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Alvinian (Алвини Език, Alvini Ezik) is a Southern Slavic language based on Old Slovene, which has been significantly influenced by Venetan, an Italo-Romance language spoken in North-Eastern Italy, and other Slavic languages, especially Serbian and Russian.
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|creator = [[User:AlbertVen|AlbertVen]]
|creator = [[User:AlbertVen|AlbertVen]]
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|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]]
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]]
}}
}}
=Introduction=
Alvinian (Алвини Език, Alvini Ezik) is a Southern Slavic language based on Old Slovene, which has been significantly influenced by Venetan, an Italo-Romance language spoken in North-Eastern Italy, and other Slavic languages, especially Serbian and Russian.




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|Џ џ ||Ğ ğ ||/dʑ/
|Џ џ ||Ğ ğ ||/dʑ/
|-
|-
|Е е ||E e ||/ɛ/ /e/
|Е е ||E e ||/ɛ/ (stressed); /e/ (unstressed)
|-
|-
|Ж ж ||Ž ž ||/ʐ/
|Ж ж ||Ž ž ||/ʐ/
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|Ԣ ԣ ||Ň ň ||/ɲ/
|Ԣ ԣ ||Ň ň ||/ɲ/
|-
|-
|О о  ||O o ||/ɔ/ /о/
|О о  ||O o ||/ɔ/ (stressed); /о/ (unstressed)
|-
|-
|П п ||P p ||/p/
|П п ||P p ||/p/
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|}
|}


==Personal Pronouns==
 
==Adjectives==
 
===Descriptive adjectives===
Alvinian adjectives are inflected for '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural''), '''gender''' (''masculine, feminine, neuter'') and '''case''' (''nominative, genitive, accusative, dative''). There are three degrees of '''comparison''': ''positive, comparative'' and ''superlative''.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "
!Masculine - Zobri (''Good'')
!Singular
!Dual
!Plural
|-
!Nominative
|Zobri
|Zobra
|Zobri
|-
!Genitive
|Zobreg
|Zobra
|Zobrih
|-
!Accusative
|Zobreg
|Zobra
|Zobrih
|-
!Dative
|Zobrem
|Zobrim
|Zobrim
|-
|}
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "
!Feminine - Zobra (''Good'')
!Singular
!Dual
!Plural
|-
!Nominative
|Zobra
|Zobri
|Zobre
|-
!Genitive
|Zobre
|Zobri
|Zobrih
|-
!Accusative
|Zobru
|Zobri
|Zobrih
|-
!Dative
|Zobrej
|Zobrim
|Zobrim
|-
|}
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "
!Neuter - Zobro (''Good'')
!Singular
!Dual
!Plural
|-
!Nominative
|Zobro
|Zobri
|Zobrą
|-
!Genitive
|Zobreg
|Zobra
|Zobrih
|-
!Accusative
|Zobreg
|Zobri
|Zobrih
|-
!Dative
|Zobrem
|Zobrim
|Zobrim
|-
|}
 
====Comparative and Superlative====
The '''Comparative''' is formed by attaching the prefix '''''pre-''''' to the positive form; the '''Superlative''' is formed by attaching the prefix '''''naj-''''' to the positive form. Both Comparative and Superlative adjectives are inflected according to the regular adjectival declension.
 
''Zobri < '''Pre'''zobri < '''Naj'''zobri''
 
====Predicative context====
When used as a predicative (the complement of the verb to be), the adjective adds the invariable suffix '''''-om''''' (masculine and neuter) and '''''-oj''''' (feminine) to the stem.
 
''Zobr-'''i''' > Zobr-'''om'''''
 
''Zobr-'''a''' > Zobr-'''oj'''''
 
 
==Pronouns==
 
===Personal Pronouns===
Alvinian personal pronouns are inflected for '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural''), '''person''', '''case''' (''nominative, genitive, accusative, dative'') and the 3rd persons are inflected also for '''gender''' (''masculine/neuter, feminine'').
Alvinian personal pronouns are inflected for '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural''), '''person''', '''case''' (''nominative, genitive, accusative, dative'') and the 3rd persons are inflected also for '''gender''' (''masculine/neuter, feminine'').
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "
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|}
|}


==Verbs==
====Subject Clitics====
====Subject Clitics====
Alvinian doesn't have any agreement morphology realised on the verb, that's why it developed a second serie of subject pronouns, which are clitic elements derived from full personal pronouns. These elements function only as markers of the agreement with the subject, and they are obligatorily realised in a sentence with a verb.
Alvinian has a second serie of subject pronouns, which are clitic elements derived from full personal pronouns. These elements function only as markers of the agreement with the subject, and they are obligatorily realised together with the verb in a sentence.
Subject Clitics are normally proclitic in declarative sentences (they come before the verb) and enclitic in interrogative sentences (they follow the verb).  
Subject Clitics are normally proclitic in declarative sentences (they come before the verb) and enclitic in interrogative sentences (they follow the verb).  
Subject Clitics are not inflected for case, since they always encode the relation of agreement with the subject, but they inflect for '''person''', '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural'') and the 3rd persons are also inflected for '''gender''' (''masculine, feminine, neuter)''.
Subject Clitics are not inflected for case, since they always encode the relation of agreement with the subject, but they inflect for '''person''', '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural'') and the 3rd persons are also inflected for '''gender''' (''masculine, feminine, neuter)''.
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|}
|}


In a sentence with a full pronominal subject or with a referential nominal subject, Subject Clitic has to be realised as well.
Subject Clitics are also called '''subject doublers''', since they have to be realised also in a sentence with an overt full pronominal subject or with an overt referential nominal subject.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "
!
!
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|}
|}


In questions the order is inverted: the verb comes before the Subject Clitics and they are written as a single word.
===Relative pronouns===
 
===Possessive pronouns===
Alvinian possessive pronouns are inflected for '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural''), '''gender''' (''masculine, feminine, neuter'') and '''case''' (''nominative, genitive, accusative, dative''). They are inflected according to the regular adjectival declension. They can be used as possessive adjectives as well.
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "
!Declarative
!-
!Interrogative
!Singular
!Translation
!Dual
!Plural
|-
!1
|Meni
|Nani
|Neni
|-
!2
|Tevi
|Vani
|Veni
|-
!3
|Sevi (m/n), Eni (f)
|Lani
|Leni
|-
|}
 
===Demonstrative pronouns===
Alvinian demonstrative pronouns are inflected for '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural''), '''gender''' (''masculine, feminine, neuter'') and '''case''' (''nominative, genitive, accusative, dative''). They are inflected according to the regular adjectival declension. They can be used as demonstrative adjectives as well.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "
!Proximal
!Medial
!Distal
|-
|-
|'''''La''''' že
|Voti
|Že'''''la'''''?
|Toti
|'''''She''''' is. --> Is '''''she'''''?
|Noti
|-
|-
|}
|}
===Indefinite pronouns===
===Interrogative pronouns===
===Numerals===
==Verbs==


===Finite Tenses===
===Finite Tenses===
Alvinian '''Present''' tense covers more or less the functions of English Present Simple and Present Continuous. Verbal morphology is very limited. Verbs in the present tense consist of a single form (the root) which is combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the full conjugation.
Alvinian '''Present''' tense covers more or less the functions of English Present Simple and Present Continuous. Verbal morphology is very limited. Verbs in the present tense consist of a single form (the stem) which is combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the full conjugation.
Alvinian '''Aorist''' covers more or less the functions of English Past Simple and Past Perfect. The form consists of the root of the verb with the addition of an ''-s'' morpheme at the end of it, and it has to be combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the conjugation.
Alvinian '''Aorist''' covers more or less the functions of English Past Simple and Past Perfect. The form consists of the stem of the verb with the addition of an ''-s'' morpheme at the end of it, and it has to be combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the conjugation.
The meaning of Alvinian '''Imperfect''' is that of a continuous or repeated action taking place in the past. The form consists of the root of the verb with the addition of a ''-k'' morpheme at the end of it,  and it has to be combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the conjugation.
The meaning of Alvinian '''Imperfect''' is that of a continuous or repeated action taking place in the past. The form consists of the stem of the verb with the addition of a ''-k'' morpheme at the end of it,  and it has to be combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the conjugation.
Alvinian '''Future''' tense covers all the meanings of actions taking place in the future. The form consists of the root of the verb with the addition of a ''-bo'' morpheme at the end of it, and it has to be combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the conjugation.
Alvinian '''Future''' tense covers all the meanings of actions taking place in the future. The form consists of the stem of the verb with the addition of a ''-bo'' morpheme at the end of it, and it has to be combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the conjugation.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "
!Verb "že" (to be)
!Verb "že" (to be)
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|Lą žek
|Lą žek
|Lą žebo
|Lą žebo
|-
|}
===Conditional===
Just like finite verbs, conditional mood is realised by attaching the particle '''''-bi''''''' at the end of the present stem. The negative conditional is formed by attaching the usual '''''ni-''''' before the verbal stem.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "
!Subject Clitic
!Conditional
!Negative conditional
|-
|Me, Te, El, La, Lo, Na, Va, La, Li, Le, Lą
|Žebi
|Nižebi
|-
|-
|}
|}
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|}
|}


===Reflexive verbs===
Reflexivity in Alvinian is expressed with the Reflexive Clitic '''''są'''''. This clitic comes immediately after the Subject Clitic and it's written separately from the verb.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "
!Infinitive
!Present
!Aorist
!Negative
!Question
|-
|''Są vavere'' (''to believe'')
|''El są vavere'' (''He believes'')
|''El są vaveres'' (''He believed'')
|''El są nevavere'' ('' He doesn't believe'')
|''Są vaverel?'' (''Does he believe?'')
|-
|}


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[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Slavic languages]]
{{IE|slav}}

Latest revision as of 05:42, 11 February 2021

Alvinian (Алвини Език, Alvini Ezik) is a Southern Slavic language based on Old Slovene, which has been significantly influenced by Venetan, an Italo-Romance language spoken in North-Eastern Italy, and other Slavic languages, especially Serbian and Russian.

Alvinian
Алвини Език, Alvini Ezik
Created byAlbertVen
Indo-European
  • Slavic
    • Southern Slavic
      • Alvinian


Alphabet

Alvinian uses both Cyrillic and Latin script. The alphabets have an equal status, although latin is usually preferred in informal texts, while cyrillic is normally used in normative, scientific and official texts.

Cyrillic Latin IPA value
А а A a /a/
Б б B b /b/
В в V v /v/
Г г G g /ɡ/
Д д D d /d/
Џ џ Ğ ğ /dʑ/
Е е E e /ɛ/ (stressed); /e/ (unstressed)
Ж ж Ž ž /ʐ/
З з Z z /z/
И и I i /i/
Ј ј J j /ʝ/
К к K k /k/
Л л L l /l/
Ԡ ԡ L̆ l̆ /ʎ/
М м M m /m/
Н н N n /n/
Ԣ ԣ Ň ň /ɲ/
О о O o /ɔ/ (stressed); /о/ (unstressed)
П п P p /p/
Р р R r /ɾ/
С с S s /s/
Т т T t /t/
У у U u /u/
Ф ф F f /f/
Х х H h /x/
Ц ц C c /ts/
Ч ч Č č /tɕ/
Ш ш Š š /ʂ/
Һ һ X x /dz/
Я я Ą ą /ɔ̃/


Grammar

Nouns

Alvinian inflects nouns for number (singular, dual, plural), gender (masculine, feminine, neuter) and case (nominative, genitive, accusative, dative). The declensions are divided into masculine, feminine and neuter.

Masculine - Ušnik (Student) Singular Dual Plural
Nominative Ušnik Ušnika Ušniki
Genitive Ušnika Ušnika Ušnikov
Accusative Ušnik Ušnika Ušnike
Dative Ušniku Ušnikam Ušnikima


Feminine - Niga (Book) Singular Dual Plural
Nominative Niga Nigi Nige
Genitive Nige Nigi Nig
Accusative Nigu Nigi Nige
Dative Nigi Nigam Nigima


Neuter - Revo (Tree) Singular Dual Plural
Nominative Revo Revi Revą
Genitive Reva Revi Rev
Accusative Revo Revi Revą
Dative Revu Revam Revima


Adjectives

Descriptive adjectives

Alvinian adjectives are inflected for number (singular, dual, plural), gender (masculine, feminine, neuter) and case (nominative, genitive, accusative, dative). There are three degrees of comparison: positive, comparative and superlative.

Masculine - Zobri (Good) Singular Dual Plural
Nominative Zobri Zobra Zobri
Genitive Zobreg Zobra Zobrih
Accusative Zobreg Zobra Zobrih
Dative Zobrem Zobrim Zobrim


Feminine - Zobra (Good) Singular Dual Plural
Nominative Zobra Zobri Zobre
Genitive Zobre Zobri Zobrih
Accusative Zobru Zobri Zobrih
Dative Zobrej Zobrim Zobrim


Neuter - Zobro (Good) Singular Dual Plural
Nominative Zobro Zobri Zobrą
Genitive Zobreg Zobra Zobrih
Accusative Zobreg Zobri Zobrih
Dative Zobrem Zobrim Zobrim

Comparative and Superlative

The Comparative is formed by attaching the prefix pre- to the positive form; the Superlative is formed by attaching the prefix naj- to the positive form. Both Comparative and Superlative adjectives are inflected according to the regular adjectival declension.

Zobri < Prezobri < Najzobri

Predicative context

When used as a predicative (the complement of the verb to be), the adjective adds the invariable suffix -om (masculine and neuter) and -oj (feminine) to the stem.

Zobr-i > Zobr-om

Zobr-a > Zobr-oj


Pronouns

Personal Pronouns

Alvinian personal pronouns are inflected for number (singular, dual, plural), person, case (nominative, genitive, accusative, dative) and the 3rd persons are inflected also for gender (masculine/neuter, feminine).

1S 2S 3S m,n 3S f 1D 2D 3D 1P 2P 3P m, f, n
Nom Mi Ti El, Elo Ela Naj Vaj Laj Ni Vi Eli, Ele, Elą
Gen Meg Teg Neg Ne Nas Vas Las Nih Vih Lih
Acc Men Ten Nen Nu Nas Vas Las Nih Vih Lih
Dat Mom Tom Nem Nom Nama Vama Lima Nam Vam Lim

Subject Clitics

Alvinian has a second serie of subject pronouns, which are clitic elements derived from full personal pronouns. These elements function only as markers of the agreement with the subject, and they are obligatorily realised together with the verb in a sentence. Subject Clitics are normally proclitic in declarative sentences (they come before the verb) and enclitic in interrogative sentences (they follow the verb). Subject Clitics are not inflected for case, since they always encode the relation of agreement with the subject, but they inflect for person, number (singular, dual, plural) and the 3rd persons are also inflected for gender (masculine, feminine, neuter).

Subject Pronoun 1S 2S 3Sm 3Sf 3Sn 1D 2D 3D 1P 2P 3Pm 3Pf 3Pn
Full Mi Ti El Ela Elo Naj Vaj Laj Ni Vi Eli Ele Elą
Clitic Me Te El La Lo Na Va La Ne Ve Li Le Lą

Subject Clitics are also called subject doublers, since they have to be realised also in a sentence with an overt full pronominal subject or with an overt referential nominal subject.

Subject Clitic + Verb Full Pronoun + Subject Clitic + Verb Referential Noun + Subject Clitic + Verb
Declarative La že Ela la že Lara la že
Translation She is She she is Lara she is

Relative pronouns

Possessive pronouns

Alvinian possessive pronouns are inflected for number (singular, dual, plural), gender (masculine, feminine, neuter) and case (nominative, genitive, accusative, dative). They are inflected according to the regular adjectival declension. They can be used as possessive adjectives as well.

- Singular Dual Plural
1 Meni Nani Neni
2 Tevi Vani Veni
3 Sevi (m/n), Eni (f) Lani Leni

Demonstrative pronouns

Alvinian demonstrative pronouns are inflected for number (singular, dual, plural), gender (masculine, feminine, neuter) and case (nominative, genitive, accusative, dative). They are inflected according to the regular adjectival declension. They can be used as demonstrative adjectives as well.

Proximal Medial Distal
Voti Toti Noti

Indefinite pronouns

Interrogative pronouns

Numerals

Verbs

Finite Tenses

Alvinian Present tense covers more or less the functions of English Present Simple and Present Continuous. Verbal morphology is very limited. Verbs in the present tense consist of a single form (the stem) which is combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the full conjugation. Alvinian Aorist covers more or less the functions of English Past Simple and Past Perfect. The form consists of the stem of the verb with the addition of an -s morpheme at the end of it, and it has to be combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the conjugation. The meaning of Alvinian Imperfect is that of a continuous or repeated action taking place in the past. The form consists of the stem of the verb with the addition of a -k morpheme at the end of it, and it has to be combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the conjugation. Alvinian Future tense covers all the meanings of actions taking place in the future. The form consists of the stem of the verb with the addition of a -bo morpheme at the end of it, and it has to be combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the conjugation.

Verb "že" (to be) Present Aorist Imperfect Future
1S Me že Me žes Me žek Me žebo
2S Te že Te žes Te žek Te žebo
3Sm El že El žes El žek El žebo
3Sf La že La žes La žek La žebo
3Sn Lo že Lo žes Lo žek Lo žebo
1D Na že Na žes Na žek Na žebo
2D Va že Va žes Va žek Va žebo
3D La že La žes La žek La žebo
1P Ne že Ne žes Ne žek Ne žebo
2P Ve že Ve žes Ve žek Ve žebo
3Pm Li že Li žes Li žek Li žebo
3Pf Le že Le žes Le žek Le žebo
3Pn Lą že Lą žes Lą žek Lą žebo

Conditional

Just like finite verbs, conditional mood is realised by attaching the particle -bi'' at the end of the present stem. The negative conditional is formed by attaching the usual ni- before the verbal stem.

Subject Clitic Conditional Negative conditional
Me, Te, El, La, Lo, Na, Va, La, Li, Le, Lą Žebi Nižebi

Questions, Negation, Negative questions

In questions, the clitic + verb complex undergoes an inversion: the clitic, which is found in a proclitic position (before the verb) in declarative sentences, is found in an enclitic position (after the verb) in interrogative questions. The inversion takes places in all tenses. Some clitics (3sf, 3sn, the dual, 3p) don't change with inversion, but some others (1s, 2s, 3sm, 1p, 2p) lose their vowel. The negation is formed by attaching a ni- morpheme before the verbal stem. This negative particle is attached to all negative verbs in all tenses. In negative questions, the negative morpheme keeps the same position, while the clitic undergoes the same inversion phenomenon as their positive counterparts.

Verb "že" (to be) Declarative Interrogative Negative Neg. Interr.
1S Me že Žem? Me niže Nižem?
2S Te že Žet? Te niže Nižet?
3Sm El že Žel? El niže Nižel?
3Sf La že Žela? La niže Nižela?
3Sn Lo že Želo? Lo niže Niželo?
1D Na že Žena? Na niže Nižena?
2D Va že Ževa? Va niže Niževa?
3D La že Žela? La niže Nižela?
1P Ne že Žen? Ne niže Nižen?
2P Ve že Žev? Ve niže Nižev?
3Pm Li že Želi? Li niže Niželi?
3Pf Le že Žele? Le niže Nižele?
3Pn Lą že Želą? Lą niže Niželą?

Reflexive verbs

Reflexivity in Alvinian is expressed with the Reflexive Clitic są. This clitic comes immediately after the Subject Clitic and it's written separately from the verb.

Infinitive Present Aorist Negative Question
Są vavere (to believe) El są vavere (He believes) El są vaveres (He believed) El są nevavere ( He doesn't believe) Są vaverel? (Does he believe?)
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