Togarmite/Old/Gzarot: Difference between revisions

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''Gzarot'' (Hebrew, sg. ''gizra''; Netagin ''kafiŋâ'', pl. ''kăfiŋ'') are variations of a paradigm that are determined by the choice of consonants in the consonantal root. Thus, a paradigm may have a regular gizra in addition to various irregular ones, which occur most commonly when
'''''Gzarot''''' (Hebrew, sg. ''gizra'' 'figure, form, pattern') '''in Togarmite''' are variations of an inflectional (especially verbal) paradigm that are determined by the choice of consonants in the consonantal root. Thus, a paradigm has not only a regular gizra but various irregular ones, which occur most commonly when
* the consonantal root contains a "guttural" (''ʔ ȝ h ħ'') or a semivowel (''y w'');
* the consonantal root contains a "guttural" (''ʔ ȝ ħ h'') or a semivowel (''y w'');
* the consonantal root contains a ''n'', since ''nC'' tends to assimilate into ''CC'', as in Hebrew
* the consonantal root contains a ''n'', since ''nC'' tends to assimilate into ''CC''
* the consonantal root has 2 letters
* the consonantal root has 2 letters.
==1-y==
===''φaȝāl''===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:1000px; text-align:center;"
|+ ''yabā́s'' 'he was dry'
! style=""| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="" | 1sg
! style="" | 2sg.m
! style="" | 2sg.f
! style="" | 3sg.m
! style="" | 3sg.f
! style="" | 1pl
! style="" | 2pl.m
! style="" | 2pl.f
! style="" | 3pl.m
! style="" | 3pl.f
|-
! past
| ''yabásθī''
| ''yabásθa''
| ''yabásθe''
| ''yabā́s''
| ''yabā́saθ''
| ''yabásnė''
| ''yabásθum''
| ''yabásθin''
| ''yabā́sū''
| ''yabásna''
|-
! present
| ''ʔėbḗs''
| ''θėbḗs''
| ''θėbḗsī''
| ''yėbḗs''
| ''yėbḗsī''
| ''nėbḗs''
| ''θėbḗsū''
| ''θėbísna''
| ''yėbḗsū''
| ''yėbísna''
|-
! future
| ''ʔȯbḗs''
| ''θȯbḗs''
| ''θȯbḗsī''
| ''yȯbḗs''
| ''yȯbḗsī''
| ''nȯbḗs''
| ''θȯbḗsū''
| ''θȯbísna''
| ''yȯbḗsū''
| ''yȯbísna''
|-
! optative
| ''ʔȯbisánna''
| ''θȯbisánna''
| ''θȯbisínna''
| ''yȯbisánna''
| ''yȯbisínna''
| ''nȯbisánna''
| ''θȯbisúnna''
| ''θȯbisnánna''
| ''yȯbisúnna''
| ''yȯbisnánna''
|-
! jussive
| ''ʔȯ́bis''
| ''θȯ́bis''
| ''θȯ́bisī''
| ''yȯ́bis''
| ''yȯ́bisī''
| ''nȯ́bis''
| ''θȯ́bisū''
| ''θȯ́bisna''
| ''yȯ́bisū''
| ''yȯ́bisna''
|-
! imperative
| ''-''
| ''bḗs!''
| ''bḗsī!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''bḗsū!''
| ''bísna!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
|-
! active participle
|colspan=10| ''-''
|-
! passive participle
|colspan=10| ''yabū́s''
|-
! verbal noun
|colspan=10| ''yibė́s''
|}
 
==1-w==
===''φaȝāl''===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:1000px; text-align:center;"
|+ ''waθā́r'' 'he remained'
! style=""| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="" | 1sg
! style="" | 2sg.m
! style="" | 2sg.f
! style="" | 3sg.m
! style="" | 3sg.f
! style="" | 1pl
! style="" | 2pl.m
! style="" | 2pl.f
! style="" | 3pl.m
! style="" | 3pl.f
|-
! past
| ''waθárθī''
| ''waθárθa''
| ''waθárθe''
| ''waθā́r''
| ''waθā́raθ''
| ''waθárnė''
| ''waθárθum''
| ''waθárθin''
| ''waθārū''
| ''waθárna''
|-
! present
| ''ʔėθḗr''
| ''θėθḗr''
| ''θėθḗrī''
| ''yėθḗr''
| ''yėθḗrī''
| ''nėθḗr''
| ''θėθḗrū''
| ''θėθírna''
| ''yėθḗrū''
| ''yėθírna''
|-
! future
| ''ʔȯθḗr''
| ''θȯθḗr''
| ''θȯθḗrī''
| ''yȯθḗr''
| ''yȯθḗrī''
| ''nȯθḗr''
| ''θȯθḗrū''
| ''θȯθírna''
| ''yȯθḗrū''
| ''yȯθírna''
|-
! optative
| ''ʔȯθiránna''
| ''θȯθiránna''
| ''θȯθirínna''
| ''yȯθiránna''
| ''yȯθirínna''
| ''nȯθiránna''
| ''θȯθirúnna''
| ''θȯθirnánna''
| ''yȯθirúnna''
| ''yȯθirnánna''
|-
! jussive
| ''ʔȯ́θir''
| ''θȯ́θir''
| ''θȯ́θirī''
| ''yȯ́θir''
| ''yȯ́θirī''
| ''nȯ́θir''
| ''θȯ́θirū''
| ''θȯ́θirna''
| ''yȯ́θirū''
| ''yȯ́θirna''
|-
! imperative
| ''-''
| ''θḗr!''
| ''θḗrī!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''θḗrū!''
| ''θírna!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
|-
! active participle
|colspan=10| ''-''
|-
! passive participle
|colspan=10| ''waθū́r''
|-
! verbal noun
|colspan=10| ''wiθė́r''
|}
 
===''nuφȝāl''===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:1000px; text-align:center;"
|+ ''nūrā́š'' 'it was inherited'
! style=""| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="" | 1sg
! style="" | 2sg.m
! style="" | 2sg.f
! style="" | 3sg.m
! style="" | 3sg.f
! style="" | 1pl
! style="" | 2pl.m
! style="" | 2pl.f
! style="" | 3pl.m
! style="" | 3pl.f
|-
! past
| ''nūrášθī''
| ''nūrášθa''
| ''nūrášθe''
| ''nūrā́š''
| ''nūrā́šaθ''
| ''nūrášnė''
| ''nūrášθum''
| ''nūrášθin''
| ''nūrā́šū''
| ''nūrášna''
|-
! present
| ''ʔuwwėrā́š''
| ''θuwwėrā́š''
| ''θuwwėrā́šī''
| ''yuwwėrā́š''
| ''yuwwėrā́šī''
| ''nuwwėrā́š''
| ''θuwwėrā́šū''
| ''θuwwėrášna''
| ''yuwwėrā́šū''
| ''yuwwėrášna''
|-
! future
| ''ʔuwwarā́š''
| ''θuwwarā́š''
| ''θuwwarā́šī''
| ''yuwwarā́š''
| ''yuwwarā́šī''
| ''nuwwarā́š''
| ''θuwwarā́šū''
| ''θuwwarášna''
| ''yuwwarā́šū''
| ''yuwwarášna''
|-
! optative
| ''ʔuwwarašanna''
| ''θuwwarašanna''
| ''θuwwarašínna''
| ''yuwwarašánna''
| ''yuwwarašínna''
| ''nuwwarašanna''
| ''θuwwarašúnna''
| ''θuwwarašnánna''
| ''yuwwarašúnna''
| ''yuwwarašnánna''
|-
! jussive
| ''ʔúwwaraš''
| ''θúwwaraš''
| ''θúwwarašī''
| ''yúwwaraš''
| ''yúwwarašī''
| ''núwwaraš''
| ''θúwwarašū''
| ''θúwwarašna''
| ''yúwwarašū''
| ''yúwwarašna''
|-
! imperative
| ''-''
| ''huwwarā́š!''
| ''huwwarā́šī!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''huwwarā́šū!''
| ''huwwarášna!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
|-
! participle
|colspan=10| ''muwwarā́š''
|-
! verbal noun
|colspan=10| ''nūrė́š''
|}
 
==1-n==
This irregularity can affect verbs up to the second consonant.
 
This creates some binyan ambiguity: ''nujjā́r'' may be the passive of the ''φa3āl'' stem ''najā́r'' or the passive of the ''φa33ēl'' stem ''najjḗr''. Such verbs often would take both paradigms freely.
 
Examples: ''naφāl'' 'he fell'; ''najār'' 'he guarded'
===''φaȝāl''===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:1000px; text-align:center;"
|+ ''najā́r'' 'he guarded, he watched, he kept'
! style=""| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="" | 1sg
! style="" | 2sg.m
! style="" | 2sg.f
! style="" | 3sg.m
! style="" | 3sg.f
! style="" | 1pl
! style="" | 2pl.m
! style="" | 2pl.f
! style="" | 3pl.m
! style="" | 3pl.f
|-
! past
| ''najárθī''
| ''najárθa''
| ''najárθe''
| ''najā́r''
| ''najā́raθ''
| ''najárnė''
| ''najárθum''
| ''najárθin''
| ''najā́rū''
| ''najárna''
|-
! present
| ''ʔanėjṓr''
| ''θanėjṓr''
| ''θanėjṓrī''
| ''yanėjṓr''
| ''yanėjṓrī''
| ''nanėjṓr''
| ''θanėjṓrū''
| ''θanėjúrna''
| ''yanėjṓrū''
| ''yanėjúrna''
|-
! future
| ''ʔajjṓr''
| ''θajjṓr''
| ''θajjṓrī''
| ''yajjṓr''
| ''yajjṓrī''
| ''najjṓr''
| ''θajjṓrū''
| ''θajjúrna''
| ''yajjṓrū''
| ''yajjúrna''
|-
! optative
| ''ʔajjuránna''
| ''θajjuránna''
| ''θajjurī́nna''
| ''yajjuránna''
| ''yajjurī́nna''
| ''najjuránna''
| ''θajjurū́nna''
| ''θajjurnánna''
| ''yajjurū́nna''
| ''yajjurnánna''
|-
! jussive
| ''ʔájjur''
| ''θájjur''
| ''θájjurī''
| ''yájjur''
| ''yájjurī''
| ''nájjur''
| ''θájjurū''
| ''θájjurna''
| ''yájjurū''
| ''yajjurna''
|-
! imperative
| ''-''
| ''jōr!''
| ''jṓrī!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''jṓrū!''
| ''júrna!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
|-
! active participle
|colspan=10| ''nėjḗr''
|-
! passive participle
|colspan=10| ''najū́r''
|-
! verbal noun
|colspan=10| ''nijė́r''
|}
 
===''nuφȝāl''===
===''haφȝēl''===
===''huφȝāl''===
===''heθφaȝāl''===
===''niθφuȝāl''===
===''hastaφȝēl''===
===''hastuφȝāl''===
 
==1-ʔ==
==2-ʔ, 2-h, 2-ȝ and 2-ħ==
*√t-ȝ-m 'to choose'
 
-ā/a- instead of -ō/u- before C3 in prefix conjugation
===''φaȝāl''===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:1000px; text-align:center;"
|+ ''taȝā́m'' 'he chose'
! style=""| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="" | 1sg
! style="" | 2sg.m
! style="" | 2sg.f
! style="" | 3sg.m
! style="" | 3sg.f
! style="" | 1pl
! style="" | 2pl.m
! style="" | 2pl.f
! style="" | 3pl.m
! style="" | 3pl.f
|-
! past
| ''taȝámθī''
| ''taȝámθa''
| ''taȝámθe''
| ''taȝā́m''
| ''taȝā́maθ''
| ''taȝámnė''
| ''taȝámθum''
| ''taȝámθin''
| ''taȝā́mū''
| ''taȝámna''
|-
! present
| ''ʔatėȝā́m''
| ''θatėȝā́m''
| ''θatėȝā́mī''
| ''yatėȝā́m''
| ''yatėȝā́mī''
| ''natėȝā́m''
| ''θatėȝā́mū''
| ''θatėȝámna''
| ''yatėȝā́mū''
| ''yatėȝámna''
|-
! future
| ''ʔatȝā́m''
| ''θatȝā́m''
| ''θatȝā́mī''
| ''yatȝā́m''
| ''yatȝā́mī''
| ''natȝā́m''
| ''θatȝā́mū''
| ''θatȝámna''
| ''yatȝā́mū''
| ''yatȝámna''
|-
! optative
| ''ʔatȝamánna''
| ''θatȝamánna''
| ''θatȝamī́nna''
| ''yatȝamánna''
| ''yatȝamī́nna''
| ''natȝamánna''
| ''θatȝamū́nna''
| ''θatȝamnánna''
| ''yatȝamū́nna''
| ''yatȝamnánna''
|-
! jussive
| ''ʔátȝam''
| ''θátȝam''
| ''θátȝamī''
| ''yátȝam''
| ''yátȝamī''
| ''nátȝam''
| ''θátȝamū''
| ''θátȝamna''
| ''yátȝamū''
| ''yatȝámna''
|-
! imperative
| ''-''
| ''taȝā́m!''
| ''taȝā́mī!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''taȝā́mū!''
| ''taȝā́mė!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
|-
! active participle
|colspan=10| ''tėȝḗm''
|-
! passive participle
|colspan=10| ''matȝū́m''
|-
! verbal noun
|colspan=10| ''tiȝė́m''
|}
 
==3-y==
These verbs have 3sg.m past ''-ė'' from ''*-aya'' and ''-ē'' without gender/number affixes in the prefix conjugation, from ''*-iyu''. A lot of analogy has taken place in this gizra, as in Hebrew. Dialectal variation poses additional complexity, with forms ''yabnė́, yabnā́yī, yabnā́yū, yabnáyna'' being used for ''yabnḗ, yabnī́, yabnū́, yabnḗna'' in some dialects.
===''φaȝāl''===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:1000px; text-align:center;"
|+ ''banė́'' 'he built'
! style=""| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="" | 1sg
! style="" | 2sg.m
! style="" | 2sg.f
! style="" | 3sg.m
! style="" | 3sg.f
! style="" | 1pl
! style="" | 2pl.m
! style="" | 2pl.f
! style="" | 3pl.m
! style="" | 3pl.f
|-
! past; conditional
| ''banáyθī''
| ''banáyθa''
| ''banáyθe''
| ''banė́''
| ''banė́θ''
| ''banáynė''
| ''banáyθum''
| ''banáyθin''
| ''banė́w''
| ''banáyna''
|-
! present
| ''ʔabėnḗ''
| ''tabėnḗ''
| ''tabėnī́''
| ''yabėnḗ''
| ''yabėnī́''
| ''nabėnḗ''
| ''tabėnū́''
| ''tabėnḗna''
| ''yabėnū́''
| ''yabėnḗna''
|-
! future
| ''ʔabnḗ''
| ''tabnḗ''
| ''tabnī́''
| ''yabnḗ''
| ''yabnī́''
| ''nabnḗ''
| ''tabnū́''
| ''tabnḗna''
| ''yabnū́''
| ''yabnḗna''
|-
! optative
| ''ʔabnénna''
| ''tabnénna''
| ''tabnī́nna''
| ''yabnénna''
| ''yabnī́nna''
| ''nabnénna''
| ''tabnū́nna''
| ''tabnēnánna''
| ''yabnū́nna''
| ''yabnēnánna''
|-
! jussive
| ''ʔábne''
| ''tábne''
| ''tábnī''
| ''yábne''
| ''yábnī''
| ''nábne''
| ''tábnū''
| ''tábnēna''
| ''yábnū''
| ''yábnēna''
|-
! imperative
| ''-''
| ''bunḗ!''
| ''bunī́!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''bunū́!''
| ''bunḗna!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
|-
! active participle
|colspan=10| ''bėnḗ''
|-
! passive participle
|colspan=10| ''banū́y''
|-
! verbal noun
|colspan=10| ''binė́θ''
|}
 
===''nuφȝāl''===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:1000px; text-align:center;"
|+ ''nubnė́'' 'it was built'
! style=""| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="" | 1sg
! style="" | 2sg.m
! style="" | 2sg.f
! style="" | 3sg.m
! style="" | 3sg.f
! style="" | 1pl
! style="" | 2pl.m
! style="" | 2pl.f
! style="" | 3pl.m
! style="" | 3pl.f
|-
! past; conditional
| ''nubnáyθī''
| ''nubnáyθa''
| ''nubnáyθe''
| ''nubnė́''
| ''nubnė́θ''
| ''nubnáynė''
| ''nubnáyθum''
| ''nubnáyθin''
| ''nubnė́w''
| ''nubnáyna''
|-
! present
| ''ʔubbėnḗ''
| ''tubbėnḗ''
| ''tubbėnī́''
| ''yubbėnḗ''
| ''yubbėnī́''
| ''nubbėnḗ''
| ''tubbėnū́''
| ''tubbėnḗna''
| ''yubbėnū́''
| ''yubbėnḗna''
|-
! future
| ''ʔubbanḗ''
| ''tubbanḗ''
| ''tubbanī́''
| ''yubbanḗ''
| ''yubbanī́''
| ''nubbanḗ''
| ''tubbanū́''
| ''tubbanḗna''
| ''yubbanū́''
| ''yubbanḗna''
|-
! optative
| ''ʔubbanénna''
| ''tubbanénna''
| ''tubbanínna''
| ''yubbanénna''
| ''yubbanínna''
| ''nubbanénna''
| ''tubbanúnna''
| ''tubbanēnánna''
| ''yubbanúnna''
| ''yubbanēnánna''
|-
! jussive
| ''ʔúbbane''
| ''túbbane''
| ''túbbanī''
| ''yúbbane''
| ''yúbbanī''
| ''núbbane''
| ''túbbanū''
| ''túbbanēna''
| ''yúbbanū''
| ''yúbbanēna''
|-
! imperative
| ''-''
| ''hubbanḗ!''
| ''hubbanī́!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''hubbanū́!''
| ''hubbanḗna!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
|-
! participle
|colspan=10| ''mubbanḗ''
|-
! verbal noun
|colspan=10| ''nubnė́θ''
|}
 
===''φaȝȝēl''===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:1000px; text-align:center;"
|+ ''dammė́'' 'he likened, he modeled (sth after sth)'
! style=""| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="" | 1sg
! style="" | 2sg.m
! style="" | 2sg.f
! style="" | 3sg.m
! style="" | 3sg.f
! style="" | 1pl
! style="" | 2pl.m
! style="" | 2pl.f
! style="" | 3pl.m
! style="" | 3pl.f
|-
! past; conditional
| ''dammī́θī''
| ''dammī́θa''
| ''dammī́θe''
| ''dammė́''
| ''dammė́θ''
| ''dammī́nė''
| ''dammī́θum''
| ''dammī́θin''
| ''dammū́''
| ''dammī́na''
|-
! present
| ''ʔadamėmḗ''
| ''θadamėmḗ''
| ''θadamėmī́''
| ''yadamėmḗ''
| ''yadamėmī́''
| ''nadamėmḗ''
| ''θadamėmū́''
| ''θadamėmḗna''
| ''yadamėmū́''
| ''yadamėmḗna''
|-
! future
| ''ʔadammḗ''
| ''θadammḗ''
| ''θadammī́''
| ''yadammḗ''
| ''yadammī́''
| ''nadammḗ''
| ''θadammū́''
| ''θadammḗna''
| ''yadammū́''
| ''yadammḗna''
|-
! optative
| ''ʔadamménna''
| ''θadamménna''
| ''θadammínna''
| ''yadamménna''
| ''yadammínna''
| ''nadamménna''
| ''θadammúnna''
| ''θadammēnánna''
| ''yadammúnna''
| ''yadammēnánna''
|-
! jussive
| ''ʔadámme''
| ''θadámme''
| ''θadámmī''
| ''yadámme''
| ''yadámmī''
| ''nadámme''
| ''θadámmū''
| ''θadámmēna''
| ''yadámmū''
| ''yadámmēna''
|-
! imperative
| ''-''
| ''dammḗ!''
| ''dammī́!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''dammū́!''
| ''dammḗna!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
|-
! participle
|colspan=10| ''mudammḗ''
|-
! verbal noun
|colspan=10| ''dammū́y''
|}
 
===''fuȝȝāl''===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:1000px; text-align:center;"
|+ ''dummė́'' 'it was likened, it was modeled (after sth)'
! style=""| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="" | 1sg
! style="" | 2sg.m
! style="" | 2sg.f
! style="" | 3sg.m
! style="" | 3sg.f
! style="" | 1pl
! style="" | 2pl.m
! style="" | 2pl.f
! style="" | 3pl.m
! style="" | 3pl.f
|-
! past; conditional
| ''dummayθī''
| ''dummayθa''
| ''dummayθe''
| ''dummė́''
| ''dummė́θ''
| ''dummáynė''
| ''dummáyθum''
| ''dummáyθin''
| ''dummė́w''
| ''dummáyna''
|-
! present
| ''ʔadumėmḗ''
| ''θadumėmḗ''
| ''θadumėmī́''
| ''yadumėmḗ''
| ''yadumėmī́''
| ''nadumėmḗ''
| ''θadumėmū́''
| ''θadumėmḗna''
| ''yadumėmū́''
| ''yadumėmḗna''
|-
! future
| ''ʔadummḗ''
| ''θadummḗ''
| ''θadummī́''
| ''yadummḗ''
| ''yadummī́''
| ''nadummḗ''
| ''θadummū́''
| ''θadummḗna''
| ''yadummū́''
| ''yadummḗna''
|-
! optative
| ''ʔadumménna''
| ''θadumménna''
| ''θadummínna''
| ''yadumménna''
| ''yadummínna''
| ''nadumménna''
| ''θadummúnna''
| ''θadummēnánna''
| ''yadummúnna''
| ''yadummēnánna''
|-
! jussive
| ''ʔadúmme''
| ''tadúmme''
| ''tadúmmī''
| ''yadúmme''
| ''yadúmmī''
| ''nadúmme''
| ''tadúmmū''
| ''tadúmmēna''
| ''yadúmmū''
| ''yadúmmēna''
|-
! imperative
|colspan=10| ''-''
|-
! participle
|colspan=10| ''mudummḗ''
|-
! verbal noun
|colspan=10| ''-''
|}
 
The other binyanim are similarly affected and have different conjugations based on whether the verb is of the form -C2ēC3 or -C2āC3. The part of the verb after C2 is affected by this irregularity.
 
==3-w==
These verbs have 3sg.m past ''-ȯ'' from ''*-awa'' and ''-ū'' without gender/number affixes in the prefix conjugation, from ''*-iwu''.
===''φaȝāl''===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:1000px; text-align:center;"
|+ ''manȯ́'' 'he counted'
! style=""| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="" | 1sg
! style="" | 2sg.m
! style="" | 2sg.f
! style="" | 3sg.m
! style="" | 3sg.f
! style="" | 1pl
! style="" | 2pl.m
! style="" | 2pl.f
! style="" | 3pl.m
! style="" | 3pl.f
|-
! past; conditional
| ''manáwθī''
| ''manáwθa''
| ''manáwθe''
| ''manȯ́''
| ''manȯ́θ''
| ''manáwnė''
| ''manáwθum''
| ''manáwθin''
| ''manū́''
| ''manáwna''
|-
! present
| ''ʔamėnṓ''
| ''θamėnṓ''
| ''θamėnī́''
| ''yamėnṓ''
| ''yamėnī́''
| ''namėnṓ''
| ''θamėnū́''
| ''θamėnṓna''
| ''yamėnū́''
| ''yamėnṓna''
|-
! future
| ''ʔamnṓ''
| ''θamnṓ''
| ''θamnī́''
| ''yamnṓ''
| ''yamnī́''
| ''namnṓ''
| ''θamnū́''
| ''θamnṓna''
| ''yamnū́''
| ''yamnṓna''
|-
! optative
| ''ʔamnónna''
| ''θamnónna''
| ''θamnínna''
| ''yamnónna''
| ''yamnínna''
| ''namnónna''
| ''θamnúnna''
| ''θamnōnánna''
| ''yamnúnna''
| ''yamnōnánna''
|-
! jussive
| ''ʔámnu''
| ''θámnu''
| ''θámnī''
| ''yámnu''
| ''yámnī''
| ''námnu''
| ''θámnū''
| ''θámnōna''
| ''yámnū''
| ''yámnōna''
|-
! imperative
| ''-''
| ''munṓ!''
| ''munī!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''munū́!''
| ''munṓna!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
|-
! active participle
|colspan=10| ''mėnṓ''
|-
! passive participle
|colspan=10| ''manū''
|-
! verbal noun
|colspan=10| ''minėθ''
|}
 
Other binyanim are affected similarly. The part after the C2 is affected.
 
==3-ʔ==
==3-ȝ and 3-ħ==
==Hollow==
==Geminate==

Latest revision as of 13:58, 27 December 2019

Gzarot (Hebrew, sg. gizra 'figure, form, pattern') in Togarmite are variations of an inflectional (especially verbal) paradigm that are determined by the choice of consonants in the consonantal root. Thus, a paradigm has not only a regular gizra but various irregular ones, which occur most commonly when

  • the consonantal root contains a "guttural" (ʔ ȝ ħ h) or a semivowel (y w);
  • the consonantal root contains a n, since nC tends to assimilate into CC
  • the consonantal root has 2 letters.

1-y

φaȝāl

yabā́s 'he was dry'
→ Person
↓ Tense 		1sg 2sg.m 2sg.f 3sg.m 3sg.f 1pl 2pl.m 2pl.f 3pl.m 3pl.f
past yabásθī yabásθa yabásθe yabā́s yabā́saθ yabásnė yabásθum yabásθin yabā́sū yabásna
present ʔėbḗs θėbḗs θėbḗsī yėbḗs yėbḗsī nėbḗs θėbḗsū θėbísna yėbḗsū yėbísna
future ʔȯbḗs θȯbḗs θȯbḗsī yȯbḗs yȯbḗsī nȯbḗs θȯbḗsū θȯbísna yȯbḗsū yȯbísna
optative ʔȯbisánna θȯbisánna θȯbisínna yȯbisánna yȯbisínna nȯbisánna θȯbisúnna θȯbisnánna yȯbisúnna yȯbisnánna
jussive ʔȯ́bis θȯ́bis θȯ́bisī yȯ́bis yȯ́bisī nȯ́bis θȯ́bisū θȯ́bisna yȯ́bisū yȯ́bisna
imperative - bḗs! bḗsī! - - - bḗsū! bísna! - -
active participle -
passive participle yabū́s
verbal noun yibė́s

1-w

φaȝāl

waθā́r 'he remained'
→ Person
↓ Tense 		1sg 2sg.m 2sg.f 3sg.m 3sg.f 1pl 2pl.m 2pl.f 3pl.m 3pl.f
past waθárθī waθárθa waθárθe waθā́r waθā́raθ waθárnė waθárθum waθárθin waθārū waθárna
present ʔėθḗr θėθḗr θėθḗrī yėθḗr yėθḗrī nėθḗr θėθḗrū θėθírna yėθḗrū yėθírna
future ʔȯθḗr θȯθḗr θȯθḗrī yȯθḗr yȯθḗrī nȯθḗr θȯθḗrū θȯθírna yȯθḗrū yȯθírna
optative ʔȯθiránna θȯθiránna θȯθirínna yȯθiránna yȯθirínna nȯθiránna θȯθirúnna θȯθirnánna yȯθirúnna yȯθirnánna
jussive ʔȯ́θir θȯ́θir θȯ́θirī yȯ́θir yȯ́θirī nȯ́θir θȯ́θirū θȯ́θirna yȯ́θirū yȯ́θirna
imperative - θḗr! θḗrī! - - - θḗrū! θírna! - -
active participle -
passive participle waθū́r
verbal noun wiθė́r

nuφȝāl

nūrā́š 'it was inherited'
→ Person
↓ Tense 		1sg 2sg.m 2sg.f 3sg.m 3sg.f 1pl 2pl.m 2pl.f 3pl.m 3pl.f
past nūrášθī nūrášθa nūrášθe nūrā́š nūrā́šaθ nūrášnė nūrášθum nūrášθin nūrā́šū nūrášna
present ʔuwwėrā́š θuwwėrā́š θuwwėrā́šī yuwwėrā́š yuwwėrā́šī nuwwėrā́š θuwwėrā́šū θuwwėrášna yuwwėrā́šū yuwwėrášna
future ʔuwwarā́š θuwwarā́š θuwwarā́šī yuwwarā́š yuwwarā́šī nuwwarā́š θuwwarā́šū θuwwarášna yuwwarā́šū yuwwarášna
optative ʔuwwarašanna θuwwarašanna θuwwarašínna yuwwarašánna yuwwarašínna nuwwarašanna θuwwarašúnna θuwwarašnánna yuwwarašúnna yuwwarašnánna
jussive ʔúwwaraš θúwwaraš θúwwarašī yúwwaraš yúwwarašī núwwaraš θúwwarašū θúwwarašna yúwwarašū yúwwarašna
imperative - huwwarā́š! huwwarā́šī! - - - huwwarā́šū! huwwarášna! - -
participle muwwarā́š
verbal noun nūrė́š

1-n

This irregularity can affect verbs up to the second consonant.

This creates some binyan ambiguity: nujjā́r may be the passive of the φa3āl stem najā́r or the passive of the φa33ēl stem najjḗr. Such verbs often would take both paradigms freely.

Examples: naφāl 'he fell'; najār 'he guarded'

φaȝāl

najā́r 'he guarded, he watched, he kept'
→ Person
↓ Tense 		1sg 2sg.m 2sg.f 3sg.m 3sg.f 1pl 2pl.m 2pl.f 3pl.m 3pl.f
past najárθī najárθa najárθe najā́r najā́raθ najárnė najárθum najárθin najā́rū najárna
present ʔanėjṓr θanėjṓr θanėjṓrī yanėjṓr yanėjṓrī nanėjṓr θanėjṓrū θanėjúrna yanėjṓrū yanėjúrna
future ʔajjṓr θajjṓr θajjṓrī yajjṓr yajjṓrī najjṓr θajjṓrū θajjúrna yajjṓrū yajjúrna
optative ʔajjuránna θajjuránna θajjurī́nna yajjuránna yajjurī́nna najjuránna θajjurū́nna θajjurnánna yajjurū́nna yajjurnánna
jussive ʔájjur θájjur θájjurī yájjur yájjurī nájjur θájjurū θájjurna yájjurū yajjurna
imperative - jōr! jṓrī! - - - jṓrū! júrna! - -
active participle nėjḗr
passive participle najū́r
verbal noun nijė́r

nuφȝāl

haφȝēl

huφȝāl

heθφaȝāl

niθφuȝāl

hastaφȝēl

hastuφȝāl

1-ʔ

2-ʔ, 2-h, 2-ȝ and 2-ħ

  • √t-ȝ-m 'to choose'

-ā/a- instead of -ō/u- before C3 in prefix conjugation

φaȝāl

taȝā́m 'he chose'
→ Person
↓ Tense 		1sg 2sg.m 2sg.f 3sg.m 3sg.f 1pl 2pl.m 2pl.f 3pl.m 3pl.f
past taȝámθī taȝámθa taȝámθe taȝā́m taȝā́maθ taȝámnė taȝámθum taȝámθin taȝā́mū taȝámna
present ʔatėȝā́m θatėȝā́m θatėȝā́mī yatėȝā́m yatėȝā́mī natėȝā́m θatėȝā́mū θatėȝámna yatėȝā́mū yatėȝámna
future ʔatȝā́m θatȝā́m θatȝā́mī yatȝā́m yatȝā́mī natȝā́m θatȝā́mū θatȝámna yatȝā́mū yatȝámna
optative ʔatȝamánna θatȝamánna θatȝamī́nna yatȝamánna yatȝamī́nna natȝamánna θatȝamū́nna θatȝamnánna yatȝamū́nna yatȝamnánna
jussive ʔátȝam θátȝam θátȝamī yátȝam yátȝamī nátȝam θátȝamū θátȝamna yátȝamū yatȝámna
imperative - taȝā́m! taȝā́mī! - - - taȝā́mū! taȝā́mė! - -
active participle tėȝḗm
passive participle matȝū́m
verbal noun tiȝė́m

3-y

These verbs have 3sg.m past -ė from *-aya and -ē without gender/number affixes in the prefix conjugation, from *-iyu. A lot of analogy has taken place in this gizra, as in Hebrew. Dialectal variation poses additional complexity, with forms yabnė́, yabnā́yī, yabnā́yū, yabnáyna being used for yabnḗ, yabnī́, yabnū́, yabnḗna in some dialects.

φaȝāl

banė́ 'he built'
→ Person
↓ Tense 		1sg 2sg.m 2sg.f 3sg.m 3sg.f 1pl 2pl.m 2pl.f 3pl.m 3pl.f
past; conditional banáyθī banáyθa banáyθe banė́ banė́θ banáynė banáyθum banáyθin banė́w banáyna
present ʔabėnḗ tabėnḗ tabėnī́ yabėnḗ yabėnī́ nabėnḗ tabėnū́ tabėnḗna yabėnū́ yabėnḗna
future ʔabnḗ tabnḗ tabnī́ yabnḗ yabnī́ nabnḗ tabnū́ tabnḗna yabnū́ yabnḗna
optative ʔabnénna tabnénna tabnī́nna yabnénna yabnī́nna nabnénna tabnū́nna tabnēnánna yabnū́nna yabnēnánna
jussive ʔábne tábne tábnī yábne yábnī nábne tábnū tábnēna yábnū yábnēna
imperative - bunḗ! bunī́! - - - bunū́! bunḗna! - -
active participle bėnḗ
passive participle banū́y
verbal noun binė́θ

nuφȝāl

nubnė́ 'it was built'
→ Person
↓ Tense 		1sg 2sg.m 2sg.f 3sg.m 3sg.f 1pl 2pl.m 2pl.f 3pl.m 3pl.f
past; conditional nubnáyθī nubnáyθa nubnáyθe nubnė́ nubnė́θ nubnáynė nubnáyθum nubnáyθin nubnė́w nubnáyna
present ʔubbėnḗ tubbėnḗ tubbėnī́ yubbėnḗ yubbėnī́ nubbėnḗ tubbėnū́ tubbėnḗna yubbėnū́ yubbėnḗna
future ʔubbanḗ tubbanḗ tubbanī́ yubbanḗ yubbanī́ nubbanḗ tubbanū́ tubbanḗna yubbanū́ yubbanḗna
optative ʔubbanénna tubbanénna tubbanínna yubbanénna yubbanínna nubbanénna tubbanúnna tubbanēnánna yubbanúnna yubbanēnánna
jussive ʔúbbane túbbane túbbanī yúbbane yúbbanī núbbane túbbanū túbbanēna yúbbanū yúbbanēna
imperative - hubbanḗ! hubbanī́! - - - hubbanū́! hubbanḗna! - -
participle mubbanḗ
verbal noun nubnė́θ

φaȝȝēl

dammė́ 'he likened, he modeled (sth after sth)'
→ Person
↓ Tense 		1sg 2sg.m 2sg.f 3sg.m 3sg.f 1pl 2pl.m 2pl.f 3pl.m 3pl.f
past; conditional dammī́θī dammī́θa dammī́θe dammė́ dammė́θ dammī́nė dammī́θum dammī́θin dammū́ dammī́na
present ʔadamėmḗ θadamėmḗ θadamėmī́ yadamėmḗ yadamėmī́ nadamėmḗ θadamėmū́ θadamėmḗna yadamėmū́ yadamėmḗna
future ʔadammḗ θadammḗ θadammī́ yadammḗ yadammī́ nadammḗ θadammū́ θadammḗna yadammū́ yadammḗna
optative ʔadamménna θadamménna θadammínna yadamménna yadammínna nadamménna θadammúnna θadammēnánna yadammúnna yadammēnánna
jussive ʔadámme θadámme θadámmī yadámme yadámmī nadámme θadámmū θadámmēna yadámmū yadámmēna
imperative - dammḗ! dammī́! - - - dammū́! dammḗna! - -
participle mudammḗ
verbal noun dammū́y

fuȝȝāl

dummė́ 'it was likened, it was modeled (after sth)'
→ Person
↓ Tense 		1sg 2sg.m 2sg.f 3sg.m 3sg.f 1pl 2pl.m 2pl.f 3pl.m 3pl.f
past; conditional dummayθī dummayθa dummayθe dummė́ dummė́θ dummáynė dummáyθum dummáyθin dummė́w dummáyna
present ʔadumėmḗ θadumėmḗ θadumėmī́ yadumėmḗ yadumėmī́ nadumėmḗ θadumėmū́ θadumėmḗna yadumėmū́ yadumėmḗna
future ʔadummḗ θadummḗ θadummī́ yadummḗ yadummī́ nadummḗ θadummū́ θadummḗna yadummū́ yadummḗna
optative ʔadumménna θadumménna θadummínna yadumménna yadummínna nadumménna θadummúnna θadummēnánna yadummúnna yadummēnánna
jussive ʔadúmme tadúmme tadúmmī yadúmme yadúmmī nadúmme tadúmmū tadúmmēna yadúmmū yadúmmēna
imperative -
participle mudummḗ
verbal noun -

The other binyanim are similarly affected and have different conjugations based on whether the verb is of the form -C2ēC3 or -C2āC3. The part of the verb after C2 is affected by this irregularity.

3-w

These verbs have 3sg.m past -ȯ from *-awa and -ū without gender/number affixes in the prefix conjugation, from *-iwu.

φaȝāl

manȯ́ 'he counted'
→ Person
↓ Tense 		1sg 2sg.m 2sg.f 3sg.m 3sg.f 1pl 2pl.m 2pl.f 3pl.m 3pl.f
past; conditional manáwθī manáwθa manáwθe manȯ́ manȯ́θ manáwnė manáwθum manáwθin manū́ manáwna
present ʔamėnṓ θamėnṓ θamėnī́ yamėnṓ yamėnī́ namėnṓ θamėnū́ θamėnṓna yamėnū́ yamėnṓna
future ʔamnṓ θamnṓ θamnī́ yamnṓ yamnī́ namnṓ θamnū́ θamnṓna yamnū́ yamnṓna
optative ʔamnónna θamnónna θamnínna yamnónna yamnínna namnónna θamnúnna θamnōnánna yamnúnna yamnōnánna
jussive ʔámnu θámnu θámnī yámnu yámnī námnu θámnū θámnōna yámnū yámnōna
imperative - munṓ! munī! - - - munū́! munṓna! - -
active participle mėnṓ
passive participle manū
verbal noun minėθ

Other binyanim are affected similarly. The part after the C2 is affected.

3-ʔ

3-ȝ and 3-ħ

Hollow

Geminate

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