User:Ceige/Cauvit: Difference between revisions

From Linguifex
Jump to navigation Jump to search
 
(4 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 16: Line 16:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! Proto-Austronesian <br /> <sup>Blust & Trussel 2017</sup> !! Proto-Cauwit <br /> <sup>PEA-inspired phonology</sup> !! Proto-Cauvit <br /> <sup>PE inspired</sup> <!--!! Aleut inspired -->!! Sauvit <br /> <sup>Inupiaq/Natsilik inspired</sup> !! Saavit <br /> <sup>Kalaallisut inspired</sup>
!style="background: #dff1e0;"| Proto-Austronesian <br /> <sup>Blust & Trussel 2017</sup>
!style="background: #f0f1df;"| Proto-Cauwit <br /> <sup>PEA-inspired phonology</sup>
!style="background: #f1e9df;"| Proto-Cauvit <br /> <sup>PE inspired</sup> <!--!! Aleut inspired -->
!style="background: #f1dfe5;"| Sauvič <br /> <sup>Inupiaq/Natsilik inspired</sup>
!style="background: #ece0f0;"| Saavit <br /> <sup>Kalaallisut inspired</sup>
|-
|-
| p /p/ || p /p/ || p /p/ ||colspan=2| <em style="color:grey;">Same as Proto-Cauvit</em>
| p /p/ || p /p/ ||style="background:#d6e1ec"| p /p/ ||colspan=2| <em style="color:grey;">Same as Proto-Cauvit</em>
|-
|-
| b /b/ || p /p/, -v- /v/ ||
| b /b/ || p /p/, -v- /v/ ||style="background:#d6e1ec"| p /p/, v /v/ ||colspan=2| <em style="color:grey;">Same as Proto-Cauvit</em>
|-
|-
| m /m/ || m /m/
| m /m/ || m /m/ ||style="background:#d6e1ec"| m /m/ ||colspan=2| <em style="color:grey;">Same as Proto-Cauvit</em>
|-
|-
| w /w/ || v /v/
| w /w/ || w /w/ ||style="background:#d6e1ec"| v /v/, uv- /uv/ ||colspan=2| <em style="color:grey;">Same as Proto-Cauvit</em>
|-
|-
| t /t/ || t /t/
| t /t/ || t /t/ ||style="background:#d1ebeb"| t /t/ || t /t/, +i: /tʃ/ || t /t/, +i: /s/
|-
|-
| d /d/ || t /t/, -ð- /ð/ || t /t/, Ø || t /t/, Ø
| d /d/ || t /t/, -ð- /ð/ ||style="background:#d1ebeb"| t /t/, Ø ||colspan=2| <em style="color:grey;">Same as Proto-Cauvit</em>
|-
|-
| n /n/ || n /n/ || n /n/ || n /n/
| n /n/ || n /n/ ||style="background:#d1ebeb"| n /n/ ||colspan=2| <em style="color:grey;">Same as Proto-Cauvit</em>
|-
|-
| S /s/ || s /s/ || s /s/ || s /s/
| S /s/ || s /s/ ||style="background:#d1ebeb"| s /s/ ||colspan=2| <em style="color:grey;">Same as Proto-Cauvit</em>
|-
|-
| C /t͡s/ || c /t͡s/ || s /s/,  
| C /t͡s/ || c /t͡s/ ||style="background:#d1ebeb"| c /t͡s/ || s /s/, +i: š /ʃ/ || s /s/
|-
|-
| l /l/ || l /l/
| l /l/ || l /l/ ||style="background:#d1ebeb"| l /l/ || l /l/, +i: ľ /ʎ/ || l /l/, +gem: ll /ɬ(:)/
|-
|-
| r /ɾ/ ||style="background:#f1dfe5;"| ř /sʲ~ɾ~ɟ/
| r /ɾ/ ||style="background:#f1dfe5;"| ř /sʲ~ɾ~ɟ/ ||style="background:#d1ebeb"| Ø? t~l? ð? || ?? || [s'''kr'''æling > '''k'''a'''l'''aalleq]
|-
|-
| ñ /ɲ/ || ň /ɲ/
| ñ /ɲ/ || ň /ɲ/ ||style="background:#d1ebeb"| n /n/ || n /n/ +i: ň /ɲ/ || n /n/
|-
|-
| s /ç/ || š /sʲ/
| s /ç/ || š /sʲ/ ||style="background:#d1ebeb"| s /s/ || s /s/ +i: š /ʃ/ || s /s/
|-
|-
| c /c͡ç/ || č /t͡sʲ/
| c /c͡ç/ || č /t͡sʲ/ ||style="background:#d1ebeb"| c /t͡s/ || s /s/ +i: š /ʃ/ || s /s/
|-
|-
| z /ɟ͡ʝ/ ||style="background:#f1dfe5;"| ž /ɟ/ (ř?)
| z /ɟ͡ʝ/ ||style="background:#f1dfe5;"| ž /ɟ/ (ř?) ||style="background:#dff1ed"| ž /ɟ/ || ž /ʐ/ || (i)s(i), s- /s/, (i)Ø(v), -j- /j/?
|-
|-
| N /lʲ/ || ň /ɲ/
| N /lʲ/ || ň /ɲ/ ||style="background:#d1ebeb"| n /n/ || n /n/ +i: ň /ɲ/ || n /n/
|-
|-
| y /j/ || j /j/
| y /j/ || j /j/ ||style="background:#dff1ed"| j /j/, ij- /ij/? || j /j/, č- /ʃ/ || j /j/, s- /s/  
<!--|-
<!--|-
| D /ɖ/ || -->
| D /ɖ/ || -->
|-
|-
| k
| k /k/ || k /k/ ||style="background:#dff1e0"| k /k/ ||colspan=2| <em style="color:grey;">Same as Proto-Cauvit</em>
|-
|-
| g /g/
| g /g/ || k /k/, -g- /ɣ~g/ ||style="background:#dff1e0"| k /k/, -g- /ɣ~g/ || colspan=2| <em style="color:grey;">Same as Proto-Cauvit</em>
|-
|-
| j /ɡʲ/ ||style="background:#f1dfe5;"| ž /ɟ/ (ř?)
| j /ɡʲ/ ||style="background:#f1dfe5;"| ž /ɟ/ (ř?) ||style="background:#dff1ed"| ž /ɟ/ || ž /ʐ/ || (i)s(i), s- /s/, (i)Ø(v), -j- /j/?
|-
|-
| ŋ /ŋ/
| ŋ /ŋ/ || ŋ /ŋ/ ||style="background:#dff1e0"| Ø-, -ŋ/Ø- /ŋ~Ø/ ||colspan=2| <em style="color:grey;">Same as Proto-Cauvit</em>
|-
|-
| q /q/ || q /q/ || q /q/
| q /q/ || q /q/ ||style="background:#f0f1df"| q /q/, r /ʁ/ ||colspan=2| <em style="color:grey;">Same as Proto-Cauvit</em>
|-
|-
| h /h/ || Ø
| h /h/ || h /h/ || Ø ||colspan=2| <em style="color:grey;">Same as Proto-Cauvit</em>
|-
|-
| R /r/ or /ʀ/
| R /r/ or /ʀ/ || q /q/, -r- /ʁ/ ||style="background:#f0f1df"| q /q/, -r- /ʁ/ || q /q/, -r- /ʁ/, VØV || q /q/, -r- /ʁ/, VØV /V:/
|-
|-
| i /i/ || i /i/, e /e/
| i /i/ || i /i/, +uvu: e /e/ ||style="background:#dff1ed"| i /i/, e /e/, +lab /y/ ||colspan=2| <em style="color:grey;">Same as Proto-Cauvit</em>
|-
|-
| u /u/ || u /u/, o /o/
| u /u/ || u /u/, +uvu: o /o/ ||style="background:#dff1e0"| u /u/, o /o/ ||colspan=2| <em style="color:grey;">Same as Proto-Cauvit</em>
|-
|-
| a /a/ || a /a~ɑ/  
| a /a/ || a /a~ɑ/ ||style="background:#f0f1df"| a /a~ɑ/ ||colspan=2| <em style="color:grey;">Same as Proto-Cauvit</em>
|-
|-
| e /ə/ || ə /ə/
| e /ə/ || ə /ə/ ||style="background:#d1ebeb"| ï /ï/ +lab /y/ || i /i/ || i /i/
|}
|}
* <span style="border: solid 0.2em #d1bfc5;background:#f1dfe5;">Red:</span> Possibly all the same consonant, depends on data from Inupiaq and Natsilingmiutut/Natsilik.
* <span style="border: solid 0.2em #d1bfc5;background:#f1dfe5;"><strong>Red</strong> in the proto-Cauwit column:</span> Possibly all the same consonant, depends on data from Inupiaq and Natsilingmiutut/Natsilik. <em><strong>Note</strong> that Kalaallisut does not allow words to start with /j/, and as a result it seems this consonant is sometimes turned into /s/. This may play a role in why it occasionally becomes /s/ in the middle of words, too, with palatalisation not being the culprit, but instead clustering and gemination: in Kalaallisut, geminate oral consonants, including /v/ and /l, frequently become devoiced. Thus if /jj/ were to form for some reason, [s] would be the expected outcome.</em>
 
* <span style="border: solid 0.2em #b6c1cc;background:#d6e1ec;"><strong>#d6e1ec</strong> in the proto-Cauvit column:</span> Labial series
 
* <span style="border: solid 0.2em #b1cbcb;background:#d1ebeb;"><strong>#d1ebeb</strong> in the proto-Cauvit column:</span> Dental series
 
* <span style="border: solid 0.2em #bfd1c0;background:#dff1e0;"><strong>#dff1e0</strong> in the proto-Cauvit column:</span> Velar series
 
* <span style="border: solid 0.2em #d0d1bf;background:#f0f1df;"><strong>#f0f1df</strong> in the proto-Cauvit column:</span> Uvular series
 
<hr />
 
===Clusters go here===
* s + N &gt; Ns &gt; Ps e.g. sn > ts, sng > ks etc.
 
==Example Roots==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!style="background: #d1ebeb;"| English
!style="background: #dff1e0;"| Proto-Austronesian <br /> <sup>Blust & Trussel 2017</sup>
!style="background: #f0f1df;"| Proto-Cauwit <br /> <sup>PEA-inspired phonology</sup>
!style="background: #f1e9df;"| Proto-Cauvit <br /> <sup>PE inspired</sup> <!--!! Aleut inspired -->
!style="background: #f1dfe5;"| Sauvič <br /> <sup>Inupiaq/Natsilik inspired</sup>
!style="background: #ece0f0;"| Saavit <br /> <sup>Kalaallisut inspired</sup>
|-
| boat || *qabaŋ /qabaŋ/ || *qavaŋ || qavaŋ || qavak || qavak <!-- cf. qajaq -->
|-
| evening || *Rabiqi /ʀabiqi/ || *qaviqi || qaviqi, qavqi || qaveri, qarri (qafri?) || qaveri, qarri /qaχːi/
|-
| fish || *Sikan /sikan/ <!--iSkan common too--> || *sikan || sikan(-iq) || šikat/šikaneq || sikat/sikaneq
|-
| hack, cut into pieces || *saksak /çakçak/ || *šakšak || saksak || sakšak (čakšak) || sassak
|-
| head, chief, first || *quluh /quluh/ || *quluh || qulu || qulu, quloq || qulu, quloq
|-
| house || *Rumaq /ʀumaq/ || *qumaq || qomaq || qumaq || qumaq (!qomaq)
|-
| gnash the teeth || *ŋeCŋeC /ŋətsŋəts/ || *ŋəcŋəc || ïsŋït (ïŋsït?) || isŋit (ikšit) || iŋŋit/inngit (issit)
|-
| moon, month || *bulaN /bulalʲ/ || *pulaň || pulan || pulat || pulat
|-
| nose || *ujuŋ /uɡʲuŋ/ || *užuŋ || užuŋ || užuk || usuk / ujuk / uvuk
|-
| person || *Cau /tsau/ || *cau || cau || sau(q) || saa(q)
|-
| pine tree || *saleŋ /çaləŋ/ || *šaləŋ || salïŋ || salit, salik || salit, salik
|-
| satiated || *besuR /bəçuʀ/ || *pəšuʀ || pïsuʀ || pisoq <!--pizuq--> || pisoq
|-
| sea || *tenem(e) /tənəm(ə)/ || *tənəm(ə) || tïnïm (tïnmï) || tinip (timmi) || tinip (timmi)
|-
| shark || *qiSu /qisu/ || *qisu || qisu || qesu || qesu
|-
| sky || *laŋiC /laŋits/ || *laŋis || laŋit || laŋič || laŋit
|-
| tree, wood || *kaSiw /kasiw/ || *kasiw || kasip || kašip || kasip
|-
| urine || *iSeq /isəq/ || *isəq || iseq || išeq ~ iseq || iseq
|-
| year, season, heaven || *kawaS /kawas/ || *kawas || kavat || kavat || kavat
|}
 
=Example Grammar=
* -Ø = absolute
* -(a? ə+lab –> u in PEA stage?)p = transitive actor (from pa-, causative)
* -q = optional definite marker? From qu <!-- http://www.trussel2.com/acd/acd-s_q.htm#4799 -->
* -it = from ita, plural marker?
* -nu = genitive? (Greenlandic has ergative, instr, all, loc, abl, pros, equat...) <!--http://www.tusaalanga.ca/node/1110 - use of POSSESSER-up POSSESSEE-personalaffix -->

Latest revision as of 16:49, 8 May 2017

Cauvit (or Saavit), made using this dictionary and a bunch of Wikipedia pages.

Etymology

Proto-Austronesian *Cau and *ita, which is generalised as a plural marker and the -a is lost after being reanalysed as some sort of unnecessary suffix to the *-it- part.

Phonological correspondences

The sound changes from Proto-Austronesian to fit an Inuit-inspired mould are not particularly complicated. To keep things as simple as possible, the target phonology for converting Austronesian etyma into Inuit-esque words is roughly Proto-Eskimo-Aleut to Proto-Eskimo. The final columns are there for examples of daughter phonemes in contemporary Inuit languages.

Proto-Austronesian
Blust & Trussel 2017 		Proto-Cauwit
PEA-inspired phonology 		Proto-Cauvit
PE inspired 		Sauvič
Inupiaq/Natsilik inspired 		Saavit
Kalaallisut inspired
p /p/ p /p/ p /p/ Same as Proto-Cauvit
b /b/ p /p/, -v- /v/ p /p/, v /v/ Same as Proto-Cauvit
m /m/ m /m/ m /m/ Same as Proto-Cauvit
w /w/ w /w/ v /v/, uv- /uv/ Same as Proto-Cauvit
t /t/ t /t/ t /t/ t /t/, +i: /tʃ/ t /t/, +i: /s/
d /d/ t /t/, -ð- /ð/ t /t/, Ø Same as Proto-Cauvit
n /n/ n /n/ n /n/ Same as Proto-Cauvit
S /s/ s /s/ s /s/ Same as Proto-Cauvit
C /t͡s/ c /t͡s/ c /t͡s/ s /s/, +i: š /ʃ/ s /s/
l /l/ l /l/ l /l/ l /l/, +i: ľ /ʎ/ l /l/, +gem: ll /ɬ(:)/
r /ɾ/ ř /sʲ~ɾ~ɟ/ Ø? t~l? ð? ?? [skræling > kalaalleq]
ñ /ɲ/ ň /ɲ/ n /n/ n /n/ +i: ň /ɲ/ n /n/
s /ç/ š /sʲ/ s /s/ s /s/ +i: š /ʃ/ s /s/
c /c͡ç/ č /t͡sʲ/ c /t͡s/ s /s/ +i: š /ʃ/ s /s/
z /ɟ͡ʝ/ ž /ɟ/ (ř?) ž /ɟ/ ž /ʐ/ (i)s(i), s- /s/, (i)Ø(v), -j- /j/?
N /lʲ/ ň /ɲ/ n /n/ n /n/ +i: ň /ɲ/ n /n/
y /j/ j /j/ j /j/, ij- /ij/? j /j/, č- /ʃ/ j /j/, s- /s/
k /k/ k /k/ k /k/ Same as Proto-Cauvit
g /g/ k /k/, -g- /ɣ~g/ k /k/, -g- /ɣ~g/ Same as Proto-Cauvit
j /ɡʲ/ ž /ɟ/ (ř?) ž /ɟ/ ž /ʐ/ (i)s(i), s- /s/, (i)Ø(v), -j- /j/?
ŋ /ŋ/ ŋ /ŋ/ Ø-, -ŋ/Ø- /ŋ~Ø/ Same as Proto-Cauvit
q /q/ q /q/ q /q/, r /ʁ/ Same as Proto-Cauvit
h /h/ h /h/ Ø Same as Proto-Cauvit
R /r/ or /ʀ/ q /q/, -r- /ʁ/ q /q/, -r- /ʁ/ q /q/, -r- /ʁ/, VØV q /q/, -r- /ʁ/, VØV /V:/
i /i/ i /i/, +uvu: e /e/ i /i/, e /e/, +lab /y/ Same as Proto-Cauvit
u /u/ u /u/, +uvu: o /o/ u /u/, o /o/ Same as Proto-Cauvit
a /a/ a /a~ɑ/ a /a~ɑ/ Same as Proto-Cauvit
e /ə/ ə /ə/ ï /ï/ +lab /y/ i /i/ i /i/
  • Red in the proto-Cauwit column: Possibly all the same consonant, depends on data from Inupiaq and Natsilingmiutut/Natsilik. Note that Kalaallisut does not allow words to start with /j/, and as a result it seems this consonant is sometimes turned into /s/. This may play a role in why it occasionally becomes /s/ in the middle of words, too, with palatalisation not being the culprit, but instead clustering and gemination: in Kalaallisut, geminate oral consonants, including /v/ and /l, frequently become devoiced. Thus if /jj/ were to form for some reason, [s] would be the expected outcome.
  • #d6e1ec in the proto-Cauvit column: Labial series
  • #d1ebeb in the proto-Cauvit column: Dental series
  • #dff1e0 in the proto-Cauvit column: Velar series
  • #f0f1df in the proto-Cauvit column: Uvular series

Clusters go here

  • s + N > Ns > Ps e.g. sn > ts, sng > ks etc.

Example Roots

English Proto-Austronesian
Blust & Trussel 2017 		Proto-Cauwit
PEA-inspired phonology 		Proto-Cauvit
PE inspired 		Sauvič
Inupiaq/Natsilik inspired 		Saavit
Kalaallisut inspired
boat *qabaŋ /qabaŋ/ *qavaŋ qavaŋ qavak qavak
evening *Rabiqi /ʀabiqi/ *qaviqi qaviqi, qavqi qaveri, qarri (qafri?) qaveri, qarri /qaχːi/
fish *Sikan /sikan/ *sikan sikan(-iq) šikat/šikaneq sikat/sikaneq
hack, cut into pieces *saksak /çakçak/ *šakšak saksak sakšak (čakšak) sassak
head, chief, first *quluh /quluh/ *quluh qulu qulu, quloq qulu, quloq
house *Rumaq /ʀumaq/ *qumaq qomaq qumaq qumaq (!qomaq)
gnash the teeth *ŋeCŋeC /ŋətsŋəts/ *ŋəcŋəc ïsŋït (ïŋsït?) isŋit (ikšit) iŋŋit/inngit (issit)
moon, month *bulaN /bulalʲ/ *pulaň pulan pulat pulat
nose *ujuŋ /uɡʲuŋ/ *užuŋ užuŋ užuk usuk / ujuk / uvuk
person *Cau /tsau/ *cau cau sau(q) saa(q)
pine tree *saleŋ /çaləŋ/ *šaləŋ salïŋ salit, salik salit, salik
satiated *besuR /bəçuʀ/ *pəšuʀ pïsuʀ pisoq pisoq
sea *tenem(e) /tənəm(ə)/ *tənəm(ə) tïnïm (tïnmï) tinip (timmi) tinip (timmi)
shark *qiSu /qisu/ *qisu qisu qesu qesu
sky *laŋiC /laŋits/ *laŋis laŋit laŋič laŋit
tree, wood *kaSiw /kasiw/ *kasiw kasip kašip kasip
urine *iSeq /isəq/ *isəq iseq išeq ~ iseq iseq
year, season, heaven *kawaS /kawas/ *kawas kavat kavat kavat

Example Grammar

  • -Ø = absolute
  • -(a? ə+lab –> u in PEA stage?)p = transitive actor (from pa-, causative)
  • -q = optional definite marker? From qu
  • -it = from ita, plural marker?
  • -nu = genitive? (Greenlandic has ergative, instr, all, loc, abl, pros, equat...)
Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=User:Ceige/Cauvit&oldid=72433"