes most of them (except voiced), the word order for these will be slightly odd.

The following gives an example using each of the nominative pronouns:

e thàel /ˈɛ θoʎ/ — "I speak"

tù thàlarr /ˈtˠu ˈθo.lər/ — "you speak"

ha nhàlarr /ˈha n̥o.lər/ — "he speaks"

ho nhàlarr /ˈxɔ ˈn̥o.lər/ — "she speaks"

tat tàlarr /ˈtat ˈto.lər/ — "it/they (sg) speak(s)"

vit tòlu /vʲɪt tˠo.ɫɤ/ — "we speak"

it tòlud /ɪt tˠo.ɫɤd/ — "you (pl) speak"

tèrr tòl /ˈtʲer ˈtˠoɫ/ — "they (m/f) speaks"

tò thòl /ˈtˠo ˈθˠoɫ/ — "they (n) speak"

Orthography

(updated up to "dh")

consonants
Letter(s)			Phoneme	Examples
b	plain		/b/	baiag /ˈbɪɡ/
	broad		/bˠ/	bòegh /ˈbˠoʝ/
	slender		/bʲ/	barr /ˈbʲærʲ/
bh	before u/ù, a consonant, or finally		/./ or null	[Term?] //
	usually	plain	/v/	[Term?] //
		broad	/vˠ/	[Term?] //
		slender	/vʲ/	[Term?] //
c	plain/broad		/k/	coeth /ˈkɔθʲ/
	slender		/c/	ceth /ˈcɛθʲ/
ch	plain/broad		/x/	loch /ˈɫɔx/
	slender		/ç/	[Term?] //
chd			/xk/	[Term?] //
cn			/kɾ/	cnà /ˈkɾo/
chn			/xɾ/ [ɾ̥]	[Term?] //
d	plain		/d/	dàegh /ˈdoʝ/
	broad		/dˠ/	[Term?] //
	slender		/d͡ʒ/	[Term?] //
dh	intervocalic/pre-consonantal/finally		/./ or null	[Term?] //
	plain		/ð/	[Term?] //
	broad		/ðˠ/	[Term?] //
	slender		/ðʲ/	[Term?] //
g	plain/broad		/g/	godh /ˈɡɔ/
	slender		/ɟ/	dàge /ˈdoɟ/
gh	plain/broad		/ɣ/	(han) ghodh /(ˈhã) ˈɣɔ/
	slender		/ʝ/	[Term?] //
gn			/ɡɾ/	gnaèt /ˈɡɾet/
h	plain		/h/	hàte /ˈhot͡ʃ/
	broad		/x/	[Term?] //
	slender		/ç/	dìhiale /ˈd͡ʒi.çəʎ/
l	plain	non-finally	/l/	[Term?] //
		finally	/ʃ/	sèl /ˈʃeʃ/
	broad		/lˠ/	[Term?] //
	slender		/ʎ/	sèlir /ˈʃe.ʎɪθ͇/
ll	plain		/l/	tàll /ˈtol/
	broad		/lˠ/	[Term?] //
	slender		/ʎ/	[Term?] //
m	plain		/m/	màl /ˈmoʃ/
	broad		/mˠ/	[Term?] //
	slender		/mʲ/	[Term?] //
mh	plain		/m̥/	(hin) mhàl /(ˈçɪ̃) ˈm̥oʃ/
	broad		/m̥ˠ/	[Term?] //
	slender		/m̥ʲ/	[Term?] //
n	plain		/n/	[Term?] //
	broad		/nˠ~ŋ/	[Term?] //
	slender		/ɲ/	[Term?] //
	post-vocalic when final/pre-fricative		/Ṽ/	[Term?] //
nh	plain		/n̥/	[Term?] //
	broad		/n̥ˠ~ŋ̊/	[Term?] //
	slender		/ɲ̊/	[Term?] //
nn	plain		/n/	hann /han/
	broad		/nˠ/	[Term?] //
	slender		/ɲ/	[Term?] //
p	plain	initially, before a vowel/finally	/pʰ/	[Term?] //
		elsewhere	/p/	priadh /ˈprʲa/
	broad		/pˠ/	post /ˈpˠɔstʰ/
	slender		/pʲ/	[Term?] //
ph	plain		/f/	ophàrr /ɒ.ˈfor/
	broad		/fˠ/	(sa) phost /(ˈsa) ˈfˠɔstʰ/
	slender		/fʲ/	(han) phiutharr /(ˈhã) ˈfʲɤ.ər/
r	finally		/θ͇/	bhar /ˈvaθ͇/
	plain		/r/	sudhraèscc /sˠʌ.ˈreskʰ/
	broad		/rˠ/	[Term?] //
	slender		/rʲ/	bhère /ˈvʲerʲ/
rr	finally		/r/	bhàrr /ˈvor/
	plain		/r/	[Term?] //
	broad		/rˠ/	[Term?] //
	slender		/rʲ/	[Term?] //
-rt, -rd			/ɾʃt̪/	[Term?] //
s	plain		/s/	[Term?] //
	broad		/sˠ/	[Term?] //
	slender		/ʃ/	sèl /ˈʃeʃ/
sh	plain		/h/	[Term?] //
	broad		/x/	[Term?] //
	slender		/ç/	(bholl) shèl /(ˈvˠɔl) ˈçeʃ/
t	plain	initially/finally	/tʰ/	tàll /ˈtʰol/
		elsewhere	/t/	[Term?] //
	broad		/tˠ/	[Term?] //
	slender	initially/finally	/t͡ʃʰ/	[Term?] //
		elsewhere	/t͡ʃ/	[Term?] //
th	intervocalic/pre-consonantal/finally		/./ or null	[Term?] //
	plain		/h/	[Term?] //
	broad		/x/	thù /ˈxu/
	slender		/ç/	[Term?] //
z	plain		/z/	[Term?] //
	broad		/zˠ/	[Term?] //
	slender		/ʒ/	(an) zèl /(ˈan) ˈʒeʃ/

Morphology

Nouns

Nouns have been reduced down to a basic singular/plural distinction, with the masc/fem distinction only maintained in the singular and when paired with the article hin.

Noun declensions

	masculine			feminine
	singular	plural		singular	plural
indefinite	-ᶫ	-arr		-	-arr
definite	hin h-ᶫ	hin h-arr		hin -	hin -arr

All nouns fit into one of these two patterns, regardless the forms in Old Norse. Below are several examples.

Declension of ald (masculine)

	singular	plural
indefinite	aldᶫ	aldarr
definite	hin h-aldᶫ	hin h-aldarr

Declension of hàet (masculine)

	singular	plural
indefinite	hàetᶫ	hàtarr
definite	hin 'àetᶫ	hin 'àtarr

Declension of hàmar (masculine)

	singular	plural
indefinite	hàmarᶫ	hàmararr
definite	hin 'àmarᶫ	hin 'àmararr

Declension of bèdh (masculine)

	singular	plural
indefinite	bèdhᶫ	bèdharr
definite	hin bhèdhᶫ	hin bhèdharr

Declension of bòegh (masculine)

	singular	plural
indefinite	bòeghᶫ	bògharr
definite	hin bhòeghᶫ	hin bhògharr

Declension of màel (masculine)

	singular	plural
indefinite	màelᶫ	màlarr
definite	hin mhàelᶫ	hin mhàlarr

Declension of poest (masculine)

	singular	plural
indefinite	poestᶫ	postarr
definite	hin phoestᶫ	hin phostarr

Declension of arrv (feminine)

	singular	plural
indefinite	arrv	arrvarr
definite	hin arrv	hin arrvarr

Adjectives

Adjectives have essentially lost all declension, at most declining for gender, where the forms are identical, the only difference being that the masculine form triggers lenition. (see sèl)

Both the comparative and superlative forms were lost by the time of Sudrey Norse, being replaced with the usage of mèr ("more") and mast ("most"), so rather than, say, Old Norse "beztr" (hypothetical Scots Norse **bast) for "better", it is instead mèr ghòedh (lit. "more good").

Numerals

1	èn
2	tfèrr
3	trìrr
4	fiòrarr
5	fi
6	sac
7	siò
8	àet
9	naì
10	taì
11	aliov
12	tòlv

èn is the only adjective-like word in all of Scots Norse that retains a distinct plural form, ènarr

Prepositions

Scots Norse has a very, very simple system of inflected prepositions, only inflecting for person and number.

A large amount of speakers simply don't use inflected prepositions.

Inflection of in

	1st	2nd	3rd
singular	inᶫ	ionhᶫ	inhᶰ
plural	imat	int	inharr

ᶫ: causes aspirate
ᶰ: causes nasal

Inflection of til

	1st	2nd	3rd
singular	tilᶫ	tiolhᶫ	tilhᶰ
plural	tilvat	tilt	tilharr

ᶫ: causes aspirate
ᶰ: causes nasal

Verbs

Many significant changes have happened to the verb system since Old Norse, notably both the mood and voice distinctions have been lost. The active indicative has descended into the present and past tense, while the active subjunctive was lost entirely. The oppositive happened in the mediopassive, with the subjunctive becoming the future and stative, while the indicative was lost.

The stative doesn't exist for every verb, but the forms are still displayed for convenience's sake.

The original mediopassive indicative only remains in a small set of verbs acting as a reciprocal, typically physical actions taken towards others, like [Term?] ("to fight"), slà ("to hit"), [Term?] ("to embrace"), as well as a few abstract verbs, such as [Term?] ("to love"). Otherwise it's been replaced by hìnu n-onaru

Verbs have reduced to such a limited number of forms that analogy and sound changes have leveled them all down to essentially one pattern (excluding a few irregular verbs), which seemingly descends from Old Norse's weak class 2 pattern.

Conjugation of tàel (weak)

	present	past	future	stative
infinitive	tàel	—	—	—
participle	tàlann	tàladh	—	—
finites	tàlarr	tàladharr	tàlist	tàladhist

Combined conjugation of tàel (weak)

		singular			plural			impersonal
		1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
independent	present	tàlarr a	tàlarr tù	tàlarr ha	tàlarr vit	tàlarr it	tàlarr tèrr	tàlarr
	past	tàladharr a	tàladharr tù	tàladharr ha	tàladharr vit	tàladharr it	tàladharr tèrr	tàladharr
	future	tàlist a	tàlist tù	tàlist ha	tàlist vit	tàlist it	tàlist tèrr	tàlist
	stative	tàladhist a	tàladhist tù	tàladhist ha	tàladhist vit	tàladhist it	tàladhist tèrr	tàladhist
negative	present	tàlart a	tàlart tù	tàlart ha	tàlart vit	tàlart it	tàlart tèrr	tàlart
	past	tàladhart a	tàladhart tù	tàladhart ha	tàladhart vit	tàladhart it	tàladhart tèrr	tàladhart
	future	tàlistat a	tàlistat tù	tàlistat ha	tàlistat vit	tàlistat it	tàlistat tèrr	tàlistat
	stative	tàladhistat a	tàladhistat tù	tàladhistat ha	tàladhistat vit	tàladhistat it	tàladhistat tèrr	tàladhistat
continuative		arr tàlann u n-a	arr tàlann u nhù	arr tàlann u nha	arr tàlann u mit	arr tàlann u n-it	arr tàlann u nhèrr	arr tàlann u
perfect	present	arr tàladh u n-a	arr tàladh u nhù	arr tàladh u nha	arr tàladh u mit	arr tàladh u n-it	arr tàladh u nhèrr	arr tàladh u
	past	varr tàladh u n-a	varr tàladh u nhù	varr tàladh u nha	varr tàladh u mit	varr tàladh u n-it	varr tàladh u nhèrr	varr tàladh u
	future	vèrist tàladh u n-a	vèrist tàladh u nhù	vèrist tàladh u nha	vèrist tàladh u mit	vèrist tàladh u n-it	vèrist tàladh u nhèrr	vèrist tàladh u
	stative	vèradhist tàladh u n-a	vèradhist tàladh u nhù	vèradhist tàladh u nha	vèradhist tàladh u mit	vèradhist tàladh u n-it	vèradhist tàladh u nhèrr	vèradhist tàladh u
negative perfect	present	arr tàladhat u n-a	arr tàladhat u nhù	arr tàladhat u nha	arr tàladhat u mit	arr tàladhat u n-it	arr tàladhat u nhèrr	arr tàladhat u
	past	varr tàladhat u n-a	varr tàladhat u nhù	varr tàladhat u nha	varr tàladhat u mit	varr tàladhat u n-it	varr tàladhat u nhèrr	varr tàladhat u
	future	vèrist tàladhat u n-a	vèrist tàladhat u nhù	vèrist tàladhat u nha	vèrist tàladhat u mit	vèrist tàladhat u n-it	vèrist tàladhat u nhèrr	vèrist tàladhat u
	stative	vèradhist tàladhat u n-a	vèradhist tàladhat u nhù	vèradhist tàladhat u nha	vèradhist tàladhat u mit	vèradhist tàladhat u n-it	vèradhist tàladhat u nhèrr	vèradhist tàladhat u

Conjugation of mèl (weak)

	present	past	future	stative
infinitive	mèl	—	—	—
participle	mèlann	mèladh	—	—
finites	mèlarr	mèladharr	mèlist	mèladhist

Combined conjugation of mèl (weak)

		singular			plural			impersonal
		1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
independent	present	mèlarr a	mèlarr tù	mèlarr ha	mèlarr vit	mèlarr it	mèlarr tèrr	mèlarr
	past	mèladharr a	mèladharr tù	mèladharr ha	mèladharr vit	mèladharr it	mèladharr tèrr	mèladharr
	future	mèlist a	mèlist tù	mèlist ha	mèlist vit	mèlist it	mèlist tèrr	mèlist
	stative	mèladhist a	mèladhist tù	mèladhist ha	mèladhist vit	mèladhist it	mèladhist tèrr	mèladhist
negative	present	mèlart a	mèlart tù	mèlart ha	mèlart vit	mèlart it	mèlart tèrr	mèlart
	past	mèladhart a	mèladhart tù	mèladhart ha	mèladhart vit	mèladhart it	mèladhart tèrr	mèladhart
	future	mèlistat a	mèlistat tù	mèlistat ha	mèlistat vit	mèlistat it	mèlistat tèrr	mèlistat
	stative	mèladhistat a	mèladhistat tù	mèladhistat ha	mèladhistat vit	mèladhistat it	mèladhistat tèrr	mèladhistat
continuative		arr mèlann u n-a	arr mèlann u nhù	arr mèlann u nha	arr mèlann u mit	arr mèlann u n-it	arr mèlann u nhèrr	arr mèlann u
perfect	present	arr mèladh u n-a	arr mèladh u nhù	arr mèladh u nha	arr mèladh u mit	arr mèladh u n-it	arr mèladh u nhèrr	arr mèladh u
	past	varr mèladh u n-a	varr mèladh u nhù	varr mèladh u nha	varr mèladh u mit	varr mèladh u n-it	varr mèladh u nhèrr	varr mèladh u
	future	vèrist mèladh u n-a	vèrist mèladh u nhù	vèrist mèladh u nha	vèrist mèladh u mit	vèrist mèladh u n-it	vèrist mèladh u nhèrr	vèrist mèladh u
	stative	vèradhist mèladh u n-a	vèradhist mèladh u nhù	vèradhist mèladh u nha	vèradhist mèladh u mit	vèradhist mèladh u n-it	vèradhist mèladh u nhèrr	vèradhist mèladh u
negative perfect	present	arr mèladhat u n-a	arr mèladhat u nhù	arr mèladhat u nha	arr mèladhat u mit	arr mèladhat u n-it	arr mèladhat u nhèrr	arr mèladhat u
	past	varr mèladhat u n-a	varr mèladhat u nhù	varr mèladhat u nha	varr mèladhat u mit	varr mèladhat u n-it	varr mèladhat u nhèrr	varr mèladhat u
	future	vèrist mèladhat u n-a	vèrist mèladhat u nhù	vèrist mèladhat u nha	vèrist mèladhat u mit	vèrist mèladhat u n-it	vèrist mèladhat u nhèrr	vèrist mèladhat u
	stative	vèradhist mèladhat u n-a	vèradhist mèladhat u nhù	vèradhist mèladhat u nha	vèradhist mèladhat u mit	vèradhist mèladhat u n-it	vèradhist mèladhat u nhèrr	vèradhist mèladhat u

mèl was originally a class 1 verb.

Suppletive verbs

There is only one known suppletive verb in Scots Norse, that being the copula vèr, and even it has been leveled by many speakers.

Conjugation of vèr (suppletive)

	present	past	future	stative
infinitive	vèr	—	—	—
participle	vèrann	vèradh	—	—
finites	arr	varr	vèrist	vèradhist

Combined conjugation of vèr (suppletive)

		singular			plural			impersonal
		1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
independent	present	arr a	arr tù	arr ha	arr vit	arr it	arr tèrr	arr
	past	varr a	varr tù	varr ha	varr vit	varr it	varr tèrr	varr
	future	vèrist a	vèrist tù	vèrist ha	vèrist vit	vèrist it	vèrist tèrr	vèrist
	stative	vèradhist a	vèradhist tù	vèradhist ha	vèradhist vit	vèradhist it	vèradhist tèrr	vèradhist
negative	present	art a	art tù	art ha	art vit	art it	art tèrr	art
	past	vart a	vart tù	vart ha	vart vit	vart it	vart tèrr	vart
	future	vèristat a	vèristat tù	vèristat ha	vèristat vit	vèristat it	vèristat tèrr	vèristat
	stative	vèradhistat a	vèradhistat tù	vèradhistat ha	vèradhistat vit	vèradhistat it	vèradhistat tèrr	vèradhistat
continuative		arr vèrann u n-a	arr vèrann u nhù	arr vèrann u nha	arr vèrann u mit	arr vèrann u n-it	arr vèrann u nhèrr	arr vèrann u
perfect	present	arr vèradh u n-a	arr vèradh u nhù	arr vèradh u nha	arr vèradh u mit	arr vèradh u n-it	arr vèradh u nhèrr	arr vèradh u
	past	varr vèradh u n-a	varr vèradh u nhù	varr vèradh u nha	varr vèradh u mit	varr vèradh u n-it	varr vèradh u nhèrr	varr vèradh u
	future	vèrist vèradh u n-a	vèrist vèradh u nhù	vèrist vèradh u nha	vèrist vèradh u mit	vèrist vèradh u n-it	vèrist vèradh u nhèrr	vèrist vèradh u
	stative	vèradhist vèradh u n-a	vèradhist vèradh u nhù	vèradhist vèradh u nha	vèradhist vèradh u mit	vèradhist vèradh u n-it	vèradhist vèradh u nhèrr	vèradhist vèradh u
negative perfect	present	arr vèradhat u n-a	arr vèradhat u nhù	arr vèradhat u nha	arr vèradhat u mit	arr vèradhat u n-it	arr vèradhat u nhèrr	arr vèradhat u
	past	varr vèradhat u n-a	varr vèradhat u nhù	varr vèradhat u nha	varr vèradhat u mit	varr vèradhat u n-it	varr vèradhat u nhèrr	varr vèradhat u
	future	vèrist vèradhat u n-a	vèrist vèradhat u nhù	vèrist vèradhat u nha	vèrist vèradhat u mit	vèrist vèradhat u n-it	vèrist vèradhat u nhèrr	vèrist vèradhat u
	stative	vèradhist vèradhat u n-a	vèradhist vèradhat u nhù	vèradhist vèradhat u nha	vèradhist vèradhat u mit	vèradhist vèradhat u n-it	vèradhist vèradhat u nhèrr	vèradhist vèradhat u

"arr" and "varr" are the more prevalent forms, but the regularized forms "vèrarr" and "vèradharr" are also rather common.

Texts

UDHR Article 1

Original (English)

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Old Norse (modern translation)

Allir menn eru bornir frjálsir ok jafnir at virðingu ok réttum. Þeir eru allir viti gœddir ok samvizku, ok skulu gøra hvárr til annars bróðurliga.

Scots Norse

èor mhanarr al bhori mhriàl h-o hiavn, vèrann vhirrdhing o rhèt h-atharr. vèrann gaèdhadh h-o shanvisc h-atharr, o shcùl ghèor thil bròdhligh hionn.
èor mhanarr al bhori mhriàl h-o hiavn, vèrann vhirrdhing o rhèt h-atharr. vèrann gaèdhadh h-o shanvisc h-atharr, o shcùl ghèor thil bròdhligh hionn.

English translation

lit: "all men are born free and equal, being dignity and rights at them. being reason and conscience at them, and should act to brotherhood at each other"

"all men are born free and equal, having dignity and rights. they have reason and conscience, and should act to eachother as a brotherhood"

Deor

Old English

Welund him be wurman

wræces cunnade,

anhydig eorl

earfoþa dreag,

hæfde him to gesiþþe

sorge and longaþ,

wintercealde wræce,

wean oft onfond

siþþan hine Niðhad on

nede legde,

swoncre seonobende

on syllan monn.

Þæs ofereode,

þisses swa mæg.

Scots Norse

Vòluenn shi, thur ròvnirr

cvàlarr cenn,

ànar iall

arrvidh thoeld,

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

ta h-oevgangtirr,

tash thil mègh.

(lines with "-" are yet to be translated)

Lexical comparison

Leipzig-Jakarta List
Rank	English	Old Norse	Scots Norse	Icelandic	Swedish
1	fire	eldr	ald /ˈæʎdʲ/	eldur	eld
2	nose	nǫs	no /ˈnˠɔ/	nös	nas
3	to go	ganga	gang /ˈɟæŋ̟/	ganga	gånga
4	water	vatn	vat /ˈvʲætʲ/	vatn	vatten
5	mouth	(body) munnr (river) mynni (river) óss	(body) muenn /ˈmˠɤɲ/ (river) mainn /ˈmiɲ/
6	tongue	tunga	tueng /ˈtˠɤŋ̟/
7	blood	blóð	blòd /ˈbˠɫodˠ/
8	bone	bein	bè /ˈbʲe/
9	2sg pronoun (you)	þú	tù /ˈtˠu/
10	root	rót	ròt /ˈrˠotˠ/
11	to come (move)	koma	còem /ˈkomʲ/
12	breast	brjóst	briòst /ˈbʲrʲosˠ(tˠ)/
13	rain	regn	rei /ˈrʲɛː/
14	1sg pronoun (I)	ek	e /ɛɛ/
15	name	nafn	nav /ˈnʲæ/
16	louse (Phthirapteron)
17	wing
18	flesh/meat
19	arm/hand
20	fly (Dipteron)
21	night (time)	nátt	nàtt /ˈnot/
22	ear
23	neck
24	far (prep.)
25	to do/make
26	house/structure
27	stone/rock (singular)
28	bitter
29	to say	tala	tàel /ˈtoʎ/
30	tooth
31	hair
32	big
33	one (number)	einn	è /ˈe/
34	who?
35	3sg pronoun (they)	hann (m) hǫ́n (f) þat (n)	ha (m) /ˈha/ hò (f) /ˈxo/
36	to hit/beat
37	leg/foot
38	horn
39	this (pron.)	sá	tà /ˈto/
40	fish	fiskr	fisc /ˈfʲɪʃc/
41	yesterday
42	to drink
43	black (color)
44	navel
45	to stand
46	to bite
47	back (body)
48	wind
49	smoke (substance)
50	what?
51	child (kin term)
52	egg
53	to give
54	new (adj.)
55	to burn (intr.)
56	not (adj./adv.)	eigi (verbal) -at	ègh /eʝ/ (verbal) -(a)t /(ə)tʲ/
57	good
58	to know	kunna (a person) kenna	cuen /ˈkɤ̃/ (a person) cen /ˈcɛ̃/
59	knee
60	sand
61	to laugh
62	to hear
63	soil
64	leaf
65	red (color)
66	liver (organ)
67	to hide
68	skin/hide	feldr (animal) skinn (general) húð	feld /ˈfʲɛʎdʲ/ (animal) sci /ˈʃcɪ/ (general) hùd /ˈxudˠ/
69	to suck
70	to carry
71	ant (Formid)
72	heavy
73	to take
74	old
75	to eat	eta	èt /ˈetʲ/
76	thigh
77	thick
78	long (spacially)
79	to blow
80	wood
81	to run
82	to fall
83	eye (body-part)
84	ash
85	tail
86	dog	hundr rakki	huenn /ˈxɤɲ/ (archaic) rac /ˈrʲæc/ (affectionate) cù /ˈku/	hundur rakki	hund rakka
87	to cry/weep
88	to tie
89	to see
90	sweet
91	rope
92	shade/shadow
93	bird	fugl	fùil /ˈfˠɯʎ/
94	salt
95	small
96	wide
97	star
98	in	í	ì /i/
99	hard (materially)
100	to crush/grind