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| | {{Infobox language |
| | |image = |
| | |imagesize = |
| | |creator = [[User:Praimhín|Praimhín]], [[User:IlL|IlL]] |
| | |name = {{PAGENAME}} |
| | |nativename = χμῶ Τλὣ |
| | |pronunciation= |
| | |setting = [[Verse:Tricin]] |
| | |region = Bjeheond |
| | |familycolor=hmong-mien |
| | |fam1=[[Hlou-Shum languages|Hlou-Shum]] |
| | |script= |
| | |iso3= |
| | |notice=IPA |
| | }} |
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| '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ({{PAGENAME}}: ''kiʔ məchə̄tvaʔ guṇmaʔ'' 'the {{PAGENAME}} sound' or 'the {{PAGENAME}} language') is an ancient [[Mustlup languages|Mustlup language]] inspired by my oldest draft of Proto-Talmic. It evolves into [[Məbhótəḷ]]. | | '''Tlu''' (χμῶ Τλὣ) is a [[Hlou-Shum languages|Hlou-Shum language]] inspired by Hmong, Greek, Vietnamese, Irish, and Mandarin. It's meant to be the Greek analogue to [[Hlou]]'s Germanic. |
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| ==todo== | | =Phonology= |
| *''zoug'' (m) = "person"
| | ==Consonants== |
| *''ṭunie'' (f) = "tree"
| | <poem> |
| *''ďəsmū'' (m) < ḱʼəsmū "woman"
| | π πλ τ τλ τς ρ κ μπ μπλ ντ ντλ ντς νρ γκ /p pl t tɬ tɕ ʈʂ k b bl d dɮ dʑ ɖʐ g/ |
| *''ʔəḷ'' < ''ʔəḷ'' "no, not"
| | φ φλ θ θς σ χ μφ μφλ νθ νθς νσ γχ /pʰ pʰl tʰ tɕʰ ʈʂʰ kʰ bʰ bʰl dʰ dʑʰ ɖʐʰ gʰ/ |
| *''tī'' < ''tiwī'' "yes"
| | ψ ξ νψ γξ ς /s ʂ z ʐ ç/ |
| *''sufnə'' (f) < ''suxʷnə'' "rain"
| | λ /ɬ/ |
| *''seib'' (m) < ''səyb'' "snow"
| | ϋ β δ μ ν νλ γ /f v ɣ m n nl ŋ/ |
| *''kuoṇḍaiḍ'' (m) < ''kʷuyṇḍayṭʼ'' "net"
| | χμ χν χνλ χγ = unvoiced versions of μ ν νλ γ |
| *''gai'' (f) < ''gay'' "east"
| | ζ /j/ |
| *''chƛətum'' (f) < ''x̌ƛətum'' "west"
| | </poem> |
| *''pəsə'' (f) < ''pəṣə'' "south"
| | ==Vowels== |
| *''ʔauʔāp'' (f) < ''ʔawʔākʷ'' "north"
| | <poem> |
| *''guṇma'' (m) < ''guṇma'' "sound, language"
| | α η υ ω /æ i o u/ |
| *''nīmə'' (m) < ''nīmə'' "water"
| | ε ο = nasal vowels |
| *''sλəp'' (f) < ''sƛʼəp'' "land"
| | αο αοι αι οι υι /i/ |
| *''chnousaṭ'' (f) < ''xnəwsaṭ'' "cloud"
| | ι ει /æi/ |
| *''hi'' 'and'
| | αυ ου /ɑu/ |
| *''tāňi'' (m) < ''tāňi'' "house"
| | ηα ωα /ie uo/ |
| *''sud'' (m) < ''sutʼ'' "man"
| | </poem> |
| *''σai'' (adj) < ''łaj'' "good"
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| *''mugu'' (adj) < ''mukʼu'' "bad"
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| *''vəjāz'' (adj) < ''wəjhāḍẓ'' "small"
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| *''ʔaimu'' (v) < ''ʔaymu'' "eat"
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| *''zə̄ŋauz'' (f) < ''tsʼə̄ŋawtsʼ'' "lightning"
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| *''buoƛūf'' (intj) < ''buyƛūxʷ'' "hello! greetings!"
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| *''qintais'' (m) < "film, screen"
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| *''nuchsi'' (m) < ''nuxci'' 'hand'
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| *''hei'' (intj) < ''qʼəy'' "Oh! Ah!"
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| *xʷłāləy > ''flāleiʔ'' (m) = spring
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| *gə̄gay > ''gə̄gaiʔ'' (m) = summer
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| *x̌īɭay > ''chīḷaiʔ'' (m) = autumn
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| *xʷnaw > ''fnauʔ'' (m) = winter
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| *kəːtsʼaː > ''kə̄zā-'' = blue
| | ==Tones== |
| *ŋqʼəjuː > ''əŋŋəjū''
| | ε ο cannot have circumflex tone |
| *χpʼiw > ''chbie''
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| *ɭɖiw > ''əḷḍie''
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| *pɭəχɬig > ''pḷəchlig''
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| *tʂajhawp > ''saihaup''
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| *ʈajqʼiʂ > ''ṭaihis''
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| *dzxʷaj > ''sfai''
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| *tɬʼɲawŋip > ''λňauŋip''
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| *tsuj > ''suo''
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| *tsʼpʼipdzajɬ > ''zbibzaił''
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| *tɬuːxʷtʼuː > ''ƛūfdū''
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| *tɬʼu > ''λu''
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| *gəw > ''gou''
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| *ɟiː > ''ďī''
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| *xʷaːtsʼɲəː > ''fāzňə̄''
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| *qṭaumeiʔ > ''chṭaumeiʔ''
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| qsamňuo ďə̄ sai fie hū schau sadijə̄ muo vī pchai bou ṭa ḷou buchou ťchə̄ṭāb zṇiepsai łaisəṭ łuchṭi panāch zoudū ʔidieb sie pouňuob ḷu būďīz əŋʔī za ƛauchkīb sgi hichsaim huŋei fŋieŋŋuo tuo fsīzie bīpchou zmaiṭcha chṇə ba ŋou ňī ḍuofďəƛ luťi suojau łei sə̄ zou ƛeizbouď əňchāƛmāḍ kə̄ buoḷə̄ łūknu kḍaďə̄ schā chuopḍei slī vaiṭṇə̄ snuo dbou souṇəz vəbeib gouchuḷ ňu pūntū tchai əṇsausied stabaiλ jāffīṭ əlsou pgaiheiʔ sachna tfə nałchuos ʔī əlsie sībī ňūdies guo ūtti zə̄sňə̄ň hu ʔei zuku huchduod bouhaun gemcheib tā hi miƛū mou hə̄ smie ňai ʔauppəʔ zai qṭaumeiʔ baiqī qəʔeib souhies ďū chiʔou ṇū əltaifsous ʔeitbā ʔuoʔə̄ʔ ʔə fuoffouṭ ki buo bou ʔūmə qū ʔie mau ʔə̄chpāb ṇā łai pṇīhə̄ zə̄ chlai łgouzīp dou λāsūs ḍou baimpai lə̄ ƛəňňu ťu łou beiλə ḍīzuoʔ zīʔuo bi ṭa sū ṇī klə̄ʔouḷ chie zi simie ʔai zu chougə̄ hīsau əlgə̄ chə̄suʔ qāvei paibīʔ pḍū fsuosiez ʔīfdə̄ λə̄chsī ʔachauf ḍubbai mā əlʔəqīʔ λḍeichḍāz łqeiḍaḷ ʔeibə̄ dachbaup chzū zu sbə bā sniefŋi łū viemied chdazzau buoʔūk łulqām ʔau kai λau ḷā hūvau chaubu ďibə̄ liebāň tlai zuchzauḍ buḍā pə̄mpieb sou hāmī chei łoubuo təʔū ʔałach pəfei əltou sū zna hā juopəg əŋməgzeich ʔuoṇḍū ƛəziḍ lə pouffī zau ŋə sa deichsouď ʔuchiej schīʔouz kłəzai jāpnəŋ guovə̄ chḷīłuk sū łāggād guonā lie bābūch gī ʔousə λṇei zī sāvū ta zmi ƛətpūs ənmei chi ḍie pu lieheich zu gissai λuƛuo sgou λəplai hietňei pie chḍə̄ pṭuo ƛā sei ŋeipu λū suosūs fə fouŋkauf fei əňďāňňūʔ biepau zāsai ənʔə̌ʔuʔ zūkā na ƛūŋŋaiq qā ʔie zouḷḷuol bī əňʔa mjusi ƛouṇṇou pikie sāṇṇei deizuo hachāʔ əňʔie ənnuomuo ʔauďāp ṭuŋmoul guṇma zāʔi hāŋŋa ṭu ʔə bu fou ʔouʔei gə̄ ʔəzə ʔīḷə̄s λə̄ chu misuʔ chou saiŋnə̄ sə̄ ʔau ŋə əŋmuosei łū gau ƛu gī əŋgāḷīb ʔī baiṇu hinmū hā ṭūbə pə̄ḍeig əlneinsaz mīgə ṭei ʔəlŋie hi ṭuogūλ əŋnə fie λī zie həsei əḷṇinzī veihāz λou vou belŋīch nou əmbə̄ zə̄ďau keichie tiebieď lulmauṭ mləqəʔ əlnuozou ənzaʔā ňou najə̄ʔ mi əmbailʔə̄p ənƛiṭuo łou ŋa pumbaud ʔaṭīλ ḍu bie bou ḍai ʔa ʔīgā əlŋei dou fāʔū mlilňie ḍuo əṇṭə zou vuḷu ʔəʔib suƛou kə̄ dāzie ṭə əḷḷie ṭə ḍūŋŋad ba mu ʔū qinsais ʔaunsaich ʔā zaiza zə̄ŋauz sū əmbau ʔailuň ʔaimmu zau fou ʔai əňťei bə̄kous suo əňňauʔu jeihāʔ əṇḍau λī hie chə jə əňňū λitouł pau ťuo łiʔie λai ňā hīňďəd vū piełať səduḷ λeimīf jai jīʔə̄ƛ ti ŋai sainə̄ch əlnei zī fə̄ʔəʔ ʔou dou əňňə
| | {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" |
| chə̄mpəʔ dəḍā haiguo nūṭə̄ʔ ŋei di ʔə̄llub ňā die qei əlʔu əntievi qu əlʔa jaiďəʔ ŋaiňaiʔ zī ənzəʔaip ṭuo zāŋkuď jeiṭauḍ feiňňūd əṇsuo λuombīb vu mŋīzāp mňūsiʔ
| | ! Tone class |
| | | ! Unvoiced initial? |
| ==Phonology==
| | ! Voiced initial? |
| ===Consonants===
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| /m n ɳ ɲ ŋ p t tɬ ʈ c k q ʔ b d dɮ ɖ ɟ g f s̠ ɬ x h z̠ ɮ ʋ l ɭ j/ {{angbr|''m n ṇ ñ ŋ p t ƛ ṭ ť k q ʔ b d λ ḍ ď g f s σ ch h z ʒ v l ḷ j''}}
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| ===Vowels===
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| /i iː u uː ə əː a aː ai au ei ou ie uo/ {{angbr|''i ī u ū ə ə̄ a ā ai au ei ou ie uo''}}
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| ===Orthography===
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| ===Prosody===
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| ====Stress====
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| Stress falls on the first heavy (CV̄, CVV or CVC) syllable, if it is not the final syllable. If no syllables are long, the first syllable is stressed.
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| ====Intonation====
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| ===Phonotactics===
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| <!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
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| ===Morphophonology===
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| ==Morphology==
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| ===Pronouns===
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| *1sg, 2sg, 3sg, 1pl, 2pl, 3pl: ''sƛī, ŋə̄, bəʔ, bau, zas, chau, bəbuo, bəbəv''
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| ===Nouns===
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| Nouns are reduplicated for plural, and take possessive prefixes. They do not decline for case, unlike adjectives and determiners. When nouns are preceded by a determiner or an adjective, they (even if plural) do ''not'' take a plural form.
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
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| |-
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| !colspan="3" |''chnousaṭ'' - 'cloud'
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| |-
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| !style="width: 100px;"|Number→<br/>State↓
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| !style="width: 100px;"|Singular
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| !style="width: 100px;"|Plural
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| |-
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| !|Indefinite
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| |''chnousaṭ''||''chəchnousaṭ''
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| |-
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| !|1sg possessor
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| |''łichnousaṭ''||''łichəchnousaṭ''
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| |-
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| !|2sg possessor
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| |''ŋəchnousaṭ''||''ŋəchəchnousaṭ''
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| |-
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| !|3sg.m possessor
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| |''səchnousaṭ''||''səchnousaṭ''
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| |-
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| !|3sg.f possessor
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| |''sūchnousaṭ''||''sūchəchnousaṭ''
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| |-
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| !|1pl possessor
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| |''zdəchnousaṭ''||''zdəchəchnousaṭ''
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| |-
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| !|2pl possessor
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| |''hauchnousaṭ''||''hauchəchnousaṭ''
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| |-
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| !|3pl.m possessor
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| |''səŋchnousaṭ''||''səŋchəchnousaṭ''
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| |-
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| !|3pl.f possessor
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| |''səstchnousaṭ''||''səstchəchnousaṭ''
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| |}
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| :'''''mich sud sə·tətāňi'''''
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| :''DEF-ACC man 3SG-PL-house''
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| :''the man's houses''
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| ===Adjectives===
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| Adjectives precede nouns and inflect for gender, number and case. Demonstratives and determiners also inflect as adjectives.
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible " style=" text-align: center;"
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| ! colspan="3" | ''zviṭ'' 'big' (masculine)
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| |-
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| ! style="width: 90px;" | State
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| ! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
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| ! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
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| |-
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| ! Nominative
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| | ''zviṭ'' || ''zviṭuo''
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| |-
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| ! Object
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| | ''zviṭəʔ'' || ''zviṭəŋ''
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| |}
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible " style=" text-align: center;" | |
| ! colspan="3" | ''zviṭ'' 'big' (feminine) | |
| |-
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| ! style="width: 90px;" | State
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| ! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
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| ! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
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| |-
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| ! Nominative
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| | ''zviṭəʔ'' || ''zviṭə̄b''
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| |-
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| ! Object
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| | ''zviṭə̄'' || ''zviṭə̄ŋ''
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| |}
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| The definite article inflects as follows:
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible " style=" text-align: center;"
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| ! colspan="3" | ''ki'' 'definite article' (masculine) | |
| |-
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| ! style="width: 90px;" | State | |
| ! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
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| ! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
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| |-
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| ! Nominative
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| | ''ki'' || ''kuo''
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| |- | | |- |
| ! Object | | ! A (10/27) |
| | ''kiʔ'' || ''kiŋ'' | | | '''α''' |
| |}
| | | '''ἁ''' |
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible " style=" text-align: center;"
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| ! colspan="3" | ''ki'' 'definite article' (feminine)
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| |- | | |- |
| ! style="width: 90px;" | State | | ! B (5/27) |
| ! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
| | | '''ά''' |
| ! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
| | | '''ἅ''' |
| |- | | |- |
| ! Nominative | | ! C (5/27) |
| | ''kəʔ'' || ''kə̄b'' | | | '''ᾶ''' |
| | | '''ἇ''' |
| |- | | |- |
| ! Object | | ! D (4/27) |
| | ''kie'' || ''kə̄st'' | | | '''ὰ''' |
| | | '''ἃ''' |
| |} | | |} |
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| ===Verbs===
| | [[Category:Languages]] |
| *vimaḷch = I sit
| | [[Category:Tlu]] |
| *ŋəmaḷch = you sit
| | [[Category:Hlou-Shum languages]] |
| *ʔəmaḷch = he sits
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| *ʔūmaḷch = she sits
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| *zamaḷch = we sit
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| *chamaḷch = you people sit
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| *ʔəmmaḷch = they sit
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| *''sīk vimaḷch'' = I do not sit
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| ===Numerals===
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| {{PAGENAME}} uses a base-12 numeral system. Numerals are indeclinable.
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| *1: ''seiďu'' /ˈseiɟu/
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| *2: ''bli'' /bli/
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| *3: ''sqā'' /sqaː/
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| *4: ''māvi'' /ˈmaːʋi/
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| *5: ''paiku'' /ˈpaiku/
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| *6: ''ə̄ƛich'' /ˈəːtɬix/
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| *7: ''zətə̄'' /ˈzətəː/
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| *8: ''baŋud'' /ˈbaŋud/
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| *9: ''ďavuň'' /ˈɟaʋuɲ/
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| *10: ''fqāchṭī'' /ˈfqaːxʈiː/
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| *11: ''bə̄zie'' /ˈbəːzie/
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| *12: ''zie'' /zie/
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| *144: ''ʔənƛə̄ḷ''
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| *1728: ''chapkit''
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| The ordinal numbers are adjectives:
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| *1: ''ləʔtmu''
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| *2: ''ləʔbli''
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| *3: ''ləʔsqā''
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| etc.
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| ==Syntax==
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| ===Constituent order===
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| ===Noun phrase===
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| ===Verb phrase===
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| ===Sentence phrase===
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| ===Dependent clauses===
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| <!-- etc. etc. -->
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| ==Example texts==
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| ==Other resources==
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| <!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
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| <!-- Template area -->
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| [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]] | |
| [[Category:Suvənub]] | |
| [[Category:Mustlup languages|C]] | |
| [[Category:Conlangs]]
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