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:[[Kurmian/Swadesh list]]
: {{distinguish|text= the Earth language [[w:Fungor language|Fungor]], also known as Ko}}


'''{{PAGENAME}}''' (natively ''an dûaigh Cùm'' /ʔan dˠûəj kʰūːm/, written ''Kurm'') is a lect of [[Wiebian]] and the official language of the [[Verse:Kurm Republic]]. It's inspired by Irish and Chinese: it's a monosyllabic tonal language with palatalized consonants and initial consonant mutations. Unlike other Wiebian lects, Kurmian retains the [[Ancient Wiebian]] declension system.
:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Wordlist]]
 
{{Infobox language
|creator = User:IlL
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|nativename = lees ndoigh Komh
|setting = [[Verse:Tricin]]
|state = Bjeheond
|familycolor=hmong-mien
|fam1=[[Hlou-Shum languages|Hlou-Shum]]
|scripts=* Latin (Uncial)
|notice=IPA
}}
'''{{SUBPAGENAME}}''' (English: /koʊ/, natively ''lees ndoigh Komh'' /li noi kɔ/ (TBA: tone)) is a language spoken in [[Bjeheond]]; as a [[Hlou-Shum languages|Hlou-Shum language]], it's related to [[Hlou]]. It is a monosyllabic tonal language inspired by Hmong, Irish, Manx, and English. Like Irish, Ko has initial consonant mutations.


Numbers:
#''fàmh''
#''dî''
#''nár''
#''ngô''
#''zèil''
#''stù''
#''rú''
#''leâr''
#''fár''
#''cìr''
==Todo==
==Todo==
''aigh'' {{angbr|''ach''}} /ʔaj/
Motivation: "Sinospheric Irish" or "Hmoob read by an Irish speaker"
*Explain: lexical mutation in Hlou, grammatical mutation in Ko
**Hlou lexical mutation could have arisen from a grammatical mutation system where the particles fell away
*''dor'' = to be born ~ Hlou ''Ndol'' 'person'
*TODO: kl gl sk > q
*bach = small, meer = big
*hleubh = to love (hlub means "to love" in Hmong)
*kein = archaic negative word
*ein = emphasis/'rather'
*koobh = good
*cu = copper


==Sound changes==
==Phonology==
*s!x > sng! > hng <''sng''>
{{SUBPAGENAME}} has fewer initials than [[Hlou]], due to initial mutations.
*sch > s!= > k= <''sc''>
===Phonotactics===
From Schnueher page:
C + V + tone


Tone from French style weakening of finals? (-d, -t > high (short V)/rising (long V); -s > low (short V)/falling (long V); -de/-te > -t)
===Initials===
''m n ņ l nl r y w'' = /m n ɲ l (dark l) r j w/


final stops > high tone; final -Ce > final -C; final -l > ŋ
''hm hn hņ hl hr hy hw'' = /ʰm ʰn ʰɲ ʰl ʰr ç (voiceless w)/


nasal vowels > vowel + w
''p t tç ts tx c k q b d j g'' = /h t ts (Basque ts) tʃ c k q b d ɟ g/


-s would still serve as a tone marker
''pl bl tl dl'' = /hl bl tl dl/


Some AW sources for finals:
''ph th tçh tsh txh ch kh qh bh dh jh gh'' = /f θ s (Basque s) ʃ ç x χ v ð j ɣ/
*-p < -fe, -ffe, -pf(e), -be
*-t < -de, -te
*-k < -cke
*-m < -me, -mpfe
*-n < -ne, -nde, -nze
*-ŋ < -nge, -nke, -l, -le
*-w < -m, -n, -nd, -ng, -nk, -b, -f
*-ː < -ge
*-j < -tz, -tze, -sche, -st, -ste, -che (ich-laut), -se
*-h < -re, -che
 
Uncategorized: -mpf, -mpfe, -nd, -nde, -nz, -nze, -nk, -nke > -m(h), -n(ʔ), -n(h), -ŋ(ʔ)?
 
==Phonology==
===Phonotactics===
The maximal syllable structure is C(r/l)VC. A syllable is not allowed to terminate in a short vowel except in some function words.


Allowed initial clusters (not counting mutations): '''pr tr cr br dr gr fr ngr spr str scr pl cl bl gl fl spl'''
''phl bhl thl dhl'' /fl vl ɬ ɮ/


===Initials===
''np nt ntç nts ntx nc nk nq nb nd nj ng'' = /b d dz (voiced Basque ts) dʒ ɟ g ɢ m n ɲ ŋ/
{|class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center"
|-
|+'''Consonant phonemes'''
!rowspan="2" colspan="2"|
!colspan="2" | Labial
!colspan="2" | Alveolar
!colspan="2" | Velar
!rowspan="2" | Laryngeal
|-
! <small>broad</small>
! <small>slender</small>
! <small>broad</small>
! <small>slender</small>
! <small>slender</small>
! <small>broad</small>
|-
!rowspan="2" | Nasal
!<small>voiceless</small>
| {{IPA|ʰmˠ}} || {{IPA|ʰmʲ}}
| {{IPA|ʰn̪ˠ}} || {{IPA|ʰnʲ}}
| {{IPA|ʰɲ}} || {{IPA|ʰŋ}}
|
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| {{IPA|mˠ}} || {{IPA|mʲ}}
| {{IPA|n̪ˠ}} || {{IPA|nʲ}}
| {{IPA|ɲ}} || {{IPA|ŋ}}
|
|-
!rowspan="3" | Stop<br/>/Affricate
!<small>plain</small>
| {{IPA|pˠ}} || {{IPA|pʲ}}
| {{IPA|t̪ˠ}} || {{IPA|tʲ}}
| {{IPA|c}} || {{IPA|k}}
| {{IPA|ʔ}}
|-
!<small>tense</small>
| {{IPA|pˠ˭}} || {{IPA|pʲ˭}}
| {{IPA|t̪ˠ˭}} || {{IPA|tʲ˭}}
| {{IPA|c˭}} || {{IPA|k˭}}
|
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| {{IPA|bˠ}} || {{IPA|bʲ}}
| {{IPA|d̪ˠ}} || {{IPA|dʲ}}
| {{IPA|ɟ}} || {{IPA|g}}
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!<small>voiceless</small>
| {{IPA|fˠ}} || {{IPA|fʲ}}
| {{IPA|sˠ}} || {{IPA|sʲ}}
| {{IPA|ç}} || {{IPA|x}}
| {{IPA|h}}
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| {{IPA|vˠ}} || {{IPA|vʲ}}
| {{IPA|zˠ}} || {{IPA|zʲ}}
| {{IPA|j}} || {{IPA|ɣ}}
|
|-
!rowspan=2| Trill
!<small>voiceless</small>
| ||
| {{IPA|ʰrˠ}} || {{IPA|ʰrʲ}}
| ||
|
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| ||
| {{IPA|rˠ}} || {{IPA|rʲ}}
| ||
|
|-
!rowspan=2| Lateral
!<small>voiceless</small>
| ||
| {{IPA|ʰl̪ˠ}} || {{IPA|ʰlʲ}}
| ||
|
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| ||
| {{IPA|l̪ˠ}} || {{IPA|lʲ}}
| ||
|
|}


*/ʰm ʰn ʰŋ ʰl ʰr/ are written '''sm sn sng sl sr'''.
''npl nbl ntl ndl'' /bl ml dl nl/
*/p˭ t˭ k˭/ are written '''sp st sc'''.


===Vowels===
''f ç s x'' = /f s (Basque s) ʃ/
/ˠa ˠɪ ˠɔ ˠʊ ˠaː ˠeː ˠiː ˠoː ˠuː ˠuə/ '''a oi/ui o u à aè aoì ò ù ùa'''


/ʲa ʲi ʲaː ʲeː ʲiː ʲoː ʲuː ʲiə/ '''ea i à è/èi aoì eò iù ìa'''
''nf nç ns nx'', also ''fh çh sh xh'' = /v z (voiced Basque s) ʒ/


===Finals===
===Rimes===
The allowed finals are: /p t k m n ŋ r j w/ {{angbr|''b d g m n l/ng r igh bh''}}
''a i ao u e o ee oo ai ei oi au eu ia ua'' = /a ɪ ɨ ʊ ɛ ɔ i u ai ei oi au eu iə uə/


===Tones===
===Tones===
Rising, mid, falling (á, à/unmarked, â)
9 tones:
 
Short vowels are toneless. (cf. "entering tone" in Middle Chinese)


===Mutations===
*-Ø: mid level
The following initials can undergo lenition or eclipsis:
*-ch: glottal stop final
*-s: low falling
*-r: low rising
*-gh: low breathy
*-mh: creaky
*-bh: mid rising
*-dh: high falling
*-n: high level


{| class="greentable lightgreenbg " style=" text-align: center;"
==Grammar==
|-
Ko is SVO and head-initial. Mutations often operate on a syntactic basis.
|+ '''Initial mutations'''
|-
!|Grapheme
!''m''!!''p''!!''b''!!''f''!!''t''!!''d''!!''s''!!''z''!!''c''!!''g''!!''∅''
|-
!IPA
|/m/||/p/||/b/||/f/||/t/||/d/||/s/||/z/||/k/||/g/||/ʔ/
|-
!|Lenited
!''mh''!!''ph''!!''bh''!!''fh''!!''th''!!''dh''!!''sh''!!''zh''!!''ch''!!''gh''!!''∅''
|-
!IPA
|/v/||/f/||/v/||/ʔ/||/h/||/ɣ/, /j/||/h/||/ʔ/||/x/||/ɣ/, /j/||/ʔ/
|-
!|Eclipsed
!''-''!!''bp''!!''mb''!!''bhf''!!''dt''!!''nd''!!''zs''!!''-''!!''gc''!!''n-g''!!''n-''
|-
!IPA
|''-''||/b/||/m/||/v/||/d/||/n/||/z/||''-''||/g/||/ŋ/||/n/
|}
 
In addition, h-prothesis adds ''h-'' to the beginning of a word beginning with a vowel.
 
==Morphology==
===Nouns===
===Nouns===
Compound words are head-final: ''sóng-truu'' = 'agenda book' (lit. 'check-book', i.e. a book that one checks)
plural word: ''yoo-L'' (placed after classifier but before noun)
 
===Pronouns===
Attributive adjectives precede the noun and take the same mutation as the noun. Examples:
*xan = I
*''an gò gaoì'' 'the tall tree' (nominative)
*çeedh = you
*''an n-gò dtrú'' 'the long book' (nominative)
 
====Indefinite mutations====
====Definite mutations====
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | Masculine definite mutations
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Def. nom.
| h-prothesis || lenition
|-
! Def. acc.
| eclipsis || h-prothesis
|-
! Def. gen.
| lenition || eclipsis
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | Feminine definite mutations
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Def. nom.
| lenition || eclipsis
|-
! Def. acc.
| h-prothesis || lenition
|-
! Def. gen.
| eclipsis || h-prothesis
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | Neuter definite mutations
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Def. nom.
| eclipsis || h-prothesis
|-
! Def. acc.
| lenition || eclipsis
|-
! Def. gen.
| h-prothesis || lenition
|}
{{col-end}}


{{col-begin}}
===Classifiers===
{{col-break}}
Classifiers were historically a very open class. They always eclipse the following noun.
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | ''gaoì'' 'tree' - masculine
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Def. nom.
| ''an '''g'''aoì'' || ''na '''gh'''aoì''
|-
! Def. acc.
| ''an '''ng'''aoì'' || ''na '''g'''aoì''
|-
! Def. gen.
| ''an '''gh'''aoì'' || ''na '''ng'''aoì''
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | ''crùaigh'' 'thought' - feminine
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Def. nom.
| ''an '''chr'''ùaigh'' || ''na '''gcr'''ùaigh''
|-
! Def. acc.
| ''an '''cr'''ùaigh'' || ''na '''chr'''ùaigh''
|-
! Def. gen.
| ''an '''gcr'''ùaigh'' || ''na '''cr'''ùaigh''
|}


{{col-break}}
''lu'', ''tzagh'', ''hņoobh'', ''lees'', ''çua'', ''yaus'', ...
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | ''trú'' 'book' - neuter
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Def. nom.
| ''an '''dtr'''ú'' || ''na '''tr'''ú''
|-
! Def. acc.
| ''an '''thr'''ú'' || ''na '''dtr'''ú''
|-
! Def. gen.
| ''an '''tr'''ú'' || ''na '''thr'''ú''
|}
{{col-end}}


===Verb phrase===
*lu = humans, gods
Verbs do not inflect for subject agreement or tense; however, preverbal tense/discourse/connective markers trigger mutations on the verb. Unusually, connectives come immediately after the verb.
**''faon'' = a man; ''lu nfaon'' = the man (classifier ''lu'')
*tçagh = animals, demons
**''plaidh'' = a dog; ''tçagh nplaidh'' = the dog (classifier ''tçagh'')
**''tçagh Nja Ber Woch'' = a demon in Ko mythology
*hņoobh = tall objects such as trees, buildings
**''qo'' = a tree; ''hņoobh nqo'' the tree
*çua: infinitive
**''dor'' = is born; ''çua ndor'' = to be born (inf.)
*''lobh'': food, edible plants
*''zail'': inedible plants
*lees = nominalization, way of X-ing
**''doigh'' = 'to speak'; ''lees ndoigh'' 'language'
*In archaic language: fancy apparently ad-hoc classifiers for different animals and fruits (cf. English ''murder of crows'' except "murder" is a classifier)


Tense:
===Verbs===
*present: no marker
ba = subjunctive marker
**''sèir'' = 'dies' (< AW ''zernen''), ''eic'' /ʔɛk/ = 'buys' (< AW ''eckern'')
*past: ''scil'' + lenition (< AW ''schillen'' 'finish')
**''scil shèir'' = 'died', ''scil eic'' = 'bought'
*future: ''ngêir'' + h-prothesis  ( < AW ''Đerz'' 'wish')
**''ngêir sèir'' = 'will die', ''ngéir h-eic'' 'will buy'
*infinitive: ''go'' + lenition (from ''ge-'')
**''go shèir'' = 'to die'
Connectives:
*''zeár'': 'when' (< AW ''sätter'' 'eventually')
*''daoìgh'' + eclipsis: 'because' (< AW ''deichen'')
*''spàr'': 'but, however' (''spaler'' 'unfortunately')


===Derivational morphology===
''Ba fhaomh-saigh le çeedh'' = If you like it
*''ba-'' + lenition (from ''be-''): verbalizer
**''ba-bhì'': 'nasalize' < ''bì'' 'nose'
*''go-'' + lenition (from ''ge-''): nominalizer
**also ''for-'' (from ''ver-'')
*''inn-'': increments a verb's valency
*''sar-'': decrements a verb's velency
==Phrases==
*Thank you = ''Gôr-má thà gad'' (''gôr-má'' < gaußer-matt: something like "blessing"; thà = "in";  gad = "house")


==Sample texts==
==Sample text==
===UDHR, Article 1===
===Tower of Babel===
:''Scil shéibh bî-bî an bhfàr go thúa mâ dè bân fhor-stuid thàn creóbh dè thàn fhor-cing. ...''
:''Pugh çedh yaus nqar ņiamh tso txuabh çhaor aon lees ndoigh kiabh aon lees ntlair.''
:CONJ in CLF world whole PST give only one CLF language and one CLF speak
:And in the whole world there was one language and one way of speaking.


:''Roomh lu yoo las jhugh dle [hyoch mhar], [ka nfemh] re txuabh tçhaoch ibh yaus [njo qiagh] Xi-Na, pugh re txuabh cheich hmoi nblaun.''
:when CLF PL person travel eastward then
:As the people moved eastward...


[[Category:Quihum languages]][[Category:Pfeunic languages]][[Category:Wiebic languages]][[Category:Hussmauch]][[Category:Pseudo-Celtic]]
[[Category:Quihum languages]][[Category:Tricin]][[Category:Languages]]

Latest revision as of 01:03, 10 May 2023

Not to be confused with the Earth language Fungor, also known as Ko.
User:IlL/Spare pages 1/4/Wordlist
IlL/Spare pages 1/4
lees ndoigh Komh
Created byIlL
SettingVerse:Tricin
Native toBjeheond
Hlou-Shum
  • IlL/Spare pages 1/4
  • Latin (Uncial)
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

4 (English: /koʊ/, natively lees ndoigh Komh /li noi kɔ/ (TBA: tone)) is a language spoken in Bjeheond; as a Hlou-Shum language, it's related to Hlou. It is a monosyllabic tonal language inspired by Hmong, Irish, Manx, and English. Like Irish, Ko has initial consonant mutations.

Todo

Motivation: "Sinospheric Irish" or "Hmoob read by an Irish speaker"

  • Explain: lexical mutation in Hlou, grammatical mutation in Ko
    • Hlou lexical mutation could have arisen from a grammatical mutation system where the particles fell away
  • dor = to be born ~ Hlou Ndol 'person'
  • TODO: kl gl sk > q
  • bach = small, meer = big
  • hleubh = to love (hlub means "to love" in Hmong)
  • kein = archaic negative word
  • ein = emphasis/'rather'
  • koobh = good
  • cu = copper

Phonology

4 has fewer initials than Hlou, due to initial mutations.

Phonotactics

C + V + tone

Initials

m n ņ l nl r y w = /m n ɲ l (dark l) r j w/

hm hn hņ hl hr hy hw = /ʰm ʰn ʰɲ ʰl ʰr ç (voiceless w)/

p t tç ts tx c k q b d j g = /h t ts (Basque ts) tʃ c k q b d ɟ g/

pl bl tl dl = /hl bl tl dl/

ph th tçh tsh txh ch kh qh bh dh jh gh = /f θ s (Basque s) ʃ ç x χ v ð j ɣ/

phl bhl thl dhl /fl vl ɬ ɮ/

np nt ntç nts ntx nc nk nq nb nd nj ng = /b d dz (voiced Basque ts) dʒ ɟ g ɢ m n ɲ ŋ/

npl nbl ntl ndl /bl ml dl nl/

f ç s x = /f s (Basque s) ʃ/

nf nç ns nx, also fh çh sh xh = /v z (voiced Basque s) ʒ/

Rimes

a i ao u e o ee oo ai ei oi au eu ia ua = /a ɪ ɨ ʊ ɛ ɔ i u ai ei oi au eu iə uə/

Tones

9 tones:

  • -Ø: mid level
  • -ch: glottal stop final
  • -s: low falling
  • -r: low rising
  • -gh: low breathy
  • -mh: creaky
  • -bh: mid rising
  • -dh: high falling
  • -n: high level

Grammar

Ko is SVO and head-initial. Mutations often operate on a syntactic basis.

Nouns

plural word: yoo-L (placed after classifier but before noun)

Pronouns

  • xan = I
  • çeedh = you

Classifiers

Classifiers were historically a very open class. They always eclipse the following noun.

lu, tzagh, hņoobh, lees, çua, yaus, ...

  • lu = humans, gods
    • faon = a man; lu nfaon = the man (classifier lu)
  • tçagh = animals, demons
    • plaidh = a dog; tçagh nplaidh = the dog (classifier tçagh)
    • tçagh Nja Ber Woch = a demon in Ko mythology
  • hņoobh = tall objects such as trees, buildings
    • qo = a tree; hņoobh nqo the tree
  • çua: infinitive
    • dor = is born; çua ndor = to be born (inf.)
  • lobh: food, edible plants
  • zail: inedible plants
  • lees = nominalization, way of X-ing
    • doigh = 'to speak'; lees ndoigh 'language'
  • In archaic language: fancy apparently ad-hoc classifiers for different animals and fruits (cf. English murder of crows except "murder" is a classifier)

Verbs

ba = subjunctive marker

Ba fhaomh-saigh le çeedh = If you like it

Sample text

Tower of Babel

Pugh çedh yaus nqar ņiamh tso txuabh çhaor aon lees ndoigh kiabh aon lees ntlair.
CONJ in CLF world whole PST give only one CLF language and one CLF speak
And in the whole world there was one language and one way of speaking.
Roomh lu yoo las jhugh dle [hyoch mhar], [ka nfemh] re txuabh tçhaoch ibh yaus [njo qiagh] Xi-Na, pugh re txuabh cheich hmoi nblaun.
when CLF PL person travel eastward then
As the people moved eastward...
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