Tigol/Morphology: Difference between revisions

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Morphology is the most complex part of Old Tíogall. Much of [[Proto-Talmic]] morphology survives in Old Tíogall. However, Old Tíogall is most notorious for its verbal absolute-conjunct allomorphy.
Tigol is a highly inflected, fusional language, unlike modern [[Eevo]]. Much of [[Proto-Talmic]] morphology survives in Tigol. However, Tigol is most notorious for its often unpredictable verbal allomorphy.


Need to know what processes happen in prototonic forms of prefixed verbs
==Nouns==
==Nouns==
Do the Ciêng indep/dep thing
== Noun class markers ==
==Adjectives==
==Adjectives==
==Pronouns==
==Pronouns==
==Verbs==
==Verb prefixes==
Old Tíogall displays extensive verb allomorphy. Examples:  
===Preverb prefixes===
Prefixes:
*''ar-'': on, at
*''(deut.) as-'': telic
*''(prot.) de-, (deut.) do-'': in, at
*''é-'': with, co-
*''fin-''/''sin-'' = well, thoroughly
*''for-'': causative, through
*''(prot.) ful-, (deut.) fol-'': around, back
*''(prot.) gel-, (deut.) gol-'': up, out
*''ro-'': down
*''sol-'': a causative
*''(prot.) su-, (deut.) so-'': towards
*''(prot.) sur-, (deut.) sor-'': back
*''(prot.) u(cc)-, (deut.) oc-'': from
 
===Object prefixes===
Object prefixes are inherited from [[Proto-Quihum]] and are placed in a slot between preverbs and the stem.
 
==Verb TAMs==
Tigol inherits many TAMs directly from Thensarian. In addition, Tigol displays extensive verb allomorphy. Verbs can be grouped in two ways: non-prefixed and prefixed, and non-ablauting and ablauting. The verb tables below will use the following example verbs:


*An unprefixed verb: ''túsaiṁ'' /ˈtuːsai̯mʰ/ 'he prays', ''ní·túsa'' /niːˈtuːsa/ 'he does not pray'
*Unprefixed, non-ablauting verbs: e.g. ''túsaiṁ'' /ˈtuːsai̯m/ 'he prays', ''ía·tús'' /iːəˈtuːs/ 'he does not pray' (modern ''tus'')
*A prefixed verb: ''as·tóċa'' /asˈtoːkʰa/ 'he proves', ''ní·assaċ'' /niːˈasːakʰ/ 'he does not prove'
*Unprefixed, ablauting verbs: e.g. ''soṁaiṁ'' /somai̯m/ 'he finds (intransitive)', ''ía·soṁa'' /iːəˈsoma/ 'he does not find' (modern ''sov'')
*Prefixed, non-ablauting verbs: e.g. ''as·tóċ'' /asˈtoːkʰ/ 'he proves', ''ía·assaċ'' /iːəˈasːakʰ/ 'he does not prove'
*Prefixed ablauting verbs: e.g. ''de·arcoḃ'' /dorˈkobʰ/ 'he tolerates' (< ''de-ar-cobym'' 'at-on-bear'), ''ía·dérb'' /iːəˈdeːrb/ 'he does not tolerate' (modern Eevo ''deerv'')


In the following tables, the stressed syllable is bolded.  
In case where there is a preverb, the first syllable after the interpunct is stressed.  
===Present===
===Present===
{| class="bluetable"
{| class="bluetable"
|-
|-
! Person  !! ''túsain'' "pray"<br/>(non-prefixed, non-ablauting) !! ''as·tóċan'' "prove"<br/>(prefixed)
! Person  !! ''túsain'' "pray, request"<br/>(non-prefixed, non-ablauting) !! ''soṁain'' '"find"<br/>(non-prefixed, ablauting) !! ''as·tóċan'' "prove"<br/>(prefixed, non-ablauting) !! ''dor·coḃ'' "tolerate"<br/>(prefixed, ablauting)
|-
|-
| 1SG || '' '''tú'''sain'' < {{sc|tussanis}} <br/>''ní·'''tú'''san'' < {{sc|nīs tussan}} || ''as·'''tó'''ċan'' < {{sc|astosāconis}} <br/>''ní·'''as'''can'' < {{sc|nīs astosācon}}
| 1SG || '' túsain'' < tússanis <br/>''ia·tús'' < nīs tússan || ''soṁain'' < somynis <br/> ''ia·soṁ'' < nīs somyn || ''as·tóċan'' < astósācon<br/>''ia·assaċ'' < nīs ástosācon || ''dor·coḃ''<br/> ''ia·dérb''
|-
|-
| 2SG || '' '''tú'''sair'' < {{sc|tussaris}}<br/>''ní·'''tú'''sar'' < {{sc|nīs tussar}} || ''as·'''tó'''ċar'' < {{sc|astosācoris}}<br/>''ní·'''as'''car'' < {{sc|nīs astosācor}}
| 2SG || '' túsair'' < tússaris<br/>''ia·túsar'' < nīs tússar || ''soṁair'' < somyris <br/> ''ia·soṁar'' < nīs somyr || ''as·tóċar'' < astósācor<br/>''ia·assaċar'' < nīs ástosācor || ''dor·coḃar''<br/> ''ia·dérbar''
|-
|-
| 3SG.M || '' '''tú'''saiṁ'' < {{sc|tussamis}}<br/>''ní·'''tú'''sa''<sup>N</sup> < {{sc|nīs tussam}} || ''as·'''tó'''ċa'' < {{sc|astosācomis}}<br/>''ní·'''as'''saċ''<sup>N</sup> < {{sc|nīs astosācom}}
| 3SG.M || '' túsaiṁ'' < tússamis<br/>''ia·tús'' < nīs tússam || ''soṁaiṁ'' < somymis <br/> ''ia·soṁ'' < nīs somym || ''as·tóċ'' < astósācom<br/>''ia·assaċ'' < nīs ástosācom || ''dor·coḃ''<br/> ''ia·dérb''
|-
|-
| 3SG.F || '' '''tú'''sae'' < {{sc|tussasis}}<br/>''ní·'''tú'''sae'' < {{sc|nīs tussasi}} || ''as·'''tó'''ċae'' < {{sc|astosācosis}}<br/>''ní·'''as'''saċ'' < {{sc|nīs astosācos}}
| 3SG.F || '' túsaé'' < tússasis<br/>''ia·túsaé'' < nīs tússasi || ''soṁaé'' < somysis <br/> ''ia·soṁaé'' < nīs somysi || ''as·tóċaé'' < astósācosi<br/>''ia·assaċaé'' < nīs ástosācosi || ''dor·coḃaé''<br/> ''ia·dérbaé''
|-
|-
| 3SG.N || '' '''tús''''' < {{sc|tussas}}<br/>''ní·'''tús''''' < {{sc|nīs tussa}} || '' as·'''tóċ''''' < {{sc|astosācos}}<br/>''ní·'''as'''saċ'' < {{sc|nīs astosāco}}
| 3SG.N || '' tús'' < tússas<br/>''ia·tús'' < nīs tússa || ''soiṁ'' < somis <br/> ''ia·soṁ'' < nīs somy || '' as·tóċ'' < astósācos<br/>''ia·assaċ'' < nīs ástosāco || ''dor·coḃ''<br/> ''ia·dérb''
|-
|-
| 1EX || '' '''tú'''sme'' < {{sc|tussamēs}}<br/>''ní·'''tú'''saiṁ''<sup>L</sup> < {{sc|nīs tussamē}} || '' as·'''tóċ'''aiṁ'' < {{sc|astosācomēs}}<br/>''ní·'''as'''caiṁ'' < {{sc|nīs astosācomē}}
| 1EX || '' túsmae'' < tússamēs<br/>''ia·túsaiṁ'' < nīs tússamē || ''sommae'' < somymēs <br/> ''ia·soṁaiṁ'' < nīs somymē || '' as·tóċaiṁ'' < astósācomē<br/>''ia·assaċaiṁ'' < nīs ástosācomē || ''dor·coḃaiṁ''<br/> ''ia·dérbaiṁ''
|-
|-
| 1IN || '' '''tú'''sait'' < {{sc|tussantis}}<br/>''ní·'''tú'''sat'' < {{sc|nīs tussant}} || '' as·'''tóċ'''at'' < {{sc|astosācontis}}<br/>''ní·'''as'''cat'' < {{sc|nīs astosācont}}
| 1IN || '' túsait'' < tússantis<br/>''ia·túsat'' < nīs tússant || ''soṁait'' < somyntis <br/> ''ia·soṁat'' < nīs somynt || '' as·tóċat'' < astósācont<br/>''ia·assaċat'' < nīs ástosācont || ''dor·coḃat''<br/> ''ia·dérbat''
|-
|-
| 2PL || '' '''tú'''saisc'' < {{sc|tussasces}}<br/>''ní·'''tú'''saisc'' < {{sc|nīs tussasce}} || '' as·'''tóċ'''aisc'' < {{sc|astosācosces}}<br/>''ní·'''as'''caisc'' < {{sc|nīs astosācosce}}
| 2PL || '' túsaisc'' < tússasces<br/>''ia·túsaisc'' < nīs tússasce || ''soṁaisc'' < somysces <br/> ''ia·soṁasc'' < nīs somysce || '' as·tóċaisc'' < astósācosce<br/>''ia·assaċaisc'' < nīs ástosācosce  || ''dor·coḃaisc''<br/> ''ia·dérbaisc''
|-
|-
| 3PL || '' '''tú'''saiḋ'' < {{sc|tussatis}}<br/>''ní·'''tú'''saḋ'' < {{sc|nīs tussat}} || '' as·'''tóċ'''aḋ'' < {{sc|astosācotis}}<br/>''ní·'''as'''caḋ'' < {{sc|nīs astosācot}}
| 3PL || '' túsaiḋ'' < tússatis<br/>''ia·túsaḋ'' < nīs tússat || ''soṁaiḋ'' < somytis <br/> ''ia·soṁaḋ'' < nīs somyt || '' as·tóċaḋ'' < astósācot<br/>''ia·assaċaḋ'' < nīs ástosācot || ''dor·coḃaḋ''<br/> ''ia·dérbaḋ''
|}
|}


[[Category:Old Tíogall]][[Category:Clotricin]]
===Imperfect===
The imperfect is its own principal part, from reduplication in Thensarian.
 
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person  !! ''túsain'' "pray, request"<br/>(non-prefixed, non-ablauting) !! ''soṁain'' '"find"<br/>(non-prefixed, ablauting) !! ''as·tóċan'' "prove"<br/>(prefixed, non-ablauting) !! ''dor·coḃ'' "tolerate"<br/>(prefixed, ablauting)
|-
| 1SG || '' téussain'' < tétussanis <br/>''ia·téuss'' < nīs tétussan || ''séṁain'' < sésomynis <br/> ''ia·séṁ'' < nīs sésomyn || ''as·tecc'' <br/>''ia·astóċ'' || ''dor·coġḃ''<br/> ''ia·dercob''
|-
| 2SG || '' téussair'' < tétussaris <br/>''ia·téussar'' < nīs tétussar || ''séṁair'' < somyris <br/> ''ia·séṁar'' < nīs sésomyr || ''as·teccar'' <br/>''ia·astóċar'' || ''dor·coġḃar''<br/> ''ia·dercobar''
|-
| 3SG.M || ''téussaiṁ'' < tétussamis<br/>''ia·téuss'' < nīs tétussam || ''séṁaiṁ'' < sésomymis <br/> ''ia·séṁ'' < nīs sésomym || ''as·tecc'' <br/>''ia·astóċ'' || ''dor·coġḃ''<br/> ''ia·dercob''
|-
| 3SG.F || ''téussaé'' < tétussasis<br/>''ia·téussaé'' < nīs tétussasi || ''séṁaé'' < sésomysis <br/> ''ia·séṁaé'' < nīs sésomysi || ''as·teccaé'' <br/>''ia·astóċaé'' || ''dor·coġḃaé''<br/> ''ia·dercobaé''
|-
| 3SG.N || ''téuss'' < tétussas<br/>''ia·téuss'' < nīs tétussa || ''séṁ'' < sésomis <br/> ''ia·séṁ'' < nīs sésomy || '' as·tecc'' <br/>''ia·astóċ'' || ''dor·coġḃ''<br/> ''ia·dercob''
|-
| 1EX || '' téussaiṁ'' < tétussamēs<br/>''ia·téussaiṁ'' < nīs tétussamē || ''sémmae'' < sésomymēs <br/> ''ia·séṁaiṁ'' < nīs sésomymē || '' as·teccaiṁ''<br/>''ia·astóċaiṁ'' || ''dor·coġḃaiṁ''<br/> ''ia·dercobaiṁ''
|-
| 1IN || '' téussait'' < tétussantis<br/>''ia·téussat'' < nīs tétussant || ''séṁait'' < sésomyntis <br/> ''ia·séṁat'' < nīs sésomynt || '' as·teccat'' <br/>''ia·astóċat'' || ''dor·coġḃat''<br/> ''ia·dercobat''
|-
| 2PL || '' téussaisc'' < tétussasces<br/>''ia·téussaisc'' < nīs tétussasce || ''séṁaisc'' < sésomysces <br/> ''ia·soṁasc'' < nīs sésomysce || '' as·teccaisc''<br/>''ia·astóċaisc''  || ''dor·coġḃaisc''<br/> ''ia·dercobaisc''
|-
| 3PL || '' téussaiḋ'' < tétussatis<br/>''ia·téussaḋ'' < nīs tétussat || ''séṁaiḋ'' < sésomytis <br/> ''ia·séṁaḋ'' < nīs sésomyt || '' as·teccaḋ'' <br/>''ia·astóċaḋ'' || ''dor·coġḃaḋ''<br/> ''ia·dercobaḋ''
|}
 
===Preterite===
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person  !! ''túsain'' "pray, request"<br/>(non-prefixed, non-ablauting) !! ''soṁain'' '"find"<br/>(non-prefixed, ablauting) !! ''as·tóċan'' "prove"<br/>(prefixed, non-ablauting) !! ''dor·coḃ'' "tolerate"<br/>(prefixed, ablauting)
|-
| 1SG || '' túsaidh'' < tússadīs <br/>''ia·túsaidh'' < nīs tússadī || ''siṁidh'' < simidīs<br/>''ia·siṁidh'' < nīs simidī || ''as·tóċaidh'' < astósācādī<br/>''ia·assaċaidh'' < nīs ástosācādī || ''dor·ciḃid''<br/> ''ia·déirbid''
|-
| 2SG || '' túsaí'' < tússavoes<br/>''ia·túsaí'' < nīs tússavoe || ''siṁí'' < simivoes<br/>''ia·siṁí'' < nīs simivoe || ''as·tóċaí'' < astósācovoe<br/>''ia·assaċaí'' < nīs ástosācovoe || ''dor·ciḃí''<br/> ''ia·déirbí''
|-''dor·ciḃí''<br/> ''ia·déirbí''
| 3SG.M || '' túsaim'' < tússasmis<br/>''ia·túsaim'' < nīs tússasmi || ''siṁim'' < simismis<br/>''ia·siṁim'' < nīs simismi || ''as·tóċaim'' < astósācosmi<br/>''ia·assaċaim'' < nīs ástosācosmi || ''dor·ciḃim''<br/> ''ia·déirbim''
|-
| 3SG.F || '' túsais'' < tússastis<br/>''ia·túsais'' < nīs tússasti || ''siṁis'' < simistis<br/>''ia·siṁis'' < nīs simisti || ''as·tóċais'' < astósācosti<br/>''ia·assaċais'' < nīs ástosācosti || ''dor·ciḃis''<br/> ''ia·déirbis''
|-
| 3SG.N || '' túsá'' < tússasos<br/>''ia·túsá'' < nīs tússaso || ''siṁeo'' < simisos<br/>''ia·siṁeo'' < nīs simiso || '' as·tóċá'' < astósācoso<br/>''ia·assaċá'' < nīs ástosācoso || ''dor·ciḃeo''<br/> ''ia·déirbeo''
|-
| 1EX || '' túsmair'' < tússameris<br/>''ia·túsmar'' < nīs tússamer || ''simmir'' < simimeris<br/>''ia·simmer'' < nīs simimeris || '' as·tóċmar'' < astósācomer<br/>''ia·assaċmar'' < nīs ástosācomer || ''dor·ciḃmer''<br/> ''ia·déirbmer''
|-
| 1IN || '' túsdair'' < tússanteris<br/>''ia·túsdar'' < nīs tússanter || ''siṁdir'' < siminteris<br/>''ia·siṁder'' < nīs siminteris || '' as·tóċdar'' < astósāconter<br/>''ia·assaċdar'' < nīs ástosāconter || ''dor·ciḃder''<br/> ''ia·déirbder''
|-
| 2PL || '' tússcair'' < tússasceris<br/>''ia·tússcar'' < nīs tússascer || ''siṁscir'' < simisceris<br/>''ia·siṁscer'' < nīs simisceris || '' as·tóċscar'' < astósācosceris<br/>''ia·assaċscar'' < nīs ástosācoscer || ''dor·ciḃscer''<br/> ''ia·déirbscer''
|-
| 3PL || '' túsbair'' < tússabris<br/>''ia·túsbar'' < nīs tússaber || ''siṁbir'' < simiberis<br/>''ia·siṁber'' < nīs simiberis || '' as·tóċḃar'' < astósācober<br/>''ia·assaċḃar'' < nīs ástosācoter || ''dor·ciber''<br/> ''ia·déirber''
|}
 
===Future===
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person  !! ''túsain'' "pray, request"<br/>(non-prefixed, non-ablauting) !! ''soṁain'' '"find"<br/>(non-prefixed, ablauting) !! ''as·tóċan'' "prove"<br/>(prefixed, non-ablauting) !! ''dor·coḃ'' "tolerate"<br/>(prefixed, ablauting)
|-
| 1SG || '' túsṫain'' < tússatēnis <br/>''ia·túsaiḋ'' < nīs tússatēn || ''sóitin'' < sontēnis <br/> ''ia·sóit'' < nīs sontēn || ''as·tóċtan'' <br/>''ia·assaċt''  || ''dor·coċtan''<br/> ''ia·derċtan''
|-
| 2SG || '' túsṫair'' < tússatēris <br/>''ia·túsṫar'' < nīs tússatēr || ''sóitir'' < sontēris <br/> ''ia·sóiter'' < nīs sontēr || ''as·tóċtar'' <br/>''ia·assaċtar'' || ''dor·coċtar''<br/> ''ia·derċtar''
|-
| 3SG.M || '' túsṫaiṁ'' < tússatēmis <br/>''ia·túsaiḋ'' < nīs tússatēm || ''sóitiṁ'' < sontēmis <br/> ''ia·sóit'' < nīs somym || ''as·tóċt'' <br/>''ia·assaċt'' || ''dor·coċt''<br/> ''ia·derċt''
|-
| 3SG.F || '' túsṫaé'' < tússatēsis<br/>''ia·túsṫaé'' < nīs tússatēsi || ''sóité'' < sontēsis <br/> ''ia·sóité'' < nīs somysi || ''as·tóċtaé'' <br/>''ia·assaċtaé'' || ''dor·coċtaé''<br/> ''ia·derċtaé''
|-
| 3SG.N || '' túsaiḋ'' < tússatēs<br/>''ia·túsaiḋ'' < nīs tússatē || ''sóit'' < sontēs <br/> ''ia·sóit'' < nīs sontē || '' as·tóċt'' <br/>''ia·assaċt'' || ''dor·coċt''<br/> ''ia·derċt''
|-
| 1EX || '' túsṫaiṁ'' < tússatēmēs<br/>''túsṫaiṁ'' < nīs tússatēmē || ''sóitiṁ'' < sontēmēs <br/> ''ia·sóiteṁ'' < nīs sontēm || '' as·tóċtaiṁ'' <br/>''ia·assaċtaiṁ'' || ''dor·coċtaiṁ''<br/> ''ia·derċtaiṁ''
|-
| 1IN || '' túsṫait'' < tússatēntis<br/>''ia·túsṫat'' < nīs tússatēnt || ''sóitit'' < sontēntis <br/> ''ia·sóitet'' < nīs sontēnt || '' as·tóċtat'' <br/>''ia·assaċtat'' || ''dor·coċtat''<br/> ''ia·derċtat''
|-
| 2PL || '' túsṫaisc'' < tússatēsces<br/>''ia·túsṫaisc'' < nīs tússatēsce || ''sóitisc'' < sontēsces <br/> ''ia·sóitisc'' < nīs sontēsce || '' as·tóċtaisc''<br/>''ia·assaċtaisc''  || ''dor·coċtaisc''<br/> ''ia·derċtaisc''
|-
| 3PL || '' túsṫaiḋ'' < tússatētis<br/>''ia·túsṫaḋ'' < nīs tússatēt || ''sóitiḋ'' < sontētis <br/> ''ia·sóiteḋ'' < nīs sontēt || '' as·tóċtaḋ'' <br/>''ia·assaċtaḋ''  || ''dor·coċtaḋ''<br/> ''ia·derċtaḋ''
|}
 
===Present subjunctive===
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person  !! ''túsain'' "pray, request"<br/>(non-prefixed, non-ablauting) !! ''soṁain'' '"find"<br/>(non-prefixed, ablauting) !! ''as·tóċan'' "prove"<br/>(prefixed, non-ablauting) !! ''dor·coḃ'' "tolerate"<br/>(prefixed, ablauting)
|-
| 1SG || ''túsnae'' < tússānaes <br/>''dá·ṫúsnae'' < δā tússānae || ''soṁnae'' < somnaes <br/> ''dá·shoṁnae'' < δā somnae || ''as·tóċnae'' <br/>''dá·assaċnae''  || ''dor·coċnae''<br/> ''dá·derċnae''
|-
| 2SG || ''túsrae'' < tussāraes <br/>''dá·ṫúsṫar'' < δā tússārae || ''soṁrae'' < somraes <br/> ''dá·shoṁrae'' < δā somrae || ''as·tóċrae'' <br/>''dá·assaċrae'' || ''dor·coċrae''<br/> ''dá·derċrae''
|-
| 3SG.M || ''túsmair'' < tússamioris <br/>''dá·ṫúsmar'' < δā tússamior || ''soimmir'' < sommioris <br/> ''dá·shoimmer'' < δā sommior || ''as·tóċmar'' <br/>''dá·assaċmar'' || ''dor·coċmar''<br/> ''dá·derċmar''
|-
| 3SG.F || ''túsaéir'' < tússasioris <br/>''dá·ṫúsaér'' < δā tússasior || ''soimir'' < somsioris <br/> ''dá·shoimer'' < δā somsior || ''as·tóċaér'' <br/>''dá·assaċaér'' || ''dor·coċaér''<br/> ''dá·derċaér''
|-
| 3SG.N || ''túsair'' < tússaoris <br/>''dá·ṫúsar'' < δā tússaor || ''soiṁir'' < somioris <br/> ''dá·shoiṁer'' < δā somior || ''as·tóċar'' <br/>''dá·assaċar'' || ''dor·coċar''<br/> ''dá·derċar''
|-
| 1EX || '' túsṁae'' < tússāmaes<br/>''dá·ṫúsṁae'' < δā tússāmae || ''sommae'' < sommaes <br/> ''dá·sommae'' < δā sommae || ''as·tóċmae'' <br/>''dá·assaċmae'' || ''dor·coċmae''<br/> ''dá·derċmae''
|-
| 1IN || '' túsdae'' < tússāntaes<br/>''dá·ṫúsdae'' < δā tússāntae || ''soṁadae'' < somyntaes <br/> ''dá·soṁadae'' < δā somyntae || '' as·tóċdae'' <br/>''ia·assaċdae'' || ''dor·coċdae''<br/> ''dá·derċdae''
|-
| 2PL || '' túscae'' < tussāscaes<br/>''dá·ṫúscae'' < δā tussāscae || ''soṁascae'' < somyscaes <br/> ''dá·soṁascae'' < δā somyscae || '' as·tóċscae''<br/>''ia·assaċscae''  || ''dor·coċscae''<br/> ''dá·derċscae''
|-
| 3PL || '' túsṫair '' < tussātioris<br/>''dá·ṫúsṫair'' < δā tussātior || ''soiṁṫir'' < somtioris <br/> ''dá·soiṁṫer'' < δā somtior || '' as·tóċṫair'' <br/>''dá·assaċṫair''  || ''dor·coċtar''<br/> ''dá·derċtar''
|}
 
===Past subjunctive===
Gets mixed up with future in descendants.
 
===Imperative===
===Verbal noun===
 
[[Category:Tigol]][[Category:Tricin]]
[[Category:Eevo]]

Latest revision as of 13:46, 30 September 2022

Tigol is a highly inflected, fusional language, unlike modern Eevo. Much of Proto-Talmic morphology survives in Tigol. However, Tigol is most notorious for its often unpredictable verbal allomorphy.

Nouns

Do the Ciêng indep/dep thing

Noun class markers

Adjectives

Pronouns

Verb prefixes

Preverb prefixes

Prefixes:

  • ar-: on, at
  • (deut.) as-: telic
  • (prot.) de-, (deut.) do-: in, at
  • é-: with, co-
  • fin-/sin- = well, thoroughly
  • for-: causative, through
  • (prot.) ful-, (deut.) fol-: around, back
  • (prot.) gel-, (deut.) gol-: up, out
  • ro-: down
  • sol-: a causative
  • (prot.) su-, (deut.) so-: towards
  • (prot.) sur-, (deut.) sor-: back
  • (prot.) u(cc)-, (deut.) oc-: from

Object prefixes

Object prefixes are inherited from Proto-Quihum and are placed in a slot between preverbs and the stem.

Verb TAMs

Tigol inherits many TAMs directly from Thensarian. In addition, Tigol displays extensive verb allomorphy. Verbs can be grouped in two ways: non-prefixed and prefixed, and non-ablauting and ablauting. The verb tables below will use the following example verbs:

  • Unprefixed, non-ablauting verbs: e.g. túsaiṁ /ˈtuːsai̯m/ 'he prays', ía·tús /iːəˈtuːs/ 'he does not pray' (modern tus)
  • Unprefixed, ablauting verbs: e.g. soṁaiṁ /somai̯m/ 'he finds (intransitive)', ía·soṁa /iːəˈsoma/ 'he does not find' (modern sov)
  • Prefixed, non-ablauting verbs: e.g. as·tóċ /asˈtoːkʰ/ 'he proves', ía·assaċ /iːəˈasːakʰ/ 'he does not prove'
  • Prefixed ablauting verbs: e.g. de·arcoḃ /dorˈkobʰ/ 'he tolerates' (< de-ar-cobym 'at-on-bear'), ía·dérb /iːəˈdeːrb/ 'he does not tolerate' (modern Eevo deerv)

In case where there is a preverb, the first syllable after the interpunct is stressed.

Present

Person túsain "pray, request"
(non-prefixed, non-ablauting)		 soṁain '"find"
(non-prefixed, ablauting)		 as·tóċan "prove"
(prefixed, non-ablauting)		 dor·coḃ "tolerate"
(prefixed, ablauting)
1SG túsain < tússanis
ia·tús < nīs tússan		 soṁain < somynis
ia·soṁ < nīs somyn		 as·tóċan < astósācon
ia·assaċ < nīs ástosācon		 dor·coḃ
ia·dérb
2SG túsair < tússaris
ia·túsar < nīs tússar		 soṁair < somyris
ia·soṁar < nīs somyr		 as·tóċar < astósācor
ia·assaċar < nīs ástosācor		 dor·coḃar
ia·dérbar
3SG.M túsaiṁ < tússamis
ia·tús < nīs tússam		 soṁaiṁ < somymis
ia·soṁ < nīs somym		 as·tóċ < astósācom
ia·assaċ < nīs ástosācom		 dor·coḃ
ia·dérb
3SG.F túsaé < tússasis
ia·túsaé < nīs tússasi		 soṁaé < somysis
ia·soṁaé < nīs somysi		 as·tóċaé < astósācosi
ia·assaċaé < nīs ástosācosi		 dor·coḃaé
ia·dérbaé
3SG.N tús < tússas
ia·tús < nīs tússa		 soiṁ < somis
ia·soṁ < nīs somy		 as·tóċ < astósācos
ia·assaċ < nīs ástosāco		 dor·coḃ
ia·dérb
1EX túsmae < tússamēs
ia·túsaiṁ < nīs tússamē		 sommae < somymēs
ia·soṁaiṁ < nīs somymē		 as·tóċaiṁ < astósācomē
ia·assaċaiṁ < nīs ástosācomē		 dor·coḃaiṁ
ia·dérbaiṁ
1IN túsait < tússantis
ia·túsat < nīs tússant		 soṁait < somyntis
ia·soṁat < nīs somynt		 as·tóċat < astósācont
ia·assaċat < nīs ástosācont		 dor·coḃat
ia·dérbat
2PL túsaisc < tússasces
ia·túsaisc < nīs tússasce		 soṁaisc < somysces
ia·soṁasc < nīs somysce		 as·tóċaisc < astósācosce
ia·assaċaisc < nīs ástosācosce		 dor·coḃaisc
ia·dérbaisc
3PL túsaiḋ < tússatis
ia·túsaḋ < nīs tússat		 soṁaiḋ < somytis
ia·soṁaḋ < nīs somyt		 as·tóċaḋ < astósācot
ia·assaċaḋ < nīs ástosācot		 dor·coḃaḋ
ia·dérbaḋ

Imperfect

The imperfect is its own principal part, from reduplication in Thensarian.

Person túsain "pray, request"
(non-prefixed, non-ablauting)		 soṁain '"find"
(non-prefixed, ablauting)		 as·tóċan "prove"
(prefixed, non-ablauting)		 dor·coḃ "tolerate"
(prefixed, ablauting)
1SG téussain < tétussanis
ia·téuss < nīs tétussan		 séṁain < sésomynis
ia·séṁ < nīs sésomyn		 as·tecc
ia·astóċ		 dor·coġḃ
ia·dercob
2SG téussair < tétussaris
ia·téussar < nīs tétussar		 séṁair < somyris
ia·séṁar < nīs sésomyr		 as·teccar
ia·astóċar		 dor·coġḃar
ia·dercobar
3SG.M téussaiṁ < tétussamis
ia·téuss < nīs tétussam		 séṁaiṁ < sésomymis
ia·séṁ < nīs sésomym		 as·tecc
ia·astóċ		 dor·coġḃ
ia·dercob
3SG.F téussaé < tétussasis
ia·téussaé < nīs tétussasi		 séṁaé < sésomysis
ia·séṁaé < nīs sésomysi		 as·teccaé
ia·astóċaé		 dor·coġḃaé
ia·dercobaé
3SG.N téuss < tétussas
ia·téuss < nīs tétussa		 séṁ < sésomis
ia·séṁ < nīs sésomy		 as·tecc
ia·astóċ		 dor·coġḃ
ia·dercob
1EX téussaiṁ < tétussamēs
ia·téussaiṁ < nīs tétussamē		 sémmae < sésomymēs
ia·séṁaiṁ < nīs sésomymē		 as·teccaiṁ
ia·astóċaiṁ		 dor·coġḃaiṁ
ia·dercobaiṁ
1IN téussait < tétussantis
ia·téussat < nīs tétussant		 séṁait < sésomyntis
ia·séṁat < nīs sésomynt		 as·teccat
ia·astóċat		 dor·coġḃat
ia·dercobat
2PL téussaisc < tétussasces
ia·téussaisc < nīs tétussasce		 séṁaisc < sésomysces
ia·soṁasc < nīs sésomysce		 as·teccaisc
ia·astóċaisc		 dor·coġḃaisc
ia·dercobaisc
3PL téussaiḋ < tétussatis
ia·téussaḋ < nīs tétussat		 séṁaiḋ < sésomytis
ia·séṁaḋ < nīs sésomyt		 as·teccaḋ
ia·astóċaḋ		 dor·coġḃaḋ
ia·dercobaḋ

Preterite

Person túsain "pray, request"
(non-prefixed, non-ablauting)		 soṁain '"find"
(non-prefixed, ablauting)		 as·tóċan "prove"
(prefixed, non-ablauting)		 dor·coḃ "tolerate"
(prefixed, ablauting)
1SG túsaidh < tússadīs
ia·túsaidh < nīs tússadī		 siṁidh < simidīs
ia·siṁidh < nīs simidī		 as·tóċaidh < astósācādī
ia·assaċaidh < nīs ástosācādī		 dor·ciḃid
ia·déirbid
2SG túsaí < tússavoes
ia·túsaí < nīs tússavoe		 siṁí < simivoes
ia·siṁí < nīs simivoe		 as·tóċaí < astósācovoe
ia·assaċaí < nīs ástosācovoe		 dor·ciḃí
ia·déirbí
3SG.M túsaim < tússasmis
ia·túsaim < nīs tússasmi		 siṁim < simismis
ia·siṁim < nīs simismi		 as·tóċaim < astósācosmi
ia·assaċaim < nīs ástosācosmi		 dor·ciḃim
ia·déirbim
3SG.F túsais < tússastis
ia·túsais < nīs tússasti		 siṁis < simistis
ia·siṁis < nīs simisti		 as·tóċais < astósācosti
ia·assaċais < nīs ástosācosti		 dor·ciḃis
ia·déirbis
3SG.N túsá < tússasos
ia·túsá < nīs tússaso		 siṁeo < simisos
ia·siṁeo < nīs simiso		 as·tóċá < astósācoso
ia·assaċá < nīs ástosācoso		 dor·ciḃeo
ia·déirbeo
1EX túsmair < tússameris
ia·túsmar < nīs tússamer		 simmir < simimeris
ia·simmer < nīs simimeris		 as·tóċmar < astósācomer
ia·assaċmar < nīs ástosācomer		 dor·ciḃmer
ia·déirbmer
1IN túsdair < tússanteris
ia·túsdar < nīs tússanter		 siṁdir < siminteris
ia·siṁder < nīs siminteris		 as·tóċdar < astósāconter
ia·assaċdar < nīs ástosāconter		 dor·ciḃder
ia·déirbder
2PL tússcair < tússasceris
ia·tússcar < nīs tússascer		 siṁscir < simisceris
ia·siṁscer < nīs simisceris		 as·tóċscar < astósācosceris
ia·assaċscar < nīs ástosācoscer		 dor·ciḃscer
ia·déirbscer
3PL túsbair < tússabris
ia·túsbar < nīs tússaber		 siṁbir < simiberis
ia·siṁber < nīs simiberis		 as·tóċḃar < astósācober
ia·assaċḃar < nīs ástosācoter		 dor·ciber
ia·déirber

Future

Person túsain "pray, request"
(non-prefixed, non-ablauting)		 soṁain '"find"
(non-prefixed, ablauting)		 as·tóċan "prove"
(prefixed, non-ablauting)		 dor·coḃ "tolerate"
(prefixed, ablauting)
1SG túsṫain < tússatēnis
ia·túsaiḋ < nīs tússatēn		 sóitin < sontēnis
ia·sóit < nīs sontēn		 as·tóċtan
ia·assaċt		 dor·coċtan
ia·derċtan
2SG túsṫair < tússatēris
ia·túsṫar < nīs tússatēr		 sóitir < sontēris
ia·sóiter < nīs sontēr		 as·tóċtar
ia·assaċtar		 dor·coċtar
ia·derċtar
3SG.M túsṫaiṁ < tússatēmis
ia·túsaiḋ < nīs tússatēm		 sóitiṁ < sontēmis
ia·sóit < nīs somym		 as·tóċt
ia·assaċt		 dor·coċt
ia·derċt
3SG.F túsṫaé < tússatēsis
ia·túsṫaé < nīs tússatēsi		 sóité < sontēsis
ia·sóité < nīs somysi		 as·tóċtaé
ia·assaċtaé		 dor·coċtaé
ia·derċtaé
3SG.N túsaiḋ < tússatēs
ia·túsaiḋ < nīs tússatē		 sóit < sontēs
ia·sóit < nīs sontē		 as·tóċt
ia·assaċt		 dor·coċt
ia·derċt
1EX túsṫaiṁ < tússatēmēs
túsṫaiṁ < nīs tússatēmē		 sóitiṁ < sontēmēs
ia·sóiteṁ < nīs sontēm		 as·tóċtaiṁ
ia·assaċtaiṁ		 dor·coċtaiṁ
ia·derċtaiṁ
1IN túsṫait < tússatēntis
ia·túsṫat < nīs tússatēnt		 sóitit < sontēntis
ia·sóitet < nīs sontēnt		 as·tóċtat
ia·assaċtat		 dor·coċtat
ia·derċtat
2PL túsṫaisc < tússatēsces
ia·túsṫaisc < nīs tússatēsce		 sóitisc < sontēsces
ia·sóitisc < nīs sontēsce		 as·tóċtaisc
ia·assaċtaisc		 dor·coċtaisc
ia·derċtaisc
3PL túsṫaiḋ < tússatētis
ia·túsṫaḋ < nīs tússatēt		 sóitiḋ < sontētis
ia·sóiteḋ < nīs sontēt		 as·tóċtaḋ
ia·assaċtaḋ		 dor·coċtaḋ
ia·derċtaḋ

Present subjunctive

Person túsain "pray, request"
(non-prefixed, non-ablauting)		 soṁain '"find"
(non-prefixed, ablauting)		 as·tóċan "prove"
(prefixed, non-ablauting)		 dor·coḃ "tolerate"
(prefixed, ablauting)
1SG túsnae < tússānaes
dá·ṫúsnae < δā tússānae		 soṁnae < somnaes
dá·shoṁnae < δā somnae		 as·tóċnae
dá·assaċnae		 dor·coċnae
dá·derċnae
2SG túsrae < tussāraes
dá·ṫúsṫar < δā tússārae		 soṁrae < somraes
dá·shoṁrae < δā somrae		 as·tóċrae
dá·assaċrae		 dor·coċrae
dá·derċrae
3SG.M túsmair < tússamioris
dá·ṫúsmar < δā tússamior		 soimmir < sommioris
dá·shoimmer < δā sommior		 as·tóċmar
dá·assaċmar		 dor·coċmar
dá·derċmar
3SG.F túsaéir < tússasioris
dá·ṫúsaér < δā tússasior		 soimir < somsioris
dá·shoimer < δā somsior		 as·tóċaér
dá·assaċaér		 dor·coċaér
dá·derċaér
3SG.N túsair < tússaoris
dá·ṫúsar < δā tússaor		 soiṁir < somioris
dá·shoiṁer < δā somior		 as·tóċar
dá·assaċar		 dor·coċar
dá·derċar
1EX túsṁae < tússāmaes
dá·ṫúsṁae < δā tússāmae		 sommae < sommaes
dá·sommae < δā sommae		 as·tóċmae
dá·assaċmae		 dor·coċmae
dá·derċmae
1IN túsdae < tússāntaes
dá·ṫúsdae < δā tússāntae		 soṁadae < somyntaes
dá·soṁadae < δā somyntae		 as·tóċdae
ia·assaċdae		 dor·coċdae
dá·derċdae
2PL túscae < tussāscaes
dá·ṫúscae < δā tussāscae		 soṁascae < somyscaes
dá·soṁascae < δā somyscae		 as·tóċscae
ia·assaċscae		 dor·coċscae
dá·derċscae
3PL túsṫair < tussātioris
dá·ṫúsṫair < δā tussātior		 soiṁṫir < somtioris
dá·soiṁṫer < δā somtior		 as·tóċṫair
dá·assaċṫair		 dor·coċtar
dá·derċtar

Past subjunctive

Gets mixed up with future in descendants.

Imperative

Verbal noun

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