Linguifex

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{{construction}}
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|image            = Oltic coat of arms.jpg
|image            = Oltic coat of arms.jpg
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'''Oltic''' /ˈoʊltɪk/ (<small>Oltic:&nbsp;</small><span class="nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">Λῦτικη, Литике [[IPA for Oltic|[ɫîtike]]]</span>) is a Celtic language spoken by the intersection of the rivers Olt and Danube.
'''Oltic''' /ˈoʊltɪk/ (<small>Oltic:&nbsp;</small><span class="nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">Λῦτικη, Литике [[IPA for Oltic|[ɫîtike]]]</span>) is a Celtic language spoken by the intersection of the rivers Olt and Danube.
Linguifex documentation of Old and Middle Oltic are c. 400 BC and 400 AD respectively.


==Etymology==
==Etymology==
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Phonemic values given above are for Modern Oltic.
Phonemic values given above are for Modern Oltic.
*In Middle Oltic...
**⟨σσ⟩ is /t͡s/.
**⟨ι⟩ is /j/ when not vocalic or marking a palatal consonant, as opposed to ⟨γι⟩ /ʝ/.
*In Old Oltic...
*In Old Oltic...
**⟨ει ηι⟩ are /ɛi/.
**⟨ωυ⟩ is not used; ⟨ου⟩ is both of /u(ː) ɔu/.
**⟨ωυ⟩ is not used; ⟨ου⟩ is both of /u(ː) ɔu/.
**⟨φ θ⟩ are /pʰ tʰ/; ⟨χ⟩ is both of /kʰ x/.
**⟨φ θ⟩ are /pʰ tʰ/; ⟨χ⟩ is both of /kʰ x/.
**An additional letter ⟨Ͳ ͳ⟩ is /sː/.
**An additional letter ⟨Ͳ ͳ⟩ is /sː/.
*In Middle Oltic...
**⟨θ σσ⟩ are /θ t͡s/.
**⟨ι⟩ is /j/ when not vocalic or marking a palatal consonant, as opposed to ⟨γι⟩ /ʝ/.
*Old and Middle Oltic lack diacritics other than diaereses.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
{| style="background: none"
|-
| valign="top" |
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Old Oltic Consonants
|-
! !! colspan="3" | [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]] !! colspan="3" | [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] !! colspan="3" | [[w:Dorsal consonant|Dorsal]]
|-
! [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| colspan="3" | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]] || colspan="3" | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]] || colspan="3" | ([[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]])
|-
! [[w:Stop consonant|Stop]]
| [[w:Aspiration|pʰ]] || [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] || [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]] || [[w:Aspiration|tʰ]] || [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] || [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]] || [[w:Aspiration|kʰ]] || [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] || [[w:Voiced velar stop|g]]
|-
! [[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| colspan="3" | || sː || [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]] || [[w:Voiced alveolar fricative|z]] || colspan="2" | [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|x]] || [[w:Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]]
|-
! [[w:Approximant|Approximant]]
| colspan="3" | [[w:Voiced labiovelar approximant|w]] || colspan="3" | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]] || colspan="3" | [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]
|-
! [[w:Trill|Trill]]
| colspan="3" | || colspan="3" | [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]]
|}
| valign="top" |
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Middle Oltic Consonants
|-
! !! colspan="2" | [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]] !! colspan="2" | [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] !! colspan="2" | [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]] !! colspan="2" | [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
! [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| colspan="2" | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]] || colspan="2" | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]] || colspan="2" | [[w:Voiced palatal nasal|ɲ]] || colspan="2" | ([[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]])
|-
! [[w:Stop consonant|Stop]]
| [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] || ([[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]]) || [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] [[w:Voiceless alveolar affricate|t͡s]] || ([[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]]) || [[w:Voiceless palatal stop|c]] || ([[w:Voiced palatal stop|ɟ]] ɟʷ) || [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] || ([[w:Voiced velar stop|g]] gʷ)
|-
! [[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| [[w:Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]] || [[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|v]] || [[w:Voiceless dental fricative|θ]] [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]] || [[w:Voiced dental fricative|ð]] [[w:Voiced alveolar fricative|z]] || [[w:Voiceless palatal fricative|ç]] || [[w:Voiced palatal fricative|ʝ]] ʝʷ || [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|x]] || [[w:Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]] ɣʷ
|-
! [[w:Approximant|Approximant]]
| colspan="2" | || colspan="2" | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]] || colspan="2" | [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]] [[w:Voiced palatal lateral approximant|ʎ]]
|-
! [[w:Trill|Trill]]
| colspan="2" | || colspan="2" | [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]]
|}
| valign="top" |
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Modern Oltic Consonants
|+ Modern Oltic Consonants
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|-
|-
! [[w:Stop consonant|Stop]]
! [[w:Stop consonant|Stop]]
| [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] || [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|ᵐb]] || [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] || [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|ⁿd]] || [[w:Voiceless alveopalatal affricate|t͡ɕ]] || [[w:Voiced alveopalatal affricate|ⁿd͡ʑ]] ⁿd͡ʑʷ || [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] || [[w:Voiceg velar stop|ᵑg]] ᵑgʷ
| [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] || [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|ᵐb]] || [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] || [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|ⁿd]] || [[w:Voiceless alveopalatal affricate|t͡ɕ]] || [[w:Voiced alveopalatal affricate|ⁿd͡ʑ]] ⁿd͡ʑʷ || [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] || [[w:Voiced velar stop|ᵑg]] ᵑgʷ
|-
|-
! [[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! [[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
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! [[w:Trill|Trill]]
! [[w:Trill|Trill]]
| colspan="2" | || colspan="2" | [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]]
| colspan="2" | || colspan="2" | [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]]
|}
|}
|}


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*/s,z/ before alveopalatal consonants are variably realized as [ɕ,ʑ].
*/s,z/ before alveopalatal consonants are variably realized as [ɕ,ʑ].
**/sj,zj/ are variably realized as [sj,zj], [ɕj,ʑj], or [ɕ,ʑ].
**/sj,zj/ are variably realized as [sj,zj], [ɕj,ʑj], or [ɕ,ʑ].
*In Old and Middle Oltic /n/ assimilates in place to following consonants.
*In Middle Oltic voiceless stops and voiced fricatives become voiced stops after nasals.


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
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|-
|-
! [[w:Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
! [[w:Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
| [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]] || [[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]
| [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]] || || [[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]
|-
|-
! [[w:Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
! [[w:Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
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|-
|-
! [[w:Open vowel|Low]]
! [[w:Open vowel|Low]]
| colspan=2 | [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a]]
| colspan=3 | [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a]]
|}
|}
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |
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|-
|-
! [[w:Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
! [[w:Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
| [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]] || || [[w:Close-mid front rounded vowel|ø]] || [[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]
| [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]] || [[w:Close-mid front rounded vowel|ø]] || [[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]
|-
|-
! [[w:Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
! [[w:Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
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*/i,u/ may be devoiced or elided after voiceless consonants.
*/i,u/ may be devoiced or elided after voiceless consonants.
*/ɛ/ merges into /e/ after velar consonants.
*/ɛ/ merges into /e/ after velar consonants.
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Old Oltic Diphthongs
|-
! [[w:Front vowel|Front]] !! [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
| yi
|-
| ɛi eu || ɔu
|-
| || au
|}


===Pitch accent===
===Pitch accent===
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! High !! Falling !! Rising
! High !! Falling !! Rising
|-
|-
| ˥ || ˥˩ || ˩˥
| á || â || ǎ
|}
|}


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{| style="background: none"
{| style="background: none"
|+ '''Old Oltic noun declensions'''
| valign="top" |
{| class="IPA wikitable"
! colspan="4"| masculine/feminine<br>o-stem
|-
! !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|DU}} !! {{gcl|PL}}
|-
! {{gcl|NOM}}
| -ος || rowspan="3"| -ου || rowspan="2"| -οι
|-
! {{gcl|VOC}}
| -ε
|-
! {{gcl|ACC}}
| -ον || -ους
|-
! {{gcl|GEN}}
| -ι || -ους || -ον
|-
! {{gcl|DAT}}
| -υι || -οβον || -οβος
|}
| valign="top" |
{| class="IPA wikitable"
! colspan="4"| neuter<br>o-stem
|-
! !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|DU}} !! {{gcl|PL}}
|-
! {{gcl|NOM}}
| rowspan="3"| -ον || rowspan="3"| -ου || rowspan="3"| -η
|-
! {{gcl|VOC}}
|-
! {{gcl|ACC}}
|-
! {{gcl|GEN}}
| -ι || -ους || -ον
|-
! {{gcl|DAT}}
| -υι || -οβον || -οβος
|}
| valign="top" |
{| class="IPA wikitable"
! colspan="4"| masculine/feminine<br>ē-stem
|-
! !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|DU}} !! {{gcl|PL}}
|-
! {{gcl|NOM}}
| rowspan="2"| -η || rowspan="3"| -αι || rowspan="3"| -ης
|-
! {{gcl|VOC}}
|-
! {{gcl|ACC}}
| -ην
|-
! {{gcl|GEN}}
| -ης || -ους || -ον
|-
! {{gcl|DAT}}
| -ηι || -ηβον || -ηβος
|}
| valign="top" |
{| class="IPA wikitable"
! colspan="4"| neuter<br>ē-stem
|-
! !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|DU}} !! {{gcl|PL}}
|-
! {{gcl|NOM}}
| -ης || rowspan="3"| -αι || rowspan="3"| -ης
|-
! {{gcl|VOC}}
| -η
|-
! {{gcl|ACC}}
| -ην
|-
! {{gcl|GEN}}
| -ης || -ους || -ον
|-
! {{gcl|DAT}}
| -ηι || -ηβον || -ηβος
|}
|}
{| style="background: none"
| valign="top" |
{| class="IPA wikitable"
! colspan="4"| masculine/feminine<br>i-stem
|-
! !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|DU}} !! {{gcl|PL}}
|-
! {{gcl|NOM}}
| -ις || rowspan="3"| -ι || rowspan="3"| -ις
|-
! {{gcl|VOC}}
| -ι
|-
! {{gcl|ACC}}
| -ιν
|-
! {{gcl|GEN}}
| -εις || -ιου || -ιον
|-
! {{gcl|DAT}}
| -ει || -ιβον || -ιβος
|}
| valign="top" |
{| class="IPA wikitable"
! colspan="4"| neuter<br>i-stem
|-
! !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|DU}} !! {{gcl|PL}}
|-
! {{gcl|NOM}}
| colspan="2" rowspan="3"| -ι || rowspan="3"| -ιη
|-
! {{gcl|VOC}}
|-
! {{gcl|ACC}}
|-
! {{gcl|GEN}}
| -εις || -ιους || -ιον
|-
! {{gcl|DAT}}
| -ει || -ιβον || -ιβος
|}
| valign="top" |
{| class="IPA wikitable"
! colspan="4"| masculine/feminine<br>u-stem
|-
! !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|DU}} !! {{gcl|PL}}
|-
! {{gcl|NOM}}
| -ους || rowspan="3"| -ου || rowspan="2"| -ϝες
|-
! {{gcl|VOC}}
| -ου
|-
! {{gcl|ACC}}
| -ουν || -ους
|-
! {{gcl|GEN}}
| colspan="2"| -ους || -ϝον
|-
! {{gcl|DAT}}
| -ου || -ουβον || -ουβος
|}
| valign="top" |
{| class="IPA wikitable"
! colspan="4"| neuter<br>u-stem
|-
! !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|DU}} !! {{gcl|PL}}
|-
! {{gcl|NOM}}
| colspan="2" rowspan="3"| -ου || rowspan="3"| -ϝη
|-
! {{gcl|VOC}}
|-
! {{gcl|ACC}}
|-
! {{gcl|GEN}}
| colspan="2"| -ους || -ϝον
|-
! {{gcl|DAT}}
| -ου || -ουβον || -ουβος
|}
| valign="top" |
{| class="IPA wikitable"
! colspan="4"| masculine/feminine<br>n-stem
|-
! !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|DU}} !! {{gcl|PL}}
|-
! {{gcl|NOM}}
| rowspan="2"| -ον || rowspan="3"| -ονε || rowspan="2"| -ονες
|-
! {{gcl|VOC}}
|-
! {{gcl|ACC}}
| -οναν || -ονης
|-
! {{gcl|GEN}}
| -ονος || -ονου || -ονον
|-
! {{gcl|DAT}}
| -ονει || -ομβον || -ομβος
|}
| valign="top" |
{| class="IPA wikitable"
! colspan="4"| neuter<br>n-stem
|-
! !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|DU}} !! {{gcl|PL}}
|-
! {{gcl|NOM}}
| rowspan="2"| -αν || rowspan="3"| -ανε || rowspan="2"| -ανες
|-
! {{gcl|VOC}}
|-
! {{gcl|ACC}}
| -αναν || -ανης
|-
! {{gcl|GEN}}
| -ανος || -ανου || -ανον
|-
! {{gcl|DAT}}
| -ανει || -αμβον || -αμβος
|}
|}
{| style="background: none"
| valign="top" |
{| class="IPA wikitable"
! colspan="4"| ī-stem
|-
! !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|DU}} !! {{gcl|PL}}
|-
! {{gcl|NOM}}
| rowspan="2"| -ι || rowspan="3"| -ι || rowspan="2"| -ιης
|-
! {{gcl|VOC}}
|-
! {{gcl|ACC}}
| -ιν || -ις
|-
|-
! {{gcl|GEN}}
| -ιης || -ιους || -ιον
|-
! {{gcl|DAT}}
| -ιαι || -ιηβον || -ιηβος
|}
| valign="top" |
{| class="IPA wikitable"
! colspan="4"| r-stem
|-
! !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|DU}} !! {{gcl|PL}}
|-
! {{gcl|NOM}}
| rowspan="2"| -ιρ || rowspan="3"| -ερε || rowspan="2"| -ερες
|-
! {{gcl|VOC}}
|-
! {{gcl|ACC}}
| -εραν || -ερης
|-
! {{gcl|GEN}}
| -ρος || -ρου || -ρον
|-
! {{gcl|DAT}}
| -ρει || -ρεβον || -ρεβος
|}
| valign="top" |
{| class="IPA wikitable"
! colspan="4"| s-stem
|-
! !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|DU}} !! {{gcl|PL}}
|-
! {{gcl|NOM}}
| -ος || rowspan="3"| -εσε || rowspan="2"| -εσες
|-
! {{gcl|VOC}}
| -ες
|-
! {{gcl|ACC}}
| -εσαν || -εσης
|-
! {{gcl|GEN}}
| -εσος || -εσου || -εσον
|-
! {{gcl|DAT}}
| -εσει || -εσεβον || -εσεβος
|}
| valign="top" |
{| class="IPA wikitable"
! colspan="4"| consonant-stem
|-
! !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|DU}} !! {{gcl|PL}}
|-
! {{gcl|NOM}}
| rowspan="2"| -ς/ξ || rowspan="3"| -ε || rowspan="2"| -ες
|-
! {{gcl|VOC}}
|-
! {{gcl|ACC}}
| -αν || -ης
|-
! {{gcl|GEN}}
| -ος || -ου || -ον
|-
! {{gcl|DAT}}
| -ει || -οβον || -οβος
|}
|}
{| style="background: none"
|+ '''Middle Oltic noun declensions'''
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |
{| class="IPA wikitable"
{| class="IPA wikitable"
Line 215: Line 568:
! {{gcl|GEN}}
! {{gcl|GEN}}
| -ι || -ον
| -ι || -ον
|-
! {{gcl|DAT}}
| -υι || -οβος
|}
|}
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |
Line 231: Line 587:
! {{gcl|GEN}}
! {{gcl|GEN}}
| -ι || -ον
| -ι || -ον
|-
! {{gcl|DAT}}
| -υι || -οβος
|}
| valign="top" |
{| class="IPA wikitable"
! colspan="3"| masculine/feminine<br>ē-stem
|-
! !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}}
|-
! {{gcl|NOM}}
| rowspan="2"| -η || rowspan="3"| -ης
|-
! {{gcl|VOC}}
|-
! {{gcl|ACC}}
| -ην
|-
! {{gcl|GEN}}
| -ης || -ον
|-
! {{gcl|DAT}}
| -ηι || -ηβος
|}
| valign="top" |
{| class="IPA wikitable"
! colspan="3"| neuter<br>ē-stem
|-
! !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}}
|-
! {{gcl|NOM}}
| -ης || rowspan="3"| -ης
|-
! {{gcl|VOC}}
| -η
|-
! {{gcl|ACC}}
| -ην
|-
! {{gcl|GEN}}
| -ης || -ον
|-
! {{gcl|DAT}}
| -ηι || -ηβος
|}
| valign="top" |
{| class="IPA wikitable"
! colspan="3"| masculine/feminine<br>i-stem
|-
! !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}}
|-
! {{gcl|NOM}}
| -ις || rowspan="3"| -ις
|-
! {{gcl|VOC}}
| -ι
|-
! {{gcl|ACC}}
| -ιν
|-
! {{gcl|GEN}}
| -εις || -ιον
|-
! {{gcl|DAT}}
| -ει || -ιβος
|}
| valign="top" |
{| class="IPA wikitable"
! colspan="3"| neuter<br>i-stem
|-
! !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}}
|-
! {{gcl|NOM}}
| rowspan="3"| -ι || rowspan="3"| -ιη
|-
! {{gcl|VOC}}
|-
! {{gcl|ACC}}
|-
! {{gcl|GEN}}
| -εις || -ιον
|-
! {{gcl|DAT}}
| -ει || -ιβος
|}
| valign="top" |
{| class="IPA wikitable"
! colspan="3"| masculine/feminine<br>n-stem
|-
! !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}}
|-
! {{gcl|NOM}}
| rowspan="2"| -ον || rowspan="2"| -ονες
|-
! {{gcl|VOC}}
|-
! {{gcl|ACC}}
| -οναν || -ονης
|-
! {{gcl|GEN}}
| -ονος || -ονον
|-
! {{gcl|DAT}}
| -ονει || -ομβος
|}
| valign="top" |
{| class="IPA wikitable"
! colspan="3"| neuter<br>n-stem
|-
! !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}}
|-
! {{gcl|NOM}}
| rowspan="2"| -αν || rowspan="2"| -ανες
|-
! {{gcl|VOC}}
|-
! {{gcl|ACC}}
| -αναν || -ανης
|-
! {{gcl|GEN}}
| -ανος || -ανον
|-
! {{gcl|DAT}}
| -ανει || -αμβος
|}
|}
{| style="background: none"
| valign="top" |
{| class="IPA wikitable"
! colspan="3"| r-stem
|-
! !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}}
|-
! {{gcl|NOM}}
| rowspan="2"| -ιρας || rowspan="2"| -ιρες
|-
! {{gcl|VOC}}
|-
! {{gcl|ACC}}
| -ιραν || -ιρης
|-
! {{gcl|GEN}}
| -ιρος || -ιρον
|-
! {{gcl|DAT}}
| -ιρει || -ιρεβος
|}
| valign="top" |
{| class="IPA wikitable"
! colspan="3"| s-stem
|-
! !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}}
|-
! {{gcl|NOM}}
| -ος || rowspan="2"| -εσες
|-
! {{gcl|VOC}}
| -ες
|-
! {{gcl|ACC}}
| -εσαν || -εσης
|-
! {{gcl|GEN}}
| -εσος || -εσον
|-
! {{gcl|DAT}}
| -εσει || -εσεβος
|}
| valign="top" |
{| class="IPA wikitable"
! colspan="3"| consonant-stem
|-
! !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}}
|-
! {{gcl|NOM}}
| rowspan="2"| -ς/ξ || rowspan="2"| -ες
|-
! {{gcl|VOC}}
|-
! {{gcl|ACC}}
| -αν || -ης
|-
! {{gcl|GEN}}
| -ος || -ον
|-
! {{gcl|DAT}}
| -ει || -οβος
|}
|}
|}
|}
{| style="background: none"
{| style="background: none"
|+ '''Modern Oltic noun declensions'''
| valign="top" |
{| class="IPA wikitable"
! colspan="3"| masculine/feminine<br>o-stem
|-
! !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}}
|-
! {{gcl|NOM}}
| -ος || rowspan="2"| -οι
|-
|-
! {{gcl|VOC}}
| -ε
|-
! {{gcl|ACC}}
| -ον || -ους
|-
! {{gcl|GEN}}
| -ι || -ον
|}
| valign="top" |
{| class="IPA wikitable"
! colspan="3"| neuter<br>o-stem
|-
! !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}}
|-
! {{gcl|NOM}}
| rowspan="3"| -ον || rowspan="3"| -η
|-
! {{gcl|VOC}}
|-
! {{gcl|ACC}}
|-
! {{gcl|GEN}}
| -ι || -ον
|}
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |
{| class="IPA wikitable"
{| class="IPA wikitable"
Line 270: Line 848:
| -ης || -ον
| -ης || -ον
|}
|}
|}
{| style="background: none"
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |
{| class="IPA wikitable"
{| class="IPA wikitable"
Line 306: Line 881:
! {{gcl|GEN}}
! {{gcl|GEN}}
| -εις || -ιον
| -εις || -ιον
|}
| valign="top" |
{| class="IPA wikitable"
! colspan="3"| masculine/feminine<br>n-stem
|-
! !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}}
|-
! {{gcl|NOM}}
| rowspan="2"| -ον || rowspan="2"| -ονες
|-
! {{gcl|VOC}}
|-
! {{gcl|ACC}}
| -οναν || -ονης
|-
! {{gcl|GEN}}
| -ονος || -ονον
|}
| valign="top" |
{| class="IPA wikitable"
! colspan="3"| neuter<br>n-stem
|-
! !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}}
|-
! {{gcl|NOM}}
| rowspan="2"| -αν || rowspan="2"| -ανες
|-
! {{gcl|VOC}}
|-
! {{gcl|ACC}}
| -αναν || -ανης
|-
! {{gcl|GEN}}
| -ανος || -ανον
|}
|}
|}
|}
{| style="background: none"
{| style="background: none"
|-
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |
{| class="IPA wikitable"
{| class="IPA wikitable"
Line 334: Line 942:
|-
|-
! {{gcl|NOM}}
! {{gcl|NOM}}
| -ος || -εσες
| -ος || rowspan="2"| -εσες
|-
|-
! {{gcl|VOC}}
! {{gcl|VOC}}
| -ες || -ες
| -ες
|-
|-
! {{gcl|ACC}}
! {{gcl|ACC}}
Line 378: Line 986:
|}
|}
====Pronouns====
====Pronouns====
Unlike nouns, pronouns do not inflect.
Unlike nouns, pronouns do not inflect. See Contionary for Old and Middle forms.


{| class="IPA wikitable"
{| class="IPA wikitable"
Line 416: Line 1,024:
Verbs inflect for tense, aspect, mood, voice (though some verbs are deponent), and subject person and number. Some verbs have suppletive marking for future tense.
Verbs inflect for tense, aspect, mood, voice (though some verbs are deponent), and subject person and number. Some verbs have suppletive marking for future tense.


{| style="background: none"
|+ '''Modern Oltic verb conjugations'''
| valign="top" |
{| class="IPA wikitable"
{| class="IPA wikitable"
! colspan="3" rowspan="2"| 1st Conjugation !! colspan="3"| {{gcl|SG}} !! colspan="3"| {{gcl|PL}} !! rowspan="2"| {{gcl|PTCP}} !! rowspan="2"| {{gcl|GER}}
! colspan="3" rowspan="2"| 1st Conjugation !! colspan="3"| {{gcl|SG}} !! colspan="3"| {{gcl|PL}} !! rowspan="2"| {{gcl|PTCP}} !! rowspan="2"| {{gcl|GER}}
Line 461: Line 1,072:
| -ετα || -εϝε
| -ετα || -εϝε
|}
|}
| valign="top" |
{| class="IPA wikitable"
{| class="IPA wikitable"
! colspan="3" rowspan="2"| 2nd Conjugation !! colspan="3"| {{gcl|SG}} !! colspan="3"| {{gcl|PL}} !! rowspan="2"| {{gcl|PTCP}} !! rowspan="2"| {{gcl|GER}}
! colspan="3" rowspan="2"| 2nd Conjugation !! colspan="3"| {{gcl|SG}} !! colspan="3"| {{gcl|PL}} !! rowspan="2"| {{gcl|PTCP}} !! rowspan="2"| {{gcl|GER}}
Line 506: Line 1,118:
| -ατα || -αϝε
| -ατα || -αϝε
|}
|}
|}
{| style="background: none"
| valign="top" |
{| class="IPA wikitable"
{| class="IPA wikitable"
! colspan="3" rowspan="2"| 3rd Conjugation !! colspan="3"| {{gcl|SG}} !! colspan="3"| {{gcl|PL}} !! rowspan="2"| {{gcl|PTCP}} !! rowspan="2"| {{gcl|GER}}
! colspan="3" rowspan="2"| 3rd Conjugation !! colspan="3"| {{gcl|SG}} !! colspan="3"| {{gcl|PL}} !! rowspan="2"| {{gcl|PTCP}} !! rowspan="2"| {{gcl|GER}}
Line 551: Line 1,166:
| -ητρις || -ηϝε
| -ητρις || -ηϝε
|}
|}
| valign="top" |
{| class="IPA wikitable"
{| class="IPA wikitable"
! colspan="3" rowspan="2"| 4th Conjugation !! colspan="3"| {{gcl|SG}} !! colspan="3"| {{gcl|PL}} !! rowspan="2"| {{gcl|PTCP}} !! rowspan="2"| {{gcl|GER}}
! colspan="3" rowspan="2"| 4th Conjugation !! colspan="3"| {{gcl|SG}} !! colspan="3"| {{gcl|PL}} !! rowspan="2"| {{gcl|PTCP}} !! rowspan="2"| {{gcl|GER}}
Line 595: Line 1,211:
! colspan="2"| {{gcl|MID}}
! colspan="2"| {{gcl|MID}}
| -ιτρις || -ιϝε
| -ιτρις || -ιϝε
|}
|}
|}


Line 600: Line 1,217:
*Active gerunds are consonant-stem nouns, and outside of nominative singular end in ''-ν-''.
*Active gerunds are consonant-stem nouns, and outside of nominative singular end in ''-ν-''.
*Mediopassive gerunds are o-stem nouns.
*Mediopassive gerunds are o-stem nouns.
*Old and Middle Oltic also have an infinitive form ''-ουνει'' for all conjugations.


Some 1st-conjugation verbs with historical *-y- infixes have irregular changes in ''-τ-'' forms and ''-ζος'', most often loss of stem-final ''ι-'', "shortening" of the previous vowel (''η, ει, ωυ'' becoming ''α, ε, ο'' and/or falling tone becoming high or rising tone), or stem-final ''ζ-'' becoming a different consonant.
Some 1st-conjugation verbs with historical *-y- infixes have irregular changes in ''-τ-'' forms and ''-ζος'', most often loss of stem-final ''ι-'', "shortening" of the previous vowel (''η, ει, ωυ'' becoming ''α, ε, ο'' and/or falling tone becoming high or rising tone), or stem-final ''ζ-'' becoming a different consonant.
Line 606: Line 1,224:
The copula inflects for the same categories as other verbs, plus positive and negative forms, and prohibitive forms of the negative.
The copula inflects for the same categories as other verbs, plus positive and negative forms, and prohibitive forms of the negative.


{{lyti-table-cop}}
'''Modern Oltic copulae'''
{{lyti-table-cop|article=1}}


===Adjectives===
===Adjectives===
Adjectives agree with their head noun in case, number, gender, and definiteness. They may also be marked as comparative or superlative.
Adjectives agree with their head noun in case, number, gender, and definiteness. They may also be marked as comparative or superlative.


{| class="IPA wikitable"
|+ '''Old Oltic adjective declensions'''
! colspan="11" | o-stem
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | !! colspan="3" | {{gcl|M}} !! colspan="3" | {{gcl|F}} !! colspan="3" | {{gcl|N}}
|-
! {{gcl|SG}}
!{{gcl|DU}}!! {{gcl|PL}}!! {{gcl|SG}}
!{{gcl|DU}}!! {{gcl|PL}} !! {{gcl|SG}}
!{{gcl|DU}}!! {{gcl|PL}}
|-
! rowspan="5" |
! {{gcl|NOM}}
| -ος
| rowspan="3" | -ου|| rowspan="2" | -οι || rowspan="2"| -η
| rowspan="3" | -αι|| rowspan="3" | -ης || rowspan="3"| -ον
| rowspan="3" | -ου|| rowspan="3" | -η
|-
! {{gcl|VOC}}
| -ε
|-
! {{gcl|ACC}}
| -ον || -ους || -ην
|-
! {{gcl|GEN}}
| -ι
| -ους|| -ον || -ης
| -ους|| -ον || -ι
| -ους|| -ον
|-
! {{gcl|DAT}}
| -υι
| -οβον|| -οβος || -ηι
| -ηβον|| -ηβος || -υι
| -οβον|| -οβος
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | !! colspan="3" | {{gcl|M}} !! colspan="3" | {{gcl|F}} !! colspan="3" | {{gcl|N}}
|-
! {{gcl|SG}}
!{{gcl|DU}}!! {{gcl|PL}} !! {{gcl|SG}}
!{{gcl|DU}}!! {{gcl|PL}} !! {{gcl|SG}}
!{{gcl|DU}}!! {{gcl|PL}}
|-
! rowspan="5" | {{gcl|COMP}}
! {{gcl|NOM}}
| -ιος
| rowspan="3" | -ιου|| rowspan="2" | -ιοι || rowspan="2" | -ιη
| rowspan="3" | -ιαι|| rowspan="3" | -ιης || rowspan="3" | -ιον
| rowspan="3" | -ιου|| rowspan="3" | -ιη
|-
! {{gcl|VOC}}
| -ιε
|-
! {{gcl|ACC}}
| -ιον || -ιους || -ιην
|-
! {{gcl|GEN}}
| -ιι
| -ιους|| -ιον || -ιης
| -ιους|| -ιον || -ιι
| -ιους|| -ιον
|-
! {{gcl|DAT}}
| -ιυιος
| -ιοβον|| -ιοβος || -ιηι
| -ιηβον|| -ιηβος || -ιυιος
| -ιοβον|| -ιοβος
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | !! colspan="3" | {{gcl|M}} !! colspan="3" | {{gcl|F}} !! colspan="3" | {{gcl|N}}
|-
! {{gcl|SG}}
!{{gcl|DU}}!! {{gcl|PL}} !! {{gcl|SG}}
!{{gcl|DU}}!! {{gcl|PL}} !! {{gcl|SG}}
!{{gcl|DU}}!! {{gcl|PL}}
|-
! rowspan="5" | {{gcl|SUP}}
! {{gcl|NOM}}
| -αμος
| rowspan="3" | -αμου|| rowspan="2" | -αμοι || rowspan="2" | -αμη
| rowspan="3" | -αμαι|| rowspan="3" | -αμης || rowspan="3" | -αμον
| rowspan="3" | -αμου|| rowspan="3" | -αμη
|-
! {{gcl|VOC}}
| -αμε
|-
! {{gcl|ACC}}
| -αμον || -αμους || -αμην
|-
! {{gcl|GEN}}
| -αμι
| -αμους|| -αμον || -αμης
| -αμους|| -αμον || -αμι
| -αμους|| -αμον
|-
! {{gcl|DAT}}
| -αμυι
| -αμοβον|| -αμοβος || -αμηι
| -αμηβον|| -αμηβος || -αμυι
| -αμοβον|| -αμοβος
|}
{| class="IPA wikitable"
! colspan="12" | i-stem
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="3" | !! colspan="3" | {{gcl|M}} !! colspan="3" | {{gcl|F}} !! colspan="3" | {{gcl|N}}
|-
! {{gcl|SG}}
!{{gcl|DU}}!! {{gcl|PL}} !! {{gcl|SG}}
!{{gcl|DU}}!! {{gcl|PL}} !! {{gcl|SG}}
!{{gcl|DU}}!! {{gcl|PL}}
|-
! rowspan="5" |
! rowspan="5" | {{gcl|DEF}}
! {{gcl|NOM}}
| -ις
| rowspan="3" | -ι|| rowspan="3" | -ις || -ις
| rowspan="3" | -ι|| rowspan="3" | -ις || colspan="2" rowspan="3" | -ι || rowspan="3"| -ιη
|-
! {{gcl|VOC}}
| -ι || -ι
|-
! {{gcl|ACC}}
| -ιν || -ιν
|-
! {{gcl|GEN}}
| -εις
| -ιου|| -ιον || -εις
| -ιου|| -ιον || -εις
| -ιους|| -ιον
|-
! {{gcl|DAT}}
| -ει
| -ιβον|| -ιβος || -ει
| -ιβον|| -ιβος || -ει
| -ιβον|| -ιβος
|-
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" | !! colspan="3" | {{gcl|M}} !! colspan="3" | {{gcl|F}} !! colspan="3" | {{gcl|N}}
|-
! {{gcl|SG}}
!{{gcl|DU}}!! {{gcl|PL}} !! {{gcl|SG}}
!{{gcl|DU}}!! {{gcl|PL}} !! {{gcl|SG}}
!{{gcl|DU}}!! {{gcl|PL}}
|-
! rowspan="5" | {{gcl|COMP}}
! rowspan="5" | {{gcl|DEF}}
! {{gcl|NOM}}
| -ιις
| rowspan="3" | -ιι|| rowspan="3" | -ιις || -ιις
| rowspan="3" | -ιι|| rowspan="3" | -ιις || colspan="2" rowspan="3" | -ιι || rowspan="3" | -ιη
|-
! {{gcl|VOC}}
| -ιι || -ιι
|-
! {{gcl|ACC}}
| -ιιν || -ιιν
|-
! {{gcl|GEN}}
| -ιεις
| -ιιου|| -ιον || -ιεις
| -ιιου|| -ιον || -ιεις
| -ιιου|| -ιον
|-
! {{gcl|DAT}}
| -ιει
| -ιιβον|| -ιιβος || -ιει
| -ιιβον|| -ιιβος || -ιει
| -ιιβον|| -ιιβος
|-
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" | !! colspan="3" | {{gcl|M}} !! colspan="3" | {{gcl|F}} !! colspan="3" | {{gcl|N}}
|-
! {{gcl|SG}}
!{{gcl|DU}}!! {{gcl|PL}} !! {{gcl|SG}}
!{{gcl|DU}}!! {{gcl|PL}} !! {{gcl|SG}}
!{{gcl|DU}}!! {{gcl|PL}}
|-
! rowspan="5" | {{gcl|SUP}}
! rowspan="5" | {{gcl|DEF}}
! {{gcl|NOM}}
| -αμις
| rowspan="3" | -αμι|| rowspan="3" | -αμις || -αμις
| rowspan="3" | -αμι|| rowspan="3" | -αμις || colspan="2" rowspan="3" | -αμι || rowspan="3" | -αμιη
|-
! {{gcl|VOC}}
| -αμι || -αμι
|-
! {{gcl|ACC}}
| -αμιν || -αμιν
|-
! {{gcl|GEN}}
| -αμεις
| -αμιου|| -αμιον || -αμεις
| -αμιου|| -αμιον || -αμεις
| -αμιους|| -αμιον
|-
! {{gcl|DAT}}
| -αμει
| -αμιβον|| -αμιβος || -αμει
| -αμιβον|| -αμιβος || -αμει
| -αμιβον|| -αμιβος
|}
{| class="IPA wikitable"
! colspan="12" | u-stem
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="3" | !! colspan="3" | {{gcl|M}} !! colspan="3" | {{gcl|F}} !! colspan="3" | {{gcl|N}}
|-
! {{gcl|SG}}
!{{gcl|DU}}!! {{gcl|PL}} !! {{gcl|SG}}
!{{gcl|DU}}!! {{gcl|PL}} !! {{gcl|SG}}
!{{gcl|DU}}!! {{gcl|PL}}
|-
! rowspan="5" |
! rowspan="5" | {{gcl|DEF}}
! {{gcl|NOM}}
| -ους
| rowspan="3" | -ου|| rowspan="2" | -ϝες || -ους
| rowspan="3" | -ου|| rowspan="3" | -ϝες || colspan="2" rowspan="3" | -ου || rowspan="3" | -ϝη
|-
! {{gcl|VOC}}
| -ου || -ου
|-
! {{gcl|ACC}}
| -ουν
| -ους|| -ουν
|-
! {{gcl|GEN}}
| colspan="2" | -ους || -ϝον || colspan="2" | -ους || -ϝον || colspan="2" | -ους || -ϝον
|-
! {{gcl|DAT}}
| -ου
| -ουβον|| -ουβος || -ου
| -ουβον|| -ουβος || -ου
| -ουβον|| -ουβος
|-
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" | !! colspan="3" | {{gcl|M}} !! colspan="3" | {{gcl|F}} !! colspan="3" | {{gcl|N}}
|-
! {{gcl|SG}}
!{{gcl|DU}}!! {{gcl|PL}} !! {{gcl|SG}}
!{{gcl|DU}}!! {{gcl|PL}} !! {{gcl|SG}}
!{{gcl|DU}}!! {{gcl|PL}}
|-
! rowspan="5" | {{gcl|COMP}}
! rowspan="5" | {{gcl|DEF}}
! {{gcl|NOM}}
| -ιους
| rowspan="3" | -ιου|| rowspan="2" | -ιϝες || -ιους
| rowspan="3" | -ιου|| rowspan="3" | -ιϝες || colspan="2" rowspan="3" | -ιου || rowspan="3" | -ιϝη
|-
! {{gcl|VOC}}
| -ιου || -ιου
|-
! {{gcl|ACC}}
| -ιουν
| -ιους|| -ιουν
|-
! {{gcl|GEN}}
| colspan="2" | -ιους || -ιϝον || colspan="2" | -ιους || -ιϝον || colspan="2" | -ιους || -ιϝον
|-
! {{gcl|DAT}}
| -ιου
| -ιουβον|| -ιουβος || -ιου
| -ιουβον|| -ιουβος || -ιου
| -ιουβον|| -ιουβος
|-
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" | !! colspan="3" | {{gcl|M}} !! colspan="3" | {{gcl|F}} !! colspan="3" | {{gcl|N}}
|-
! {{gcl|SG}}
!{{gcl|DU}}!! {{gcl|PL}} !! {{gcl|SG}}
!{{gcl|DU}}!! {{gcl|PL}} !! {{gcl|SG}}
!{{gcl|DU}}!! {{gcl|PL}}
|-
! rowspan="5" | {{gcl|SUP}}
! rowspan="5" | {{gcl|DEF}}
! {{gcl|NOM}}
| -αμους
| rowspan="3" | -αμου|| rowspan="2" | -αμες || -αμους
| rowspan="3" | -αμου|| rowspan="3" | -αμες || colspan="2" rowspan="3" | -αμου || rowspan="3" | -αμη
|-
! {{gcl|VOC}}
| -αμου || -αμου
|-
! {{gcl|ACC}}
| -αμουν
| -αμους|| -αμουν
|-
! {{gcl|GEN}}
| colspan="2" | -αμους || -αμον || colspan="2" | -αμους || -αμον || colspan="2" | -αμους || -αμον
|-
! {{gcl|DAT}}
| -αμου
| -αμουβον|| -αμουβος || -αμου
| -αμουβον|| -αμουβος || -αμου
| -αμουβον|| -αμουβος
|}
{| style="background: none"
|+ '''Middle Oltic adjective declensions'''
| valign="top" |
{| class="IPA wikitable"
! colspan="9"| o-stem
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="3" | !! colspan="2" | {{gcl|M}} !! colspan="2" | {{gcl|F}} !! colspan="2" | {{gcl|N}}
|-
! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}} !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}} !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}}
|-
! rowspan="10" |
! rowspan="5" | {{gcl|DEF}}
! {{gcl|NOM}}
| -ος || rowspan="2"| -οι || rowspan="2"| -η || rowspan="3"| -ης || rowspan="3"| -ον || rowspan="3"| -η
|-
! {{gcl|VOC}}
| -ε
|-
! {{gcl|ACC}}
| -ον || -ους || -ην
|-
! {{gcl|GEN}}
| -ι || -ον || -ης || -ον || -ι || -ον
|-
! {{gcl|DAT}}
| -υι || -οβος || -ηι || -ηβος || -υι || -οβος
|-
! rowspan="5" | {{gcl|INDEF}}
! {{gcl|NOM}}
| -οσες || rowspan="2"| -οιες || rowspan="2"| -ησι || rowspan="3"| -ησσι || rowspan="3"| -ονεδ || rowspan="3"| -ηεδ
|-
! {{gcl|VOC}}
| -ες
|-
! {{gcl|ACC}}
| -ονες || -ουσες || -ηνσι
|-
! {{gcl|GEN}}
| -ιες || -ονες || -ησσι || -ονσι || -ιεδ || -ονεδ
|-
! {{gcl|DAT}}
| -υιες || -οβοσες || -ηισι || -ηβοσσι || -υιεδ || -οβοσεδ
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="3" | !! colspan="2" | {{gcl|M}} !! colspan="2" | {{gcl|F}} !! colspan="2" | {{gcl|N}}
|-
! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}} !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}} !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}}
|-
! rowspan="10" | {{gcl|COMP}}
! rowspan="5" | {{gcl|DEF}}
! {{gcl|NOM}}
| -ιος || rowspan="2"| -ιοι || rowspan="2"| -ιη || rowspan="3"| -ιης || rowspan="3"| -ιον || rowspan="3"| -ιη
|-
! {{gcl|VOC}}
| -ιε
|-
! {{gcl|ACC}}
| -ιον || -ιους || -ιην
|-
! {{gcl|GEN}}
| -ιι || -ιον || -ιης || -ιον || -ιι || -ιον
|-
! {{gcl|DAT}}
| -ιυιος || -ιοβος || -ιηι || -ιηβος || -ιυιος || -ιοβος
|-
! rowspan="5" | {{gcl|INDEF}}
! {{gcl|NOM}}
| -ιοσες || rowspan="2"| -ιοιες || rowspan="2"| -ιησι || rowspan="3"| -ιησσι || rowspan="3"| -ιονεδ || rowspan="3"| -ιηεδ
|-
! {{gcl|VOC}}
| -ιες
|-
! {{gcl|ACC}}
| -ιονες || -ιουσες || -ιηνσι
|-
! {{gcl|GEN}}
| -ιιες || -ιονες || -ιησσι || -ιονσι || -ιιεδ || -ιονεδ
|-
! {{gcl|DAT}}
| -ιυιες || -ιοβοσες || -ιηισι || -ιηβοσσι || -ιυιεδ || -ιοβοσεδ
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="3" | !! colspan="2" | {{gcl|M}} !! colspan="2" | {{gcl|F}} !! colspan="2" | {{gcl|N}}
|-
! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}} !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}} !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}}
|-
! rowspan="10" | {{gcl|SUP}}
! rowspan="5" | {{gcl|DEF}}
! {{gcl|NOM}}
| -αμος || rowspan="2"| -αμοι || rowspan="2"| -αμη || rowspan="3"| -αμης || rowspan="3"| -αμον || rowspan="3"| -αμη
|-
! {{gcl|VOC}}
| -αμε
|-
! {{gcl|ACC}}
| -αμον || -αμους || -αμην
|-
! {{gcl|GEN}}
| -αμι || -αμον || -αμης || -αμον || -αμι || -αμον
|-
! {{gcl|DAT}}
| -αμυι || -αμβος || -αμηι || -αμβος || -αμυι || -αμβος
|-
! rowspan="5" | {{gcl|INDEF}}
! {{gcl|NOM}}
| -αμοσες || rowspan="2"| -αμοιες || rowspan="2"| -αμησι || rowspan="3"| -αμησσι || rowspan="3"| -αμονεδ || rowspan="3"| -αμηεδ
|-
! {{gcl|VOC}}
| -αμες
|-
! {{gcl|ACC}}
| -αμονες || -αμουσες || -αμηνσι
|-
! {{gcl|GEN}}
| -αμιες || -αμονες || -αμησσι || -αμονσι || -αμιεδ || -αμονεδ
|-
! {{gcl|DAT}}
| -αμυιες || -αμβοσες || -αμηισι || -αμβοσσι || -αμυιεδ || -αμβοσεδ
|}
| valign="top" |
{| class="IPA wikitable"
! colspan="9"| i-stem
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="3" | !! colspan="2" | {{gcl|M}} !! colspan="2" | {{gcl|F}} !! colspan="2" | {{gcl|N}}
|-
! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}} !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}} !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}}
|-
! rowspan="10" |
! rowspan="5" | {{gcl|DEF}}
! {{gcl|NOM}}
| -ις || rowspan="3"| -ις || -ις || rowspan="3"| -ις || rowspan="3"| -ι || rowspan="3"| -ιη
|-
! {{gcl|VOC}}
| -ι || -ι
|-
! {{gcl|ACC}}
| -ιν || -ιν
|-
! {{gcl|GEN}}
| -εις || -ιον || -εις || -ιον || -εις || -ιον
|-
! {{gcl|DAT}}
| -ει || -ιβος || -ει || -ιβος || -ει || -ιβος
|-
! rowspan="5" | {{gcl|INDEF}}
! {{gcl|NOM}}
| -ισες || rowspan="3"| -ισες || -ισσι || rowspan="3"| -ισσι || rowspan="3"| -ιεδ || rowspan="3"| -ιηεδ
|-
! {{gcl|VOC}}
| -ιες || -ισι
|-
! {{gcl|ACC}}
| -ινες || -ινσι
|-
! {{gcl|GEN}}
| -εισες || -ιονες || -εισσι || -ιονσι || -εισεδ || -ιονεδ
|-
! {{gcl|DAT}}
| -ειες || -ιβοσες || -εισι || -ιβοσσι || -ειεδ || -ιβοσεδ
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="3" | !! colspan="2" | {{gcl|M}} !! colspan="2" | {{gcl|F}} !! colspan="2" | {{gcl|N}}
|-
! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}} !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}} !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}}
|-
! rowspan="10" | {{gcl|COMP}}
! rowspan="5" | {{gcl|DEF}}
! {{gcl|NOM}}
| -ιις || rowspan="3"| -ιις || -ιις || rowspan="3"| -ιις || rowspan="3"| -ιι || rowspan="3"| -ιη
|-
! {{gcl|VOC}}
| -ιι || -ιι
|-
! {{gcl|ACC}}
| -ιιν || -ιιν
|-
! {{gcl|GEN}}
| -ιεις || -ιον || -ιεις || -ιον || -ιεις || -ιον
|-
! {{gcl|DAT}}
| -ιει || -ιιβος || -ιει || -ιιβος || -ιει || -ιιβος
|-
! rowspan="5" | {{gcl|INDEF}}
! {{gcl|NOM}}
| -ιισες || rowspan="3"| -ιισες || -ιισσι || rowspan="3"| -ιισσι || rowspan="3"| -ιιεδ || rowspan="3"| -ιηεδ
|-
! {{gcl|VOC}}
| -ιιες || -ιισι
|-
! {{gcl|ACC}}
| -ιινες || -ιινσι
|-
! {{gcl|GEN}}
| -ιεισες || -ιονες || -ιεισσι || -ιονσι || -ιεισεδ || -ιονεδ
|-
! {{gcl|DAT}}
| -ιειες || -ιιβοσες || -ιεισι || -ιιβοσσι || -ιειεδ || -ιιβοσεδ
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="3" | !! colspan="2" | {{gcl|M}} !! colspan="2" | {{gcl|F}} !! colspan="2" | {{gcl|N}}
|-
! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}} !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}} !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}}
|-
! rowspan="10" | {{gcl|SUP}}
! rowspan="5" | {{gcl|DEF}}
! {{gcl|NOM}}
| -αμις || rowspan="3"| -αμις || -αμις || rowspan="3"| -αμις || rowspan="3"| -αμι || rowspan="3"| -αμιη
|-
! {{gcl|VOC}}
| -αμι || -αμι
|-
! {{gcl|ACC}}
| -αμιν || -αμιν
|-
! {{gcl|GEN}}
| -αμεις || -αμιον || -αμεις || -αμιον || -αμεις || -αμιον
|-
! {{gcl|DAT}}
| -αμει || -αμβος || -αμει || -αμος || -αμει || -αμβος
|-
! rowspan="5" | {{gcl|INDEF}}
! {{gcl|NOM}}
| -αμισες || rowspan="3"| -αμισες || -αμισσι || rowspan="3"| -αμισσι || rowspan="3"| -αμιεδ || rowspan="3"| -αμιηεδ
|-
! {{gcl|VOC}}
| -αμιες || -αμισι
|-
! {{gcl|ACC}}
| -αμινες || -αμινσι
|-
! {{gcl|GEN}}
| -αμεισες || -αμιονες || -αμεισσι || -αμιονσι || -αμεισεδ || -αμιονεδ
|-
! {{gcl|DAT}}
| -ειες || -ιβοσες || -εισι || -ιβοσσι || -ειεδ || -ιβοσεδ
|}
|}
{| style="background: none"
|+ '''Modern Oltic adjective declensions'''
| valign="top" |
{| class="IPA wikitable"
{| class="IPA wikitable"
! colspan="9"| o-stem
! colspan="9"| o-stem
Line 707: Line 1,856:
| -αμις || -αμονες || -αμησσι || -αμονσι || -αμιδ || -αμονεδ
| -αμις || -αμονες || -αμησσι || -αμονσι || -αμιδ || -αμονεδ
|}
|}
| valign="top" |
{| class="IPA wikitable"
{| class="IPA wikitable"
! colspan="9"| i-stem
! colspan="9"| i-stem
Line 802: Line 1,952:
! {{gcl|GEN}}
! {{gcl|GEN}}
| -αμεισες || -αμιονες || -αμεισσι || -αμιονσι || -αμεισεδ || -αμιονεδ
| -αμεισες || -αμιονες || -αμεισσι || -αμιονσι || -αμεισεδ || -αμιονεδ
|}
|}
|}


Line 849: Line 2,000:


===Noun and verb phrases===
===Noun and verb phrases===
All noun modifiers precede their head noun, and adverbs variably precede or follow their head verb. Numerators and determiners precede adjectives.
===Dependent clauses===
===Dependent clauses===
Dependent clauses directly follow the phrase they modify.


==Example texts==
==Example texts==
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights Article 1===
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights Article 1===
'''Ωύλοι ζόνιοι χρίοι άπε αυκεῖντινοι δίγνιτης άπε κωὺραχτον γῆνοντο. Χρόδηντο μέγμαναν άπε κονθῶγνιγϝον άπε λίγοντο γνίοντοι σεῖ αῦρε βρῆτιι ὰνζι.
'''Ωύλοι ζόνιοι χρίοι άπε αυκεῖντινοι δίγνιτης άπε κωὺραχτον γῆνοντο. Χρόδηντο μέγμαναν άπε κονθῶγνιγϝον άπε λίγοντο γνίοντοι σεῖ αῦρε βρῆτιι νᾶμανος.


'''Овле зоње хрие апе афћендине дињитѣс апе коврахтон генондо. Хродѣндо мегманан апе конфоњинвон апе логондо љионде се авре врѣтии анзи.
'''Овле зоње хрие апе афћендине дињитѣс апе коврахтон генондо. Хродѣндо мегманан апе конфоњинвон апе логондо љионде се авре врѣтии наманос.


{{interlinear
{{interlinear
Line 863: Line 2,017:
<br>
<br>
{{interlinear
{{interlinear
|Χρόδ-ηντο μέγμ-αναν άπε κονθῶγνιγϝ-ον άπε λίγ-οντο γνί-οντ-οι σεῖ αῦρε βρῆτ-ι-ι ὰνζ-ι.
|Χρόδ-ηντο μέγμ-αναν άπε κονθῶγνιγϝ-ον άπε λίγ-οντο γνί-οντ-οι σεῖ αῦρε βρῆτ-ι-ι νᾶμ-ανος.
|give-3PL.MID.PRES mind-SG.ACC and conscience-SG.ACC and should-3PL.MID.PRES do-PRES.PTCP-M.PL.NOM.DEF 3.RECP with brother-NZ-SG.GEN spirit-SG.GEN
|give-3PL.MID.PRES mind-SG.ACC and conscience-SG.ACC and should-3PL.MID.PRES do-PRES.PTCP-M.PL.NOM.DEF 3.RECP with brother-NZ-SG.GEN spirit-SG.GEN
||display-messages=no|italics1=yes|italics2=no|italics3=no}}
||display-messages=no|italics1=yes|italics2=no|italics3=no}}
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