Scots Norse: Difference between revisions

From Linguifex
Jump to navigation Jump to search
← Older edit
VisualWikitext
Melinoë (talk | contribs)
4,522 edits
Melinoë (talk | contribs)
4,522 edits
 
(14 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 37: Line 37:
'''Scots Norse''' (Also ''Sodor Norse''; [[w:endonym|endonym]]: ''{{lang|snon|{{term|Sudhraèsc}}}}''; /sˠɤðˠ.ˈreʃc/) is a West Nordic language, thus closer to [[w:Icelandic|Icelandic]] and [[w:Faroese|Faroese]] than [[w:Swedish|Swedish]] or [[w:Danish|Danish]]. It is natively spoken throughout [[w:Suðreyjar|Suðreyjar]], being the dominant language of the [[w:Hebrides|isles]]. It has recieved heavy influence from [[w:Scots Gaelic|Gàidhlig]] over the last several centuries, contributing heavily to the spelling conventions of the language, and likely being the primary pushing force behind the development of the broad/slender distinction in Scots Norse.
'''Scots Norse''' (Also ''Sodor Norse''; [[w:endonym|endonym]]: ''{{lang|snon|{{term|Sudhraèsc}}}}''; /sˠɤðˠ.ˈreʃc/) is a West Nordic language, thus closer to [[w:Icelandic|Icelandic]] and [[w:Faroese|Faroese]] than [[w:Swedish|Swedish]] or [[w:Danish|Danish]]. It is natively spoken throughout [[w:Suðreyjar|Suðreyjar]], being the dominant language of the [[w:Hebrides|isles]]. It has recieved heavy influence from [[w:Scots Gaelic|Gàidhlig]] over the last several centuries, contributing heavily to the spelling conventions of the language, and likely being the primary pushing force behind the development of the broad/slender distinction in Scots Norse.


Scots Norse is typically split into two main [[w:dialect|dialect]] groups, Inner and Outer, corresponding to the Inner and Outer Hebrides, these are further divided into North and South for both, with a Central division for Inner. These dialects are almost entirely mutually intelligible within their groups, and mostly so even between the groups. Uniting all of these is the standardized form, ''{{lang|snon|Hàsudraèsc}}'', literally meaning "High Scots Norse". ("high" as in "exalted")
Scots Norse is typically split into two main [[w:dialect|dialect]] groups, Inner and Outer, corresponding to the Inner and Outer Hebrides, these are further divided into North and South for both, with a Central division for Inner. These dialects are almost entirely mutually intelligible within their groups, and mostly so even between the groups. Uniting all of these is the standardized form, ''{{lang|snon|Hàrsudhraèsc}}'', literally meaning "High Scots Norse". ("high" as in "exalted")


Scots Norse is hard to classify type-wise, as it shows signs of [[w:creolization|creolization]], but not to the extent where it could typically be classed as a [[w:creole|creole]], this leads to the branching from Insular West Norse into so-called "Gaelo-Nordic", characterized by the partial creolization of [[w:Old West Norse|Old West Norse]] with [[w:Middle Irish|Middle Irish]] and Scots Gaelic. Regardless how it is classed, Scots Norse is with no doubt some kind of [[w:mixed language|mixed language]].
Scots Norse is hard to classify type-wise, as it shows signs of [[w:creolization|creolization]], but not to the extent where it could typically be classed as a [[w:creole|creole]], this leads to the branching from Insular West Norse into so-called "Gaelo-Nordic", characterized by the partial creolization of [[w:Old West Norse|Old West Norse]] with [[w:Middle Irish|Middle Irish]] and Scots Gaelic. Regardless how it is classed, Scots Norse is with no doubt some kind of [[w:mixed language|mixed language]].
Line 44: Line 44:
Scots Norse originates in the mid to late 13th century, around the time Suðreyjar was handed over to Scotland with the [[w:Treaty of Perth|Treaty of Perth]]. Though the language would continue to be largely unchanged from the Old Norse of the 12th century, 1266AD is often used as a dividing date between Old Norse and the earliest forms of Scots Norse. While 1266 is a relatively arbitrary date, it serves its purpose as a convenient divide between two stages, as following the Treaty of Perth, the Hebrides would gain a much larger population of [[w:Gaelic|Gaelic]] and [[w:English|English]] speakers (At this point still Middle Irish and [[w:Middle English|Middle English]]), and from roughly 1450AD onward, Scots Norse would be increasingly influenced by Scots Gaelic and, to a lesser extent, Scots.
Scots Norse originates in the mid to late 13th century, around the time Suðreyjar was handed over to Scotland with the [[w:Treaty of Perth|Treaty of Perth]]. Though the language would continue to be largely unchanged from the Old Norse of the 12th century, 1266AD is often used as a dividing date between Old Norse and the earliest forms of Scots Norse. While 1266 is a relatively arbitrary date, it serves its purpose as a convenient divide between two stages, as following the Treaty of Perth, the Hebrides would gain a much larger population of [[w:Gaelic|Gaelic]] and [[w:English|English]] speakers (At this point still Middle Irish and [[w:Middle English|Middle English]]), and from roughly 1450AD onward, Scots Norse would be increasingly influenced by Scots Gaelic and, to a lesser extent, Scots.


Having been spoken throughout Suðreyjar, Scots Norse had a dialect within the [[w:Isle of Man|Isle of Man]] (Scots Norse {{lang|snon|{{term|Monaèirr}}}}). Little is known about Manx Norse ({{lang|snon|{{term|Monaèsc}}}}), as it is very poorly recorded, the most extensive description being a short document from around 1500AD that contains a list of about 150 words (see ''[[the Noreine speche fra Man]]''), with a very poor description of the pronunciations. Though from this description we can gather that Manx Norse still had the [[w:dental fricative|dental fricatives]] that had been lost in other dialects (merging with t/d), we get this from the description "... these [th and dh] are like that of the Saxons' beloved þ."
Having been spoken throughout Suðreyjar, Scots Norse had a dialect within the [[w:Isle of Man|Isle of Man]] (Scots Norse {{lang|snon|{{term|Monaègharr}}}}). Little is known about Manx Norse ({{lang|snon|{{term|Monaèsc}}}}), as it is very poorly recorded, the most extensive description being a short document from around 1500AD that contains a list of about 150 words (see ''[[the Noreine speche fra Man]]''), with a very poor description of the pronunciations. Though from this description we can gather that Manx Norse still had the [[w:dental fricative|dental fricatives]] that had been lost in other dialects (merging with t/d), we get this from the description "... these [th and dh] are like that of the Saxons' beloved þ."


Following the treaty of Perth, the usage of Norse began declining significantly, with evidence it was nearly extinct by 1550. A small revitalization occured in the mid 18th century when several of the last native speakers (at the time, Scots Norse had no more than 150 remaining speakers) gathered together to document the language so it could be taught to children. This effort was mostly effective, leading to the first noticeable rise in speaker count since it began declining. By the 1880's, there would be upwards of 1,500 native speakers, a majority of them young.
Following the treaty of Perth, the usage of Norse began declining significantly, with evidence it was nearly extinct by 1550. A small revitalization occured in the mid 18th century when several of the last native speakers (at the time, Scots Norse had no more than 150 remaining speakers) gathered together to document the language so it could be taught to children. This effort was mostly effective, leading to the first noticeable rise in speaker count since it began declining. By the 1880's, there would be upwards of 1,500 native speakers, a majority of them young.
Line 340: Line 340:


===Mutation===
===Mutation===
Since Old Norse, initial [[w:consonant mutation|consonant mutation]] has developed. Scots Norse has several forms:
Since Old Norse, initial [[w:consonant mutation|consonant mutation]] has developed. Scots Norse has three forms:
:radical (basic)
:radical (basic)
:lenited
:lenition
:nasal
:eclipsis
:voiced
these can be shown quite well through pronoun + verb, as a pronoun exists that causes most of them (except voiced), the word order for these will be slightly odd.


The following gives an example using each of the nominative pronouns:
these can be shown quite well through pronoun + verb, as a pronoun exists that causes both, the word order for these will be slightly odd.
:''e thàel'' /ˈɛ θoʎ/ — "I speak"
 
:''tù thàlarr'' /ˈtˠu ˈθo.lər/ — "you speak"
The following gives an example using "mik" ("I, me"), "ha" ("he"), and "ic" ("we, us", emphatic):
:''ha nhàlarr'' /ˈha n̥o.lər/ — "he speaks"
:''{{lang|snon|mic tàlarr}}'' /ˈmʲɪc ˈto.ʎərʲ/ — "I speak"
:''ho nhàlarr'' /ˈxɔ ˈn̥o.lər/ — "she speaks"
:''{{lang|snon|ha dtàlarr}}'' /ˈçæ ˈdo.ʎərʲ/ — "he speaks"
:''tat tàlarr'' /ˈtat ˈto.lər/ — "it/they (sg) speak(s)"
:''{{lang|snon|ic thàlarr}}'' /ˈɪc ˈθo.ʎərʲ/ — "we (emphatic) speak"
:''vit tòlu'' /vʲɪt tˠo.ɫɤ/ — "we speak"
:''it tòlud'' /ɪt tˠo.ɫɤd/ — "you (pl) speak"
:''tèrr tòl'' /ˈtʲer ˈtˠoɫ/ — "they (m/f) speaks"
:''tò thòl'' /ˈtˠo ˈθˠoɫ/ — "they (n) speak"


==Orthography==
==Orthography==
Line 371: Line 365:
| colspan=2 | plain
| colspan=2 | plain
| /b/
| /b/
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|baiag}}}}'' /ˈbɪɡ/
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|}}}}'' /ˈbɪɡ/
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | broad
| colspan=2 | broad
| /bˠ/
| /bˠ/
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|bòegh}}}}'' /ˈbˠoʝ/
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|bòegh}}}}'' /ˈbˠoj/
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| colspan=2 | slender
| /bʲ/
| /bʲ/
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|barr}}}}'' /ˈbʲærʲ/
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|barrg}}}}'' /ˈbʲærʲɟ/
|-  
|-  
| rowspan=4 | '''bh'''
| rowspan=5 | '''bh'''
| colspan=2 | before u/ù, a consonant, or finally
| rowspan=2 | before u/ù
| /./ or null
| intervocalically
| /./
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|}}}}'' //
|-
| elsewhere
| null
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|}}}}'' //
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|}}}}'' //
|-
|-
| rowspan=3 | usually
| rowspan=3 | otherwise
| plain
| plain
| /v/
| /v/
Line 392: Line 391:
|-
|-
| broad
| broad
| /vˠ/
| /vˠ~w/
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|}}}}'' //
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|}}}}'' //
|-
|-
Line 402: Line 401:
| colspan=2 | plain/broad
| colspan=2 | plain/broad
| /k/
| /k/
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|coeth}}}}'' /ˈkɔθʲ/
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|coeth}}}}'' /ˈkɔç/
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| colspan=2 | slender
| /c/
| /c/
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|ceth}}}}'' /ˈcɛθʲ/
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|ceth}}}}'' /ˈcɛç/
|-
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''ch'''
| rowspan=2 | '''ch'''
Line 424: Line 423:
| /kɾ/
| /kɾ/
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|cnà}}}}'' /ˈkɾo/
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|cnà}}}}'' /ˈkɾo/
|-
| '''chi'''
| colspan=2 | before a vowel
| /ç/
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|}}}}'' //
|-
|-
| colspan=3 | '''chn'''
| colspan=3 | '''chn'''
Line 432: Line 436:
| colspan=2 | plain
| colspan=2 | plain
| /d/
| /d/
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|dàegh}}}}'' /ˈdoʝ/
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|dàegh}}}}'' /ˈdoj/
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | broad
| colspan=2 | broad
Line 439: Line 443:
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| colspan=2 | slender
| /d͡ʒ/
| /dʲ/
| {{term|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| rowspan=4 | '''dh'''
| rowspan=6 | '''dh'''
| colspan=2 | intervocalic/pre-consonantal/finally
| colspan=2 | plain
| /./ or null
| /ð/
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|}}}}'' //
|-
| rowspan=2 | broad
| normally
| /ɣ/
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|}}}}'' //
|-
| intervocalically
| /./
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|}}}}'' //
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|}}}}'' //
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | plain
| rowspan=3 | slender
| /ð/
| normally
| {{term|}} //
| /ʝ~j/
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|}}}}'' //
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | broad
| intervocalically before /ə, ɪ, i/
| /ðˠ/
| /./
| {{term|}} //
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|}}}}'' //
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| elsewhere before /ə, ɪ, i/
| /ðʲ/
| null
| {{term|}} //
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|}}}}'' //
|-
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''g'''
| rowspan=2 | '''g'''
Line 745: Line 759:


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
===Pronouns===
{{snon-pronouns}}
===Nouns===
===Nouns===
Nouns have been reduced down to a basic singular/plural distinction, with the masc/fem distinction only maintained in the singular and when paired with the article ''{{lang|snon|{{term|hin}}}}''.
Nouns have been reduced down to a basic singular/plural distinction, with the masc/fem distinction only maintained when paired with the article ''{{lang|snon|{{term|hin}}}}''.


{{inflection-table-top|palette=blue|title=Noun declensions|tall=yes}}
The plural is always formed with -arr, while the singular has roughly two methods that apply to both genders, those being "e-ᶫ" and "-" (note that the "e-" represents slenderization of the preceding consonant).
! class=outer rowspan=2 |
! colspan=2 | masculine
| class=separator rowspan=4 |
! colspan=2 | feminine
|-
! singular
! plural
! singular
! plural
|-
! indefinite
| {{lang|snon|-ᶫ}}
| {{lang|snon|-arr}}
| {{lang|snon|-}}
| {{lang|snon|-arr}}
|-
! definite
| {{lang|snon|hin h-ᶫ}}
| {{lang|snon|hin h-arr}}
| {{lang|snon|hin -}}
| {{lang|snon|hin -arr}}
|-
{{inflection-table-bottom}}


''All'' nouns fit into one of these two patterns, regardless the forms in Old Norse. Below are several examples.
''All'' nouns fit into one of these two patterns, regardless the forms in Old Norse. Below are several examples.
{{inflection-table-top|palette=blue|title=Declension of ''{{lang|snon|{{term|ald}}}}'' (masculine)|tall=y}}
{{snon-decl|a|ld|g=m|l=y}}
! class=outer |
{{snon-decl|h|àt|àet|g=m|l=y}}
! singular
{{snon-decl|h|àmar|4=àmr|g=m|l=y}}
! plural
{{snon-decl|b|èdh|g=m|l=y}}
|-
{{snon-decl|b|ògh|òegh|g=m|l=y}}
! indefinite
{{snon-decl|m|àl|àel|g=m}}
| {{lang|snon|aldᶫ}}
{{snon-decl|p|ost|oest|g=m}}
| {{lang|snon|aldarr}}
{{snon-decl|a|rrv|l=y}}
|-
{{snon-decl|b|èt}}
! definite
| {{lang|snon|hin h-aldᶫ}}
| {{lang|snon|hin h-aldarr}}
|-
{{inflection-table-bottom}}
 
{{inflection-table-top|palette=blue|title=Declension of ''{{lang|snon|{{term|hàet}}}}'' (masculine)|tall=y}}
! class=outer |
! singular
! plural
|-
! indefinite
| {{lang|snon|hàetᶫ}}
| {{lang|snon|hàtarr}}
|-
! definite
| {{lang|snon|hin 'àetᶫ}}
| {{lang|snon|hin 'àtarr}}
|-
{{inflection-table-bottom}}
 
{{inflection-table-top|palette=blue|title=Declension of ''{{lang|snon|{{term|hàmar}}}}'' (masculine)|tall=y}}
! class=outer |
! singular
! plural
|-
! indefinite
| {{lang|snon|hàmarᶫ}}
| {{lang|snon|hàmararr}}
|-
! definite
| {{lang|snon|hin 'àmarᶫ}}
| {{lang|snon|hin 'àmararr}}
|-
{{inflection-table-bottom}}
 
{{inflection-table-top|palette=blue|title=Declension of ''{{lang|snon|{{term|bèdh}}}}'' (masculine)|tall=y}}
! class=outer |
! singular
! plural
|-
! indefinite
| {{lang|snon|bèdhᶫ}}
| {{lang|snon|bèdharr}}
|-
! definite
| {{lang|snon|hin bhèdhᶫ}}
| {{lang|snon|hin bhèdharr}}
|-
{{inflection-table-bottom}}
 
{{inflection-table-top|palette=blue|title=Declension of ''{{lang|snon|{{term|bòegh}}}}'' (masculine)|tall=y}}
! class=outer |
! singular
! plural
|-
! indefinite
| {{lang|snon|bòeghᶫ}}
| {{lang|snon|bògharr}}
|-
! definite
| {{lang|snon|hin bhòeghᶫ}}
| {{lang|snon|hin bhògharr}}
|-
{{inflection-table-bottom}}
 
{{inflection-table-top|palette=blue|title=Declension of ''{{lang|snon|{{term|màel}}}}'' (masculine)|tall=y}}
! class=outer |
! singular
! plural
|-
! indefinite
| {{lang|snon|màelᶫ}}
| {{lang|snon|màlarr}}
|-
! definite
| {{lang|snon|hin mhàelᶫ}}
| {{lang|snon|hin mhàlarr}}
|-
{{inflection-table-bottom}}
 
{{inflection-table-top|palette=blue|title=Declension of ''{{lang|snon|{{term|poest}}}}'' (masculine)|tall=y}}
! class=outer |
! singular
! plural
|-
! indefinite
| {{lang|snon|poestᶫ}}
| {{lang|snon|postarr}}
|-
! definite
| {{lang|snon|hin phoestᶫ}}
| {{lang|snon|hin phostarr}}
|-
{{inflection-table-bottom}}
 
 
 
{{inflection-table-top|palette=blue|title=Declension of ''{{lang|snon|{{term|arrv}}}}'' (feminine)|tall=y}}
! class=outer |
! singular
! plural
|-
! indefinite
| {{lang|snon|arrv}}
| {{lang|snon|arrvarr}}
|-
! definite
| {{lang|snon|hin arrv}}
| {{lang|snon|hin arrvarr}}
|-
{{inflection-table-bottom}}
 
{{inflection-table-top|palette=blue|title=Declension of ''{{lang|snon|{{term|bèt}}}}'' (feminine)|tall=y}}
! class=outer |
! singular
! plural
|-
! indefinite
| {{lang|snon|bèt}}
| {{lang|snon|bètarr}}
|-
! definite
| {{lang|snon|hin bèt}}
| {{lang|snon|hin bètarr}}
|-
{{inflection-table-bottom}}


===Adjectives===
===Adjectives===
Adjectives have essentially lost all declension, at most declining for gender, where the forms are identical, the only difference being that the masculine form triggers lenition. (see ''{{lang|snon|{{term|sèl}}}}'')
Both the comparative and superlative forms were lost by the time of Sudrey Norse, being replaced with the usage of {{lang|snon|{{term|mèr}}}} ("more") and {{lang|snon|{{term|mast}}}} ("most"), so rather than, say, Old Norse "beztr" (hypothetical Scots Norse **{{lang|snon|bast}}) for "better", it is instead {{lang|snon|mèr ghòedh}} (lit. "more good").


Both the comparative and superlative forms were lost by the time of Sudrey Norse, being replaced with the usage of {{lang|snon|{{term|mèr}}}} ("more") and {{lang|snon|{{term|mast}}}} ("most"), so rather than, say, Old Norse "beztr" (hypothetical Scots Norse **{{lang|snon|bast}}) for "better", it is instead {{lang|snon|mèr ghòedh}} (lit. "more good").
In modern Scots Norse, adjectives have at most three forms, 2 singulars and a plural. Only the singular changes for gender, where the distinction is through mutation, the masculine causing lenition while the feminine doesn't cause mutation.


{{snon-decl-adj|a|ld}}
===Numerals===
===Numerals===
{|class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable"
Line 955: Line 822:
|-
|-
|}
|}
{{lang|snon|èn}} is the only adjective-like word in all of Scots Norse that retains a distinct plural form, ''{{lang|snon|{{term|ènarr}}}}''


===Prepositions===
===Prepositions===
Line 963: Line 828:
A large amount of speakers simply don't use inflected prepositions.
A large amount of speakers simply don't use inflected prepositions.


{{snon-infl-prep|in|1l=inh|2l=ionh|1v=im}}
{{snon-infl-prep|i|3=io|n=y}}




{{snon-infl-prep|til|1l=tilh|2l=tiolh}}
{{snon-infl-prep|til|3=tiol}}


===Verbs===
===Verbs===
Line 973: Line 838:
The stative doesn't exist for every verb, but the forms are still displayed for convenience's sake.
The stative doesn't exist for every verb, but the forms are still displayed for convenience's sake.


The original mediopassive indicative only remains in a small set of verbs acting as a reciprocal, typically physical actions taken towards others, like {{lang|snon|{{term|}}}} ("to fight"), {{lang|snon|{{term|slà}}}} ("to hit"), {{lang|snon|{{term|}}}} ("to embrace"), as well as a few abstract verbs, such as {{lang|snon|{{term|}}}} ("to love"). Otherwise it's been replaced by {{lang|snon|{{term|hìnu n-onaru}}}}
The original mediopassive indicative only remains in a small set of verbs acting as a reciprocal, typically physical actions taken towards others, like {{lang|snon|{{term|}}}} ("to fight"), {{lang|snon|{{term|slà}}}} ("to hit"), {{lang|snon|{{term|}}}} ("to embrace"), as well as a few abstract verbs, such as {{lang|snon|{{term|}}}} ("to love"). Otherwise it's been replaced by {{lang|snon|{{term|hinnar}}}}


Verbs have reduced to such a limited number of forms that analogy and sound changes have leveled them all down to essentially one pattern (excluding a few irregular verbs), which seemingly descends from Old Norse's weak class 2 pattern.
Verbs have reduced to such a limited number of forms that analogy and sound changes have leveled them all down to essentially one pattern (excluding a few irregular verbs), which seemingly descends from Old Norse's weak class 2 pattern.


{{snon-conj|tàl||tàel|1l=thàl}}
{{snon-conj|t|àl|àel}}
 


{{snon-conj|m|èl}}


{{snon-conj|mèl|1l=mhèl|st=n}}
{{lang|snon|mèl}} was originally a class 1 verb.


{{snon-conj|à|gh|egh}}


====Suppletive verbs====
====Suppletive verbs====

Latest revision as of 17:07, 24 April 2026


Scots Norse
Sudhraèsc
Pronunciation[sˠɤðˠ.ˈreʃc]
Created byMelinoë
DateApril 3rd, 2026
Native toSuðreyjar
EthnicityNorse Scots
Native speakers(L1) 2,000 (2019)
(L2) < 50,000
Early forms
Dialects
  • Inner South
  • Inner Central
  • Inner North
  • Outer South
  • Outer North
Official status
Official language in
Scotland
Scots Norse is classified as critically endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Scots Norse (Also Sodor Norse; endonym: Sudhraèsc; /sˠɤðˠ.ˈreʃc/) is a West Nordic language, thus closer to Icelandic and Faroese than Swedish or Danish. It is natively spoken throughout Suðreyjar, being the dominant language of the isles. It has recieved heavy influence from Gàidhlig over the last several centuries, contributing heavily to the spelling conventions of the language, and likely being the primary pushing force behind the development of the broad/slender distinction in Scots Norse.

Scots Norse is typically split into two main dialect groups, Inner and Outer, corresponding to the Inner and Outer Hebrides, these are further divided into North and South for both, with a Central division for Inner. These dialects are almost entirely mutually intelligible within their groups, and mostly so even between the groups. Uniting all of these is the standardized form, Hàrsudhraèsc, literally meaning "High Scots Norse". ("high" as in "exalted")

Scots Norse is hard to classify type-wise, as it shows signs of creolization, but not to the extent where it could typically be classed as a creole, this leads to the branching from Insular West Norse into so-called "Gaelo-Nordic", characterized by the partial creolization of Old West Norse with Middle Irish and Scots Gaelic. Regardless how it is classed, Scots Norse is with no doubt some kind of mixed language.

History

Pre-Modern

Scots Norse originates in the mid to late 13th century, around the time Suðreyjar was handed over to Scotland with the Treaty of Perth. Though the language would continue to be largely unchanged from the Old Norse of the 12th century, 1266AD is often used as a dividing date between Old Norse and the earliest forms of Scots Norse. While 1266 is a relatively arbitrary date, it serves its purpose as a convenient divide between two stages, as following the Treaty of Perth, the Hebrides would gain a much larger population of Gaelic and English speakers (At this point still Middle Irish and Middle English), and from roughly 1450AD onward, Scots Norse would be increasingly influenced by Scots Gaelic and, to a lesser extent, Scots.

Having been spoken throughout Suðreyjar, Scots Norse had a dialect within the Isle of Man (Scots Norse Monaègharr). Little is known about Manx Norse (Monaèsc), as it is very poorly recorded, the most extensive description being a short document from around 1500AD that contains a list of about 150 words (see the Noreine speche fra Man), with a very poor description of the pronunciations. Though from this description we can gather that Manx Norse still had the dental fricatives that had been lost in other dialects (merging with t/d), we get this from the description "... these [th and dh] are like that of the Saxons' beloved þ."

Following the treaty of Perth, the usage of Norse began declining significantly, with evidence it was nearly extinct by 1550. A small revitalization occured in the mid 18th century when several of the last native speakers (at the time, Scots Norse had no more than 150 remaining speakers) gathered together to document the language so it could be taught to children. This effort was mostly effective, leading to the first noticeable rise in speaker count since it began declining. By the 1880's, there would be upwards of 1,500 native speakers, a majority of them young.

Modern

Modern Scots Norse is typically classed as critically endangered due to how few speakers it has, having no more than 2,500 native speakers as of 2020, and virtually all of them live in the Hebrides, making it extremely limited.

Since the early 1990's, Scots Norse has gained a small but dedicated community of linguists that are determined to further document it and make resources more readily available. As of 2018, an online course has been published that goes over Standard Scots Norse, and it has been continually updated since then, improving the quality and extent of the contents, having started out as a rather barebones description of the phonology, orthography, and rudimentary grammar.

Phonology

labial dental alveolar velar
plain broad slender plain broad slender plain broad slender plain broad slender
Nasal m mˠ mʲ n nˠ ɲ
Stop Unvoiced p pˠ pʲ t tˠ tʲ k c
Voiced b bˠ bʲ d dˠ dʲ g ɟ
Fricative Unvoiced f fˠ fʲ θ θˠ θʲ s sˠ ʃ h¹ x ç
Voiced v vˠ vʲ ð ðˠ ðʲ z zˠ ʒ ɣ ʝ
Approximant r, l rˠ, lˠ rʲ, ʎ j
  1. /h/ merges with /x/ outside of Standard Scots Norse.
Front Back
Unround Round
High i u
Near-High ɪ ɤ~ʊ
Mid e (ə) o
Low æ~ɛ ɔ~ɒ
  1. /ə/ is the unstressed realization of /æ, ɔ/. (differing by slender vs broad)
  2. /æ/ is often /ɛ/ before nasals, but rarely so anywhere else.

Long vowels have long been lost, though their effects remain prominently, influencing the languages stress patterns heavily.

Every vowel can appear nasalized, though nasalization only occurs in specific positions, and is always shown with a single N. (though not all single Ns are nasalization)

  • Word finally
  • Before a fricative (Though "nh" is /n̥/)
  • In some irregular positions when loaned from another language.

Dialects

Uist Norse

labial dental alveolar velar
broad slender broad slender broad slender broad slender
Nasal m mʲ n ɲ
Stop Unvoiced p pʲ t tʲ k c
Voiced b bʲ d dʲ g ɟ
Fricative Unvoiced f fʲ θ θʲ s ʃ x ç
Voiced v vʲ ð ðʲ z ʒ ɣ ʝ
Approximant r, ɫ rʲ, ʎ j
Front Back
Unround Round
High i u
Mid e o
Low ɛ (ɐ) ɔ~ɒ
  1. /ə/ is the unstressed realization of /ɛ, ɔ/. (differing by slender vs broad)

Nasal vowels in Uist Norse are typically realized slightly centralized and longer, often without the nasalization.

Front Back
Unround Round
High ɪ̈ˑ ʊ̈ˑ
Mid ɘˑ ɵˑ
Low ɜˑ (əˑ) ɞˑ

Prosody

The rules for stress are very slightly more complex than they were in Old Norse, but not by much.

Stress always goes on the left-most syllable possible. When there are vowels with a grave, stress goes to the first one, skipping over all vowels without one. (so sudhraèir is stressed on "aèi")

Mutation

Since Old Norse, initial consonant mutation has developed. Scots Norse has three forms:

radical (basic)
lenition
eclipsis

these can be shown quite well through pronoun + verb, as a pronoun exists that causes both, the word order for these will be slightly odd.

The following gives an example using "mik" ("I, me"), "ha" ("he"), and "ic" ("we, us", emphatic):

mic tàlarr /ˈmʲɪc ˈto.ʎərʲ/ — "I speak"
ha dtàlarr /ˈçæ ˈdo.ʎərʲ/ — "he speaks"
ic thàlarr /ˈɪc ˈθo.ʎərʲ/ — "we (emphatic) speak"

Orthography

(updated up to "dh")

Morphology

Pronouns

Scots Norse personal pronouns
simple emphatic
singular plural singular plural
1st mic vit mèrr oecᶫ
2nd tic tit tèrr icᶫ
3rd masc haᶰ tèrr hanuᶰ tèᶰ
fem hoᶰ henᶫ, honuᶰ
reflexive sic, -sc sèrr, -sc

Nouns

Nouns have been reduced down to a basic singular/plural distinction, with the masc/fem distinction only maintained when paired with the article hin.

The plural is always formed with -arr, while the singular has roughly two methods that apply to both genders, those being "e-ᶫ" and "-" (note that the "e-" represents slenderization of the preceding consonant).

All nouns fit into one of these two patterns, regardless the forms in Old Norse. Below are several examples.

Declension of ald (masculine)
singular plural
indefinite aldᶫ aldarr
definite hin gh'aldᶫ hin gh'aldarr
Declension of hàet (masculine)
singular plural
indefinite hàetᶫ hàtarr
definite hin ghàetᶫ hin ghàtarr
Declension of hàmar (masculine)
singular plural
indefinite hàmarᶫ hàmrarr
definite hin ghàmarᶫ hin ghàmrarr
Declension of bèdh (masculine)
singular plural
indefinite bèdhᶫ bèdharr
definite hin bhèdhᶫ hin bhèdharr
Declension of bòegh (masculine)
singular plural
indefinite bòeghᶫ bògharr
definite hin bhòeghᶫ hin bhògharr
Declension of màel (masculine)
singular plural
indefinite màel màlarr
definite hin mhàel hin mhàlarr
Declension of poest (masculine)
singular plural
indefinite poest postarr
definite hin phoest hin phostarr
Declension of arrv (feminine)
singular plural
indefinite arrvᶫ arrvarr
definite hin arrvᶫ hin arrvarr
Declension of bèt (feminine)
singular plural
indefinite bèt bètarr
definite hin bèt hin bètarr


Adjectives

Both the comparative and superlative forms were lost by the time of Sudrey Norse, being replaced with the usage of mèr ("more") and mast ("most"), so rather than, say, Old Norse "beztr" (hypothetical Scots Norse **bast) for "better", it is instead mèr ghòedh (lit. "more good").

In modern Scots Norse, adjectives have at most three forms, 2 singulars and a plural. Only the singular changes for gender, where the distinction is through mutation, the masculine causing lenition while the feminine doesn't cause mutation.

Declension of ald
masculine feminine plural
gh'aldᶫ ald aldarr

ᶫ: Triggers lenition

Numerals

1 èn
2 tfèrr
3 trìrr
4 fiòrarr
5 fi
6 sac
7 siò
8 àet
9 naì
10 taì
11 aliov
12 tòlv

Prepositions

Scots Norse has a very, very simple system of inflected prepositions, only inflecting for person and number.

A large amount of speakers simply don't use inflected prepositions.

Inflection of i
1st 2nd 3rd
singular ig idac inhᶰ
plural iogh igh idà

ᶫ: causes aspirate
ᶰ: causes nasal


Inflection of til
1st 2nd 3rd
singular tilg tiltac tilhᶰ
plural tiolch tilch tiltà

ᶫ: causes aspirate
ᶰ: causes nasal


Verbs

Many significant changes have happened to the verb system since Old Norse, notably both the mood and voice distinctions have been lost. The active indicative has descended into the present and past tense, while the active subjunctive was lost entirely. The oppositive happened in the mediopassive, with the subjunctive becoming the future and stative, while the indicative was lost.

The stative doesn't exist for every verb, but the forms are still displayed for convenience's sake.

The original mediopassive indicative only remains in a small set of verbs acting as a reciprocal, typically physical actions taken towards others, like [Term?] ("to fight"), slà ("to hit"), [Term?] ("to embrace"), as well as a few abstract verbs, such as [Term?] ("to love"). Otherwise it's been replaced by hinnar

Verbs have reduced to such a limited number of forms that analogy and sound changes have leveled them all down to essentially one pattern (excluding a few irregular verbs), which seemingly descends from Old Norse's weak class 2 pattern.

Conjugation of tàel (regular)
present past future stative
infinitive tàel — — —
participle tàlann tàladh — —
finites tàlarr tàladharr tàlist tàladhst
Combined forms of tàel (regular)
singular plural impersonal
1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd
pos. pres. tàlarr mic tàlarr tic tàlarr ha tàlarr vit tàlarr tit tàlarr tèrr tàlarrt
past tàladharr mic tàladharr tic tàladharr ha tàladharr vit tàladharr tit tàladharr tèrr tàladharrt
fut. tàlist mic tàlist tic tàlist ha tàlist vit tàlist tit tàlist tèrr tàlista
stat. tàladhst mic tàladhst tic tàladhst ha tàladhst vit tàladhst tit tàladhst tèrr tàladhsta
neg. pres. è thàlarr mic è thàlarr tic è thàlarr ha è thàlarr vit è thàlarr tit è thàlarr tèrr è thàlarrt
past è thàladharr mic è thàladharr tic è thàladharr ha è thàladharr vit è thàladharr tit è thàladharr tèrr è thàladharrt
fut. è thàlist mic è thàlist tic è thàlist ha è thàlist vit è thàlist tit è thàlist tèrr è thàlista
stat. è thàladhst mic è thàladhst tic è thàladhst ha è thàladhst vit è thàladhst tit è thàladhst tèrr è thàladhsta
continuative arr tàlann u mic arr tàlann u dtic arr tàlann u nha arr tàlann u bvit arr tàlann u dtit arr tàlann u dtèrr arr tàlannt gh'u
perf. pres. arr tàladh u mic arr tàladh u dtic arr tàladh u nha arr tàladh u bvit arr tàladh u dtit arr tàladh u dtèrr arr tàladht gh'u
past varr tàladh u mic varr tàladh u dtic varr tàladh u nha varr tàladh u bvit varr tàladh u dtit varr tàladh u dtèrr varr tàladht gh'u
fut. vèrist tàladh u mic vèrist tàladh u dtic vèrist tàladh u nha vèrist tàladh u bvit vèrist tàladh u dtit vèrist tàladh u dtèrr vèrist tàladha gh'u
stat. vèradhst tàladh u mic vèradhst tàladh u dtic vèradhst tàladh u nha vèradhst tàladh u bvit vèradhst tàladh u dtit vèradhst tàladh u dtèrr vèradhst tàladha gh'u
neg. perf. pres. arr è thàladh u mic arr è thàladh u dtic arr è thàladh u nha arr è thàladh u bvit arr è thàladh u dtit arr è thàladh u dtèrr arr è thàladht gh'u
past varr è thàladh u mic varr è thàladh u dtic varr è thàladh u nha varr è thàladh u bvit varr è thàladh u dtit varr è thàladh u dtèrr varr è thàladht gh'u
fut. vèrist è thàladh u mic vèrist è thàladh u dtic vèrist è thàladh u nha vèrist è thàladh u bvit vèrist è thàladh u dtit vèrist è thàladh u dtèrr vèrist è thàladha gh'u
stat. vèradhst è thàladh u mic vèradhst è thàladh u dtic vèradhst è thàladh u nha vèradhst è thàladh u bvit vèradhst è thàladh u dtit vèradhst è thàladh u dtèrr vèradhst è thàladha gh'u


Conjugation of mèl (regular)
present past future stative
infinitive mèl — — —
participle mèlann mèladh — —
finites mèlarr mèladharr mèlist mèladhst
Combined forms of mèl (regular)
singular plural impersonal
1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd
pos. pres. mèlarr mic mèlarr tic mèlarr ha mèlarr vit mèlarr tit mèlarr tèrr mèlarrt
past mèladharr mic mèladharr tic mèladharr ha mèladharr vit mèladharr tit mèladharr tèrr mèladharrt
fut. mèlist mic mèlist tic mèlist ha mèlist vit mèlist tit mèlist tèrr mèlista
stat. mèladhst mic mèladhst tic mèladhst ha mèladhst vit mèladhst tit mèladhst tèrr mèladhsta
neg. pres. è mhèlarr mic è mhèlarr tic è mhèlarr ha è mhèlarr vit è mhèlarr tit è mhèlarr tèrr è mhèlarrt
past è mhèladharr mic è mhèladharr tic è mhèladharr ha è mhèladharr vit è mhèladharr tit è mhèladharr tèrr è mhèladharrt
fut. è mhèlist mic è mhèlist tic è mhèlist ha è mhèlist vit è mhèlist tit è mhèlist tèrr è mhèlista
stat. è mhèladhst mic è mhèladhst tic è mhèladhst ha è mhèladhst vit è mhèladhst tit è mhèladhst tèrr è mhèladhsta
continuative arr mèlann u mic arr mèlann u dtic arr mèlann u nha arr mèlann u bvit arr mèlann u dtit arr mèlann u dtèrr arr mèlannt gh'u
perf. pres. arr mèladh u mic arr mèladh u dtic arr mèladh u nha arr mèladh u bvit arr mèladh u dtit arr mèladh u dtèrr arr mèladht gh'u
past varr mèladh u mic varr mèladh u dtic varr mèladh u nha varr mèladh u bvit varr mèladh u dtit varr mèladh u dtèrr varr mèladht gh'u
fut. vèrist mèladh u mic vèrist mèladh u dtic vèrist mèladh u nha vèrist mèladh u bvit vèrist mèladh u dtit vèrist mèladh u dtèrr vèrist mèladha gh'u
stat. vèradhst mèladh u mic vèradhst mèladh u dtic vèradhst mèladh u nha vèradhst mèladh u bvit vèradhst mèladh u dtit vèradhst mèladh u dtèrr vèradhst mèladha gh'u
neg. perf. pres. arr è mhèladh u mic arr è mhèladh u dtic arr è mhèladh u nha arr è mhèladh u bvit arr è mhèladh u dtit arr è mhèladh u dtèrr arr è mhèladht gh'u
past varr è mhèladh u mic varr è mhèladh u dtic varr è mhèladh u nha varr è mhèladh u bvit varr è mhèladh u dtit varr è mhèladh u dtèrr varr è mhèladht gh'u
fut. vèrist è mhèladh u mic vèrist è mhèladh u dtic vèrist è mhèladh u nha vèrist è mhèladh u bvit vèrist è mhèladh u dtit vèrist è mhèladh u dtèrr vèrist è mhèladha gh'u
stat. vèradhst è mhèladh u mic vèradhst è mhèladh u dtic vèradhst è mhèladh u nha vèradhst è mhèladh u bvit vèradhst è mhèladh u dtit vèradhst è mhèladh u dtèrr vèradhst è mhèladha gh'u


Conjugation of àegh (regular)
present past future stative
infinitive àegh — — —
participle àghann àghadh — —
finites àgharr àghadharr àghist àghadhst
Combined forms of àegh (regular)
singular plural impersonal
1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd
pos. pres. àgharr mic àgharr tic àgharr ha àgharr vit àgharr tit àgharr tèrr àgharrt
past àghadharr mic àghadharr tic àghadharr ha àghadharr vit àghadharr tit àghadharr tèrr àghadharrt
fut. àghist mic àghist tic àghist ha àghist vit àghist tit àghist tèrr àghista
stat. àghadhst mic àghadhst tic àghadhst ha àghadhst vit àghadhst tit àghadhst tèrr àghadhsta
neg. pres. è gh'àgharr mic è gh'àgharr tic è gh'àgharr ha è gh'àgharr vit è gh'àgharr tit è gh'àgharr tèrr è gh'àgharrt
past è gh'àghadharr mic è gh'àghadharr tic è gh'àghadharr ha è gh'àghadharr vit è gh'àghadharr tit è gh'àghadharr tèrr è gh'àghadharrt
fut. è gh'àghist mic è gh'àghist tic è gh'àghist ha è gh'àghist vit è gh'àghist tit è gh'àghist tèrr è gh'àghista
stat. è gh'àghadhst mic è gh'àghadhst tic è gh'àghadhst ha è gh'àghadhst vit è gh'àghadhst tit è gh'àghadhst tèrr è gh'àghadhsta
continuative arr àghann u mic arr àghann u dtic arr àghann u nha arr àghann u bvit arr àghann u dtit arr àghann u dtèrr arr àghannt gh'u
perf. pres. arr àghadh u mic arr àghadh u dtic arr àghadh u nha arr àghadh u bvit arr àghadh u dtit arr àghadh u dtèrr arr àghadht gh'u
past varr àghadh u mic varr àghadh u dtic varr àghadh u nha varr àghadh u bvit varr àghadh u dtit varr àghadh u dtèrr varr àghadht gh'u
fut. vèrist àghadh u mic vèrist àghadh u dtic vèrist àghadh u nha vèrist àghadh u bvit vèrist àghadh u dtit vèrist àghadh u dtèrr vèrist àghadha gh'u
stat. vèradhst àghadh u mic vèradhst àghadh u dtic vèradhst àghadh u nha vèradhst àghadh u bvit vèradhst àghadh u dtit vèradhst àghadh u dtèrr vèradhst àghadha gh'u
neg. perf. pres. arr è gh'àghadh u mic arr è gh'àghadh u dtic arr è gh'àghadh u nha arr è gh'àghadh u bvit arr è gh'àghadh u dtit arr è gh'àghadh u dtèrr arr è gh'àghadht gh'u
past varr è gh'àghadh u mic varr è gh'àghadh u dtic varr è gh'àghadh u nha varr è gh'àghadh u bvit varr è gh'àghadh u dtit varr è gh'àghadh u dtèrr varr è gh'àghadht gh'u
fut. vèrist è gh'àghadh u mic vèrist è gh'àghadh u dtic vèrist è gh'àghadh u nha vèrist è gh'àghadh u bvit vèrist è gh'àghadh u dtit vèrist è gh'àghadh u dtèrr vèrist è gh'àghadha gh'u
stat. vèradhst è gh'àghadh u mic vèradhst è gh'àghadh u dtic vèradhst è gh'àghadh u nha vèradhst è gh'àghadh u bvit vèradhst è gh'àghadh u dtit vèradhst è gh'àghadh u dtèrr vèradhst è gh'àghadha gh'u

Suppletive verbs

There is only one known suppletive verb in Scots Norse, that being the copula vèr, and even it has been leveled by many speakers.

Conjugation of vèr (suppletive)
present past future stative
infinitive vèr — — —
participle vèrann vèradh — —
finites arr varr vèrist vèradhst
Combined forms of vèr (suppletive)
singular plural impersonal
1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd
pos. pres. arr mic arr tic arr ha arr vit arr tit arr tèrr arrt
past varr mic varr tic varr ha varr vit varr tit varr tèrr varrt
fut. vèrist mic vèrist tic vèrist ha vèrist vit vèrist tit vèrist tèrr vèrista
stat. vèradhst mic vèradhst tic vèradhst ha vèradhst vit vèradhst tit vèradhst tèrr vèradhsta
neg. pres. è gh'arr mic è gh'arr tic è gh'arr ha è gh'arr vit è gh'arr tit è gh'arr tèrr è gh'arrt
past è vharr mic è vharr tic è vharr ha è vharr vit è vharr tit è vharr tèrr è vharrt
fut. è vhèrist mic è vhèrist tic è vhèrist ha è vhèrist vit è vhèrist tit è vhèrist tèrr è vhèrista
stat. è vhèradhst mic è vhèradhst tic è vhèradhst ha è vhèradhst vit è vhèradhst tit è vhèradhst tèrr è vhèradhsta
continuative arr vèrann u mic arr vèrann u dtic arr vèrann u nha arr vèrann u bvit arr vèrann u dtit arr vèrann u dtèrr arr vèrannt gh'u
perf. pres. arr vèradh u mic arr vèradh u dtic arr vèradh u nha arr vèradh u bvit arr vèradh u dtit arr vèradh u dtèrr arr vèradht gh'u
past varr vèradh u mic varr vèradh u dtic varr vèradh u nha varr vèradh u bvit varr vèradh u dtit varr vèradh u dtèrr varr vèradht gh'u
fut. vèrist vèradh u mic vèrist vèradh u dtic vèrist vèradh u nha vèrist vèradh u bvit vèrist vèradh u dtit vèrist vèradh u dtèrr vèrist vèradha gh'u
stat. vèradhst vèradh u mic vèradhst vèradh u dtic vèradhst vèradh u nha vèradhst vèradh u bvit vèradhst vèradh u dtit vèradhst vèradh u dtèrr vèradhst vèradha gh'u
neg. perf. pres. arr è vhèradh u mic arr è vhèradh u dtic arr è vhèradh u nha arr è vhèradh u bvit arr è vhèradh u dtit arr è vhèradh u dtèrr arr è vhèradht gh'u
past varr è vhèradh u mic varr è vhèradh u dtic varr è vhèradh u nha varr è vhèradh u bvit varr è vhèradh u dtit varr è vhèradh u dtèrr varr è vhèradht gh'u
fut. vèrist è vhèradh u mic vèrist è vhèradh u dtic vèrist è vhèradh u nha vèrist è vhèradh u bvit vèrist è vhèradh u dtit vèrist è vhèradh u dtèrr vèrist è vhèradha gh'u
stat. vèradhst è vhèradh u mic vèradhst è vhèradh u dtic vèradhst è vhèradh u nha vèradhst è vhèradh u bvit vèradhst è vhèradh u dtit vèradhst è vhèradh u dtèrr vèradhst è vhèradha gh'u

"arr" and "varr" are the more prevalent forms, but the regularized forms "vèrarr" and "vèradharr" are also rather common.

Syntax

Texts

UDHR Article 1

Original (English)

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Old Norse (modern translation)

Allir menn eru bornir frjálsir ok jafnir at virðingu ok réttum. Þeir eru allir viti gœddir ok samvizku, ok skulu gøra hvárr til annars bróðurliga.

Scots Norse

arr manarr al bhori mhriàl h-o hiavn, vèrann vhirrdhing o rhèt h-atharr. vèrann gaèdhadh h-o shanvisc h-atharr, o shcùl ghèor hanna thil bròdhligh.
arr manarr al bhori mhriàl h-o hiavn, vèrann vhirrdhing o rhèt h-atharr. vèrann gaèdhadh h-o shanvisc h-atharr, o shcùl ghèor hanna thil bròdhligh.

English translation
lit: "all men are born free and equal, being dignity and rights at them. being reason and conscience at them, and should act to brotherhood at each other"
"all men are born free and equal, having dignity and rights. they have reason and conscience, and should act to eachother as a brotherhood"

Deor

Old English

Welund him be wurman
wræces cunnade,
anhydig eorl
earfoþa dreag,
hæfde him to gesiþþe
sorge and longaþ,
wintercealde wræce,
wean oft onfond
siþþan hine Niðhad on
nede legde,
swoncre seonobende
on syllan monn.
Þæs ofereode,
þisses swa mæg.

Scots Norse

Vòluenn shi, thur ròvnirr
cvàlarr cenn,
ànar iall
arrvidh thoeld,
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
ta h-oevgangtirr,
tash thil mègh.

(lines with "-" are yet to be translated)

Lexical comparison

Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Scots_Norse&oldid=498044"