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| {{private}}{{construction}}
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| {{ClassMeter
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| |Name = {{PAGENAME}}
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| |NativeName = gávthȁ themsármā
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| |Type = Fusional
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| |Alignment = Nominative-accusative
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|
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| |adjective = first
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| |adposition = first
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| |adverb= mixed
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| |article= first
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| |relativeclause = first
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| |nounclause = first
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| |order = VSO
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|
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| |Tonal = Yes
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| |Genders = 2
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| |Declined = Yes
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| |Conjugated = Yes
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| |Case = no
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| |Number = Yes
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| |Definiteness = Yes
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| |Gender = Yes
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| |Voice = Yes
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| |Mood = Yes
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| |Person = Yes
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| |Number = Yes
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| |Tense = Yes
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| |Aspect = Yes
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| |}}
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| Themsaran is my first constructed language, for my conworld of Hheergrem. The grammar and syntax emits an overpowering odor of Semitic/Celtic languages. The nonconcatenative (tonal) inflection... yeah, I reckon that's Semitic too. Aesthetially it has hints of Baltic, Germanic, Celtic, Semitic, Khmer and Gyeongsang Korean. The main departure from Semitic grammar is that the language has been augmented with new features such as strict and complex head-marking inflection, the applicative voice and borderline polysynthesis. So I guess it ends up a tad more like some Native American languages. Other purposes of my language include mixing in un-English verb syntax, such as the use of optatives in subordinate clauses, and using principally non-finite subordinate clauses in the indicative.
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| <!--
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| Todo:
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| *Complete noun/verb/adjective inflection
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| *Numerals
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| *Add derivational morphology
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| *More exammples
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| *Flesh out more how syntax/obviation/inverse marking/coreferentiality interact
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| -->
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| ==Background==
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| The '''Themsaran language''' (''gávthȁ themsármā'' [gáʊ̯fθàː θè̞msármàː] "the Themsaran mouth") constitutes a [[Proto-Talsmic|separate branch]] of the [[Zachydic languages|Zachydic]] language family, along with other para-Themsaran languages which are/were spoken in the island of Tálsèm. Due to its long period of isolation and substrate influence, Themsaran is a typological and lexical outlier in its family, within which it is distinguished by its heavily head-marking inflection in both clauses and possessive NPs as well as its strongly head-initial syntax. The language possesses mixed fusional and agglutinative inflection, and nominative-accusative morphosyntax. The name of the language comes from the Themsár region, from whose dialect arose the prestige language of the island. This elevated language existed in a state of diglossia with the diverse and often mutually unintelligible vernacular "dialects". Classical Themsaran was used as a living language by the ruling class for a period spanning 600 years until its demise in the year ca. 220, and was continued to be used as an important literary, academic and religious language on the island and surrounding mainland areas.
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|
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| ==Phonology==
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| ===Consonants===
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="graytable lightgraybg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
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| ! style="width: 68px; "|
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| ! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial
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| ! style="width: 68px; " |Labio-dental
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| ! style="width: 68px; " |Dental
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| ! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
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| ! style="width: 68px; " |Post-alveolar
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| ! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
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| ! style="width: 68px; " |Dorsal
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| ! style="width: 68px; " |Radical
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| ! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Nasal
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| | m
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| | n
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| | ŋ
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Plosive
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| | p b
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| | t d
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| | k g
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| |rowspan=2| ħ~ʜ~ʢ~ʡ ⟨ħ⟩
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| | (ʔ)
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Fricative
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| | f v
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| | θ ⟨th⟩
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| | s z
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| | ʃ ⟨š⟩ ʒ ⟨ž⟩
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| | x ⟨ch⟩
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|
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| | h~ɦ ⟨h⟩
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Affricate
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| | tʃ ⟨ŧ⟩
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Approximant
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| | (ʋ)
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| | j
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Trill
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| | r
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Lateral app.
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| | l
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| | ʎ ⟨ļ⟩
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| |}
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|
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| [v] is in free variation with [ʋ]. [ʔ] may occur only in morpheme boundaries.
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| ====Conditioned allophony====
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="graytable lightgraybg" style="width: 570px; text-align:center;"
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| ! style="width: 120px; "|Phoneme
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| ! style="width: 120px; " |Allophone
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| ! style="width: 120px; " |Condition(s)
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| |-
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| | rowspan="2"| /ħ/
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| | [ħ~ʜ]
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| | #_, C[+voiceless]_
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| |-
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|
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| | [ʡ~ʢ]
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| | V_V, C[+voiced]_
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| |-
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| | /h/
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| | [ɦ]
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| | V_V, C[+voiced]_
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| |-
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| | C[+obstruent, ±voiced]
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| | C[+obstruent, ∓voiced]
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| | _C[+obstruent, -guttural, ∓voiced]
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| |}
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|
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| ===Vowels===
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| Themsaran has six vowels, short and long. Short vowels have one mora (except for epenthetic ''e'' which has zero morae), and long vowels have two morae. Short vowels in open syllables were pronounced approximately 1.5 times as long as short vowels in closed syllables; long vowels in closed syllables, 2.5 times as long; open long vowels, thrice as long.
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="graytable lightgraybg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
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| ! style="width: 90px; "|
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| ! style="width: 90px; " |Front
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| ! style="width: 90px; " |Central
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| ! style="width: 90px; " |Back
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Close
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| | '''i''' /i/ '''ī''' /iː/
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| | '''y''' /ʉ̜/ '''ȳ''' /ʉ̜ː/
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| | '''u''' /u/ '''ū''' /uː/
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Mid
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| | '''e''' /e̞/ '''ē''' /e̞ː/
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| | '''o''' /o̞/ '''ō''' /o̞ː/
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Open
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| | '''a''' /a/ '''ā''' /aː/
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| |}
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| '''y ȳ''' is a close central half-rounded vowel.
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| The following are the diphthongs, all falling: '''ai au ei ie ua''' /ai au ei ie~ia uo~ua/. All diphthongs are bimoraic.
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|
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| ===Pitch accent===
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| Pitch accent, or tone, is phonemic in Themsaran. The following is the notation for tones:
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="graytable lightgraybg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
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| ! style="width: 90px; "|
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| ! style="width: 90px; " |Short
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| ! style="width: 90px; " |Long
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| ! style="width: 90px; " |Diphthong
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Unmarked
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| | '''a'''
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| | '''ā'''
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| | '''ai'''
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| |-
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| ! style="" |High
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| | '''á'''
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| | '''a̋'''
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| | '''ái'''
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Low
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| | '''à'''
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| | '''ȁ'''
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| | '''ài'''
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Falling
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| | -
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| | '''â'''
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| | '''âi'''
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Rising
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| | -
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| | '''ǎ'''
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| | '''ǎi'''
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| |}
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| The pitch accent of a word (of more than one mora) consists of two components: the lexical tone, and the position of the downstep (the latter is confined to appear after the 3rd-to-last mora). A high-tone word is consistently high until the downstep, whereafter the pitch drops sharply. A low-tone word starts low and has the highest pitch at the tonic mora, which is immediately before the downstep.
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|
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| The following are the rules governing the marking Themsaran pitch accent:
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| #High lexical tone is marked in the initial syllable; low tone is not marked, unless necessitated by rule 2.
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| #The tonic syllable is always marked:
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| ##If the downstep occurs after a long syllable (syllable with a long vowel or diphthong), the syllable is rising in a low-tone word, and high in a high-tone word.
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| ##If the downstep occurs between the two morae of a long syllable, the syllable has falling tone.
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| #If the first syllable is tonic, the second syllable is marked as low.
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|
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| If the downstep occurred word-finally, the first syllable of a following high tone word would have slightly lower pitch. In [[w:Pausa|pausa]], a word final high short syllable is realized as a falling, short vowel.
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|
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| Clitics, unmarked, phonologically behave as parts of the following word and inherit the tone of the following word. Preceding a word with high lexical tone, the clitic is marked as high.
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|
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| ===Phonotactics===
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| The maximal syllable structure is CCCVCC, where V is any vowel or diphthong, the third consonant in the complex onset must be /j/, and the second consonant in the complex coda must be an obstruent. /ħ/ and /h/ are disallowed to occur in coda. Vowel hiatus is prohibited, as in Balto-Slavic and Semitic languages.
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|
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| ==Orthography==
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| [[Image:Themsaran_tone_diacritics.png|right|thumb|Tone diacritics in Themsaran script, written under or over a vowel letter.|240px]]
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|
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| ==Morphology==
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| ===Nouns===
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| Nouns and adjectives have a rich morphology, albeit less ornate than verbs. They inflect for number, definiteness and possessedness, but not for case. Nouns have two genders, masculine and feminine. In third-person possessed forms, Themsaran makes a distinction, realized tonally, between the ''absolute'' possessed form, which indicates a noun possessed by a pronoun, and the ''conjunct'' possessed form, used to indicate a possessive relationship between two nouns and agreeing with the gender of the possessor.
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|
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| Definite forms are used as the vocative. Names of proper names, deities or deifications are primarily indefinite, but take definite agreement.
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|
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| ====First declension====
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| The first declension consists primarily of masculine nouns. Nouns ending in a consonant may contain an epenthetic ''e'' to break up a forbidden consonant clusters, particularly those ending in resonants. Nouns ending in ''-i'' display a lengthened ''-ī'' before a possessive suffix beginning with a consonant, and a ''-j'' before one beginning with a vowel.
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| {| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 660px; text-align: center;"
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| |-
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| ! colspan="9"| '''First declension'''
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="2"|
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| ! colspan="4" scope="col"|Singular
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| ! colspan="4" scope="col"|Plural
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| |-
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| !colspan="2" scope="col"|Indefinite
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| !colspan="2" scope="col"|Definite
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| !colspan="2" scope="col"|Indefinite
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| !colspan="2" scope="col"|Definite
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| |-
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| !scope="row"|Unpossessed
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| |colspan="2"|-Ø
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| |colspan="2"|''-ē''
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| |colspan="2"|''-ach''
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| |colspan="2"|''-ō''
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| |-
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| !scope="row"|1sg
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| |colspan="2"|''-ken''
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| |colspan="2"|''-n''
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| |colspan="2"|
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| |colspan="2"|''-āst''
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| |-
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| !scope="row"|2sg.m
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| |colspan="2"|''-gze''
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| |colspan="2"|''-ze''
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| |colspan="2"|
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| |colspan="2"|''-ūgit''
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| |-
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| !scope="row"|2sg.f
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| |colspan="2"|''-kvi''
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| |colspan="2"|''-vi''
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| |colspan="2"|
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| |colspan="2"|''-ūgis''
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| |-
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| !scope="row"|3sg.m
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| |colspan="2"|''-ku''
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| |colspan="2"|''-u''
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| |colspan="2"|
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| |colspan="2"|''-ū''
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| |-
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| !scope="row"|3sg.f
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| |colspan="2"|''-ki''
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| |colspan="2"|''-i''
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| |colspan="2"|
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| |colspan="2"|''-ȳ''
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| |-
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| !scope="row"|4sg.m
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| |colspan="2"|''-ksu''
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| |colspan="2"|''-thu''
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| |colspan="2"|
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| |colspan="2"|''-thū''
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| |-
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| !scope="row"|4sg.f
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| |colspan="2"|''-ksi''
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| |colspan="2"|''-thi''
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| |colspan="2"|
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| |colspan="2"|''-thȳ''
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| |-
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| !scope="row"|1ex
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| |colspan="2"|''-kam''
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| |colspan="2"|''-am''
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| |colspan="2"|
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| |colspan="2"|''-ūche''
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| |-
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| !scope="row"|1in
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| |colspan="2"|''-kent''
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| |colspan="2"|''-ent''
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| |colspan="2"|
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| |colspan="2"|''-ūša''
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| |-
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| !scope="row"|2pl.m
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| |colspan="2"|''-kys''
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| |colspan="2"|''-ys''
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| |colspan="2"|
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| |colspan="2"|''-ūsra''
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| |-
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| !scope="row"|2pl.f
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| |colspan="2"|''-kyth''
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| |colspan="2"|''-yth''
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| |colspan="2"|
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| |colspan="2"|''-ūsre''
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| |-
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| !scope="row"|3pl.m
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| |colspan="2"|''-kech''
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| |colspan="2"|''-eich''
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| |colspan="2"|
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| |colspan="2"|''-ūcb''
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| |-
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| !scope="row"|3pl.f
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| |colspan="2"|''-ker''
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| |colspan="2"|''-ier''
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| |colspan="2"|
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| |colspan="2"|''-ūr''
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| |-
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| !scope="row"|3pl.m.inv
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| |colspan="2"|''-ksech''
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| |colspan="2"|''-theich''
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| |colspan="2"|
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| |colspan="2"|''-thūch''
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| |-
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| !scope="row"|3pl.f.inv
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| |colspan="2"|''-kser''
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| |colspan="2"|''-thier''
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| |colspan="2"|
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| |colspan="2"|''-thūr''
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| |}
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|
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| ====Second declension====
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| The second declension consists primarily of feminine nouns.
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| {| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 660px; text-align: center;"
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| |-
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| ! colspan="9"| '''Second declension'''
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="2"|
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| ! colspan="4" scope="col"|Singular
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| ! colspan="4" scope="col"|Plural
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| |-
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| !colspan="2" scope="col"|Indefinite
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| !colspan="2" scope="col"|Definite
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| !colspan="2" scope="col"|Indefinite
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| !colspan="2" scope="col"|Definite
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| |-
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| !scope="row"|Unpossessed
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| |colspan="2"|''-e''
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| |colspan="2"|''-ā''
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| |colspan="2"|''-ir''
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| |colspan="2"|''-enā''
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| |-
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| !scope="row"|1sg
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| |colspan="2"|''-ŧen''
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| |colspan="2"|''-an''
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| |colspan="2"|
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| |colspan="2"|''-aist''
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| |-
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| !scope="row"|2sg.m
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| |colspan="2"|''-zze''
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| |colspan="2"|''-za''
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| |colspan="2"|
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| |colspan="2"|''-aŋgit''
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| |-
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| !scope="row"|2sg.f
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| |colspan="2"|''-ŧve''
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| |colspan="2"|''-va''
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| |colspan="2"|
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| |colspan="2"|''-aŋgis''
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| |-
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| !scope="row"|3sg.m
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| |colspan="2"|''-ŧu''
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| |colspan="2"|''-au''
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| |colspan="2"|
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| |colspan="2"|''-ana''
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| |-
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| !scope="row"|3sg.f
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| |colspan="2"|''-ŧi''
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| |colspan="2"|''-ai''
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| |colspan="2"|
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| |colspan="2"|''-anī''
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| |-
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| !scope="row"|4sg.m
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| |colspan="2"|''-šŧu''
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| |colspan="2"|''-ath''
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| |colspan="2"|
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| |colspan="2"|''anŧu''
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| |-
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| !scope="row"|4sg.f
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| |colspan="2"|''-šŧi''
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| |colspan="2"|''-eth''
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| |colspan="2"|
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| |colspan="2"|''anŧi''
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| |-
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| !scope="row"|1ex
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| |colspan="2"|''-ŧem''
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| |colspan="2"|''-iem''
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| |colspan="2"|
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| |colspan="2"|''-ānche''
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| |-
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| !scope="row"|1in
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| |colspan="2"|''-ŧent''
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| |colspan="2"|''-ant''
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| |colspan="2"|
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| |colspan="2"|''-anša''
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| |-
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| !scope="row"|2pl.m
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| |colspan="2"|''-ŧis''
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| |colspan="2"|''-ais''
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| |colspan="2"|
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| |colspan="2"|''-ansra''
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| |-
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| !scope="row"|2pl.f
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| |colspan="2"|''-ŧith''
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| |colspan="2"|''-aith''
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| |colspan="2"|
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| |colspan="2"|''-ansre''
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| |-
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| !scope="row"|3pl.m
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| |colspan="2"|''-ŧech''
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| |colspan="2"|''-āch''
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| |colspan="2"|
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| |colspan="2"|''-anech''
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| |-
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| !scope="row"|3pl.f
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| |colspan="2"|''-ŧer''
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| |colspan="2"|''-air''
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| |colspan="2"|
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| |colspan="2"|''-aner''
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| |-
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| !scope="row"|3pl.m.inv
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| |colspan="2"|''-šŧech''
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| |colspan="2"|''-thāch''
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| |colspan="2"|
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| |colspan="2"|''-anthech''
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| |-
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| !scope="row"|3pl.f.inv
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| |colspan="2"|''-šŧer''
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| |colspan="2"|''-thair''
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| |colspan="2"|
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| |colspan="2"|''-anther''
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| |}
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|
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| ====Third declension====
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| The third declension consists mainly of mass, collective and abstract nouns of both genders.
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| {| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 660px; text-align: center;"
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| |-
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| ! colspan="9"| '''Third declension'''
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="2"|
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| ! colspan="4" scope="col"|Singular
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| ! colspan="4" scope="col"|Plural
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| |-
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| !colspan="2" scope="col"|Indefinite
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| !colspan="2" scope="col"|Definite
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| !colspan="2" scope="col"|Indefinite
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| !colspan="2" scope="col"|Definite
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| |-
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| !scope="row"|Unpossessed
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| |colspan="2"|-Ø
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| |colspan="2"|
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| |colspan="2"|
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| |colspan="2"|
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| |-
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| !scope="row"|1sg
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| |colspan="2"|''-tun''
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-in''
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|2sg.m
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-tize''
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-ize''
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|2sg.f
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-tive''
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-ivi''
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|3sg.m
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-tu''
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-ju''
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|3sg.f
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-ti''
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-ji''
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|4sg.m
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-ssu''
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-thu''
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|4sg.f
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-ssi''
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-thi''
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|1ex
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-tēm''
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-īm''
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|1in
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-tent''
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-int''
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|2pl.m
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-tys''
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-ȳs''
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|2pl.f
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-tyth''
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-ȳth''
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|3pl.m
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-tech''
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-īch''
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|3pl.f
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-ter''
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-īr''
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|4pl.m
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-ssech''
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-thich''
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|4pl.f
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-sser''
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-thir''
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| ====Tonal patterns of nominals====
| |
| Every noun falls under one of four tonal paradigms.
| |
| #''kanǔar'' ('sitting'): The most common paradigm, the downstep remains stationary, except as required by downstep rules or in the presence of the downstep-attracting absolute possession suffixes.
| |
| #''šanŧǐel'' ('shunning/evading'): The downstep is never on the suffix.
| |
| #('standing')
| |
| #''gánħāŋém'' ('skipping/tumbling'): The downstep is one mora before the boundary of the suffix in the base form, and moves to the desinence upon inflection by a definite suffix.
| |
|
| |
| ====Irregular nouns====
| |
|
| |
| ====Fossilized case marking====
| |
| A descendant of a language with developed noun and adjective cases, Themsaran preserves vestigial case marking.
| |
| =====Irregular definiteness=====
| |
| The definite unpossessed inflection is a generalization from the accusative case, which marked the definite direct object in addition to adverbial uses, certain oblique objects and time expressions. As such definiteness is required in objects of a small number of prepositions, and some time expressions (e.g. ''nǐežȁm''/''minâm''/''krúamâm'' (< *''nējžȁ-mî'' etc., instead of the expected **''nējžè-mî'') "today"/"tonight"/"tomorrow", ''nǐežȁŧ'' ("that day"), ''krúamâ/ra̋zȁ/ħíŋšȁ/minâ'' "in the morning/at daytime/at dusk/at night") and adverbial expressions.
| |
|
| |
| =====Fossilized oblique cases=====
| |
| The frozen oblique cases (ablative, instrumental/locative and allative) are largely found in two lexical classes: adverbs and prepositions.
| |
|
| |
| ===Adjectives===
| |
| Attributive adjectives agree in number, definiteness, gender and possessedness with their heads. Adjectival declension disagrees with nouns in that absolute possessive form of adjectives modifies the conjunct possessive of nouns. Predicate adjectives are declined differently. Adjectives also take degree inflection (positive, "less/least", "more/most", elative, "X enough", "too X"). Adjectives exhibit tonal ablaut like those of nouns.
| |
| ====Declension====
| |
| Adjectives are either declined in 1st declension in the masculine and the 2nd for feminine, or the 3rd declension for masculine and 2nd for feminine with an extra suffix ''-m-'' added between the stem and the ending.
| |
| =====Predicate adjectives=====
| |
| {| class="graytable lightgraybg " style="width: 300px; text-align: center;"
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan="3"|1st/2nd declension
| |
| |-
| |
| !|
| |
| !|Singular
| |
| !|Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Masculine
| |
| |''-e''
| |
| |''-ū''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Feminine
| |
| |''-a''
| |
| |''-ān''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| {| class="graytable lightgraybg " style="width: 300px; text-align: center;"
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan="3"|3rd declension
| |
| |-
| |
| !|
| |
| !|Singular
| |
| !|Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Masculine
| |
| |''-et''
| |
| |''-tie''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Feminine
| |
| |''-em''
| |
| |''-mtie''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| ====Degree====
| |
| Adjectives with degree inflections may be nominalized to derive meanings such as "supreme strength" from "the very strongest".
| |
| ====Irregular adjectives====
| |
|
| |
| ====Adverb formation====
| |
| The adverbial suffix is ''-ar'', and it can mean "[adjective]ly", or "like a [noun]" (latter meaning is less productive).
| |
| ===Pronouns===
| |
| ====Personal====
| |
| The independent personal pronouns are used in equational sentences, and for emphasis of what is already marked on the heads, whether the marking is about the subject, direct object, or oblique.
| |
|
| |
| {| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;"
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan="3"| '''Independent personal pronouns'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !style="width: 60px; "|
| |
| !style="width: 120px; "|Singular
| |
| !style="width: 120px; "|Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| !|1.ex
| |
| |rowspan="2"|
| |
| <!--sg-->
| |
| ''na̋''
| |
| |
| |
| <!--pl-->
| |
| ''châm''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|1.in
| |
| |
| |
| <!--pl-->
| |
| ''táŋên''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|2.m
| |
| |
| |
| <!--sg-->
| |
| ''zéi''
| |
| |
| |
| <!--pl-->
| |
| ''srâs''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|2.f
| |
| |
| |
| <!--sg-->
| |
| ''véi''
| |
| |
| |
| <!--pl-->
| |
| ''srâth''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|3.m
| |
| |
| |
| <!--sg-->
| |
| ''žá''
| |
| |
| |
| <!--pl-->
| |
| ''žû''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|3.f
| |
| |
| |
| <!--sg-->
| |
| ''žî''
| |
| |
| |
| <!--pl-->
| |
| ''žân''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|4.m
| |
| |
| |
| <!--sg-->
| |
| ''ŧá''
| |
| |
| |
| <!--pl-->
| |
| ''ŧû''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|4.f
| |
| |
| |
| <!--sg-->
| |
| ''ŧî''
| |
| |
| |
| <!--pl-->
| |
| ''ŧân''
| |
| |}
| |
| The fourth person has a more "focused" meaning, so it is used as the obviative and for other functions.
| |
|
| |
| ====Demonstrative====
| |
| The demonstratives have identical endings to personal pronouns in feminine singular and the plural. The adnominal demonstratives are ''mé'' (near speaker), ''ħé'' (near hearer), and ''ŧá'' (distal; identical to 4th person pronoun), and the pronominal demonstratives are ''ím(é)'', ''íž(á)'', and ''íŧ(á)''.
| |
|
| |
| When a demonstrative modifies a noun phrase, the noun and adjective modified take the indefinite form if unpossessed, and the definite form if possessed.
| |
|
| |
| ====Reflexive====
| |
| The reflexive pronoun is ''ktên'', identical to the gender and number of the subject.
| |
|
| |
| ====Reciprocal====
| |
| The reciprocal pronoun, "each other", is ''nadnék''. It originated from an adverb that was later reanalyzed as a pronoun.
| |
|
| |
| ===Table of correlatives===
| |
| {| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 600px; text-align: center;"
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan="10"|Table of correlatives
| |
| |-
| |
| !style="width: 60px; "|
| |
| !style="width: 240px; "|Interrogative
| |
| !style="width: 240px; "|Near speaker
| |
| !style="width: 240px; "|Near hearer
| |
| !style="width: 240px; "|Distal
| |
| !style="width: 240px; "|Existential
| |
| !style="width: 240px; "|Negational
| |
| !style="width: 240px; "|Elective
| |
| !style="width: 240px; "|Collective
| |
| !style="width: 240px; "|Distributive
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Adnominal
| |
| |rowspan=2|''jé'' (who);<br/>''jî'' (fem., rare);<br/>''ján'' (what)
| |
| |''mé''
| |
| |''ħé''
| |
| |''ŧá''
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |''rôg''
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Pronominal
| |
| |''ímé''
| |
| |''ížá''
| |
| |''íŧá''
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Quality (what kind of)
| |
| |''jélt'' (declined like ''ímé'')
| |
| |''mélt''
| |
| |''ħélt''
| |
| |''ŧélt''
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Place
| |
| |''jách''; ''émmâ''
| |
| |''mách; dátè''
| |
| |''ħách''
| |
| |''ŧách''
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Origin
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Destination
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Time
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Quantity/Extent
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Manner
| |
| |''jêr'', ''díeŋkúl''
| |
| |''mêr''
| |
| |''ħêr''
| |
| |''ŧêr''
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Cause
| |
| |''jěn''
| |
| |''měn''
| |
| |''ħěn''
| |
| |''ŧěn''
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Purpose
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| In highly humble language (roughly equivalent to German ''Ihr''), the "near speaker" and "near hearer" demonstratives are used in epithets for 1st and 2nd person respectively in lieu of grammatical 1st or 2nd person. (e.g. ''klûdil mé'': "this humble subject", ''áchèr ħé/tīnè ħî/slǐerè ħî'': Your Majesty/Highness; lit. "that king/hand/throne", ''dírmár/íra̋them ħé/a̋thmȉd ħî'', "that called one/sanctified one/holiness"; used to address a priest, ''mách/ħách'' generic humble language, used for locative obliques instead of 1st or 2nd person inflected prepositions)
| |
|
| |
| The difference between the two words for 'here' is that of clusivity: ''mách'' means "where I am/we(exc) are or pointing" whereas ''dátè'' means "where we(inc) are".
| |
|
| |
| ===Verbs===
| |
| Finite verbs are marked for TAM, mirativity, voice (active and mediopassive), the subject's person, number, and gender and, if the direct object is definite, is obligatorily marked with the (usually direct) object's person, number, and gender in most TAMs, except in the imperative. The verb may agree with an indirect object (which is typically animate) instead of with the direct object. Object agreement is often omitted in poetry. Verbs also have several non-finite forms, used with various subordinating conjunctions and relative clauses.
| |
|
| |
| {| class="graytable lightgraybg"
| |
| |+'''Themsaran finite verb template'''
| |
| !−3!!−2!!−1!!0!!1!!2!!3!!/Downstep
| |
| |-
| |
| |Mood/Evidential/Mirative||Applicative prefix||Imperfective prefix||'''STEM'''||Supplementary aspect||Supplementary voice||Voice-TAM-Subject-Object||Voice-TAM-Subject-Object
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| An example of a fully inflected verb:
| |
| {{gloss
| |
| |phrase = zekmiheklēzittnévrīn
| |
| |IPA=/zèkmihekleːzitːnevꜜriːn/
| |
| |morphemes = RDPL-mi-he-klēz-iħ-tn-évrīn
| |
| |gloss = SBJV-APP.GOAL-PAST.IPFV-mix-ICP-APP/PAST.IPFV.PSS.3SG.F>3PL.F
| |
| |translation = they supposedly were beginning to obtain it by mixing them}}
| |
|
| |
| ====Tense-Aspect-Mood====
| |
|
| |
| =====Basic TAMs=====
| |
| The basic tenses, marked with a combination of tone, suffixes and prefixes, are:
| |
| *Imperative
| |
| *Present
| |
| *Past imperfective
| |
| *Past perfective
| |
| *Future imperfective
| |
| *Future perfective
| |
| *Jussive
| |
|
| |
| ======Imperative======
| |
| The imperative is used to issue positive, direct orders.
| |
|
| |
| ======Present======
| |
| The present is used for events that take/are taking place in the present time, or for gnomic statemnets.
| |
|
| |
| ======Past imperfective======
| |
| The past imperfective indicates a background event or events that happened in the past frequently or over a period of time. Therefore it corresponds to past frequentative, habitual or progressive.
| |
|
| |
| ======Past perfective======
| |
| The past perfective, preterite, or aorist is for events that were completed at some point in time in the past.
| |
|
| |
| ======Future imperfective======
| |
| The future imperfective indicates actions which will take place in the future but whose aspectual meaning is similar to past imperfective. Future imperfective is also used as imperatives where the imperfectiveness of the action is emphasized ("[you shall] always/regularly strive!").
| |
|
| |
| ======Future perfective======
| |
| The future perfective denotes actions which will be completed at some point in the future.
| |
|
| |
| ======Jussive======
| |
| The jussive bears a wide range of uses:
| |
| * optatives (wishes), polite requests and hortatives (urging);
| |
| * prohibitions, with the prohibitive marker (''Ham skőtîr!'' "Don't walk!");
| |
| * imperatives in indirect speech, with the complementizer ''ne'' (''Kýlês ne stumî.'' "He ordered me to go back.");
| |
| * purpose clauses, with a relativizer or other conjunctions; (''ħéistê rin ti̋gamthé'' "the word to say"/"the word that should be said").
| |
|
| |
| =====Supplementary aspects=====
| |
|
| |
| ======Inceptive======
| |
| The inceptive is the suffix ''-iħ'' (first conjugation) placed after the stem.
| |
| ======Cessative======
| |
| The cessative is the suffix ''-lša'' (second conjugation).
| |
| ======Perfect======
| |
| The perfect is formed periphrastically. The perfect clitic ''lakš'' is used with the past tenses to give the present perfect or pluperfect (there is no distinction) tense and is used with the future tenses to give the future perfect tenses.
| |
|
| |
| =====Supplementary moods=====
| |
| The mirative, marking information, inference or realization new to the speaker, is marked by a prefix consisting of first consonant of stem + e + last consonant of stem. The subjunctive, used for doubtful statements and for hypothetical outcomes, is marked by a similar prefix, with said consonants in reverse order.
| |
|
| |
| {{Gloss|phrase = {{blue|gél}}ga̋lis!|IPA=/gélgaːꜜlis/|morphemes = {{blue|RDPL}}-ga̋lìs |gloss = {{blue|MIR}}-sing-PRES.3SG.F |translation = (Hey, look,) she's singing!}}
| |
| {{Gloss|phrase = {{blue|lég}}ga̋lis|IPA=/léggaːꜜlis/|morphemes = {{blue|RDPL}}-ga̋lìs |gloss = {{blue|SBJV}}-sing-PRES.3SG.F |translation = She supposedly sings/She would sing}}
| |
|
| |
| ====Voice====
| |
| =====Basic voices=====
| |
| ======Active======
| |
| The active voice is the default voice, used when the subject is the agent of the verb.
| |
| ======Mediopassive======
| |
| The mediopassive marks the subject as a patient of the verb. Apart from passivity, mediopassives may have a derivational function; they may indicate reflexive action or change of state. As such there are quite a few deponent verbs, verbs that are inherently mediopassive, and also mediopassive counterparts of active intransitive verbs.
| |
| =====Supplementary voices=====
| |
| ======Causative======
| |
| The causative expresses causation or facilitation of the action. It is indicated by the suffix ''-nuh-'' after the masculine singular imperative, where the ''h'' assimilates to any fricative or may leave compensatory lengthening of the ''u''.
| |
| ======Applicative======
| |
| The applicative suffix, placed after the masculine singular imperative, is ''-t(e)n-''. The applicative promotes an oblique object of a verb to the direct object position, for example "fight (a war)" > "fight (someone)" and downgrades the core object argument to an oblique argument. An optional applicative prefix may be used to qualify the relationship of the new object to the base verb (''vi-'' for instrument, ''ša-'' for location, ''lua-'' for comitation, and ''mi-'' for goal or benefactive). In the passive, the applicative finds much syntactic utility in constructing impersonal statements about an oblique object.
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| =====Non-finite forms=====
| |
| The non-finite forms are participles and two infinitives.
| |
|
| |
| The participle, which is available for all verbal categories, is used to construct VOS clauses, where O and S are full noun phrases, or O is a noun and S is a third- or fourth-person pronoun. VOS sentences lend more emphasis to the predicate than the neutral VSO. The tense of a participle is the tense relative to the tense of the main clause.
| |
|
| |
| The possessor of the first infinitive represents the verb's subject. It is used in reason clauses, time clauses, indirect speech (as the first infinitive copula ''váls'' + participle) whose truth is doubted by the speaker, and more rarely purpose clauses.
| |
|
| |
| The possessor of the second infinitive represents the verb's object. It is used as a complement to certain verbs and in any other situation calling for a verb with no independent subject or TAM, and is used adverbially with prepositions.
| |
|
| |
| ====Conjugation====
| |
| The three conjugations of Themsaran verbs are demonstrated below respectively with the verbs ''mólî'' - 'let me thank', ''nesâi'' - 'let me slay/kill (animate subject)', ''takvêi'' - 'let me know' (The citation form is the 1st person jussive). The first conjugation subsumes ''ħ''-stem verbs, where the ''ħ'' assimilates into any consonant that begins an ending, and ''h''-stem verbs, for which only fricative-beginning endings are so geminated, and for other consonants, undergoes compensatory lengthening of the vowel preceding the ending.
| |
|
| |
| =====Active subject affixes=====
| |
| {| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;"
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan="3" | '''Imperative'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !style="width: 60px; "|
| |
| !style="width: 120px; "|Singular
| |
| !style="width: 120px; "|Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| !|1.in
| |
| |
| |
| <!--sg-->
| |
| -
| |
| |
| |
| <!--pl-->
| |
| ''mólè'''ns'''!''<br/>
| |
| ''nés'''àns'''!''<br/>
| |
| ''takv'''êns'''!''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|2.m
| |
| |
| |
| <!--sg-->
| |
| ''mól!''<br/>
| |
| ''nés'''à'''!''<br/>
| |
| ''tákv'''è'''!''
| |
| |
| |
| <!--pl-->
| |
| ''mólè'''ls'''!''<br/>
| |
| ''nés'''àls'''!''<br/>
| |
| ''takv'''êls'''!''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|2.f
| |
| |
| |
| <!--sg-->
| |
| ''mól'''t'''!''<br/>
| |
| ''nés'''àt'''!''<br/>
| |
| ''takv'''ét'''!''
| |
| |
| |
| <!--pl-->
| |
| ''mólè'''rs'''!''<br/>
| |
| ''nés'''àrs'''!''<br/>
| |
| ''takv'''êrs'''!''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| {| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;"
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan="3" | '''Present'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !style="width: 60px; "|
| |
| !style="width: 120px; "|Singular
| |
| !style="width: 120px; "|Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| !|1.ex
| |
| |rowspan="2"|
| |
| <!--sg-->
| |
| ''mól'''ȉ'''''<br/>
| |
| ''nés'''ài'''''<br/>
| |
| ''tákv'''èi'''''
| |
| |
| |
| <!--pl-->
| |
| ''mól'''mà'''''<br/>
| |
| ''nés'''àma'''''<br/>
| |
| ''takv'''êma'''''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|1.in
| |
| |
| |
| <!--pl-->
| |
| ''mólè'''nse'''''<br/>
| |
| ''nés'''ànse'''''<br/>
| |
| ''takv'''ênse'''''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|2.m
| |
| |
| |
| <!--sg-->
| |
| ''mólè'''r'''''<br/>
| |
| ''nés'''àr'''''<br/>
| |
| ''takv'''êr'''''
| |
| |
| |
| <!--pl-->
| |
| ''mólè'''lse'''''<br/>
| |
| ''nés'''àlse'''''<br/>
| |
| ''takv'''êlse'''''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|2.f
| |
| |
| |
| <!--sg-->
| |
| ''mól'''ȅ'''''<br/>
| |
| ''nés'''ȁ'''''<br/>
| |
| ''takv'''îe'''''
| |
| |
| |
| <!--pl-->
| |
| ''mólè'''rse'''''<br/>
| |
| ''nés'''àrse'''''<br/>
| |
| ''takv'''êrse'''''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|3.m
| |
| |
| |
| <!--sg-->
| |
| ''mól'''è'''''<br/>
| |
| ''nés'''à'''''<br/>
| |
| ''tákv'''ȅ'''''
| |
| |
| |
| <!--pl-->
| |
| ''mól'''vì'''''<br/>
| |
| ''nés'''àvi'''''<br/>
| |
| ''takv'''évi'''''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|3.f
| |
| |
| |
| <!--sg-->
| |
| ''mól'''ìs'''''<br/>
| |
| ''nés'''àis'''''<br/>
| |
| ''tákv'''ìes'''''
| |
| |
| |
| <!--pl-->
| |
| ''mól'''tì'''''<br/>
| |
| ''nés'''àti'''''<br/>
| |
| ''takv'''éti'''''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| {| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;"
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan="3" | '''Past imperfective'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !style="width: 60px; "|
| |
| !style="width: 120px; "|Singular
| |
| !style="width: 120px; "|Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| !|1.ex
| |
| |rowspan="2"|
| |
| <!--sg-->
| |
| '''''hé'''mol'''êi'''<br/>
| |
| '''''he'''nes'''âi'''<br/>
| |
| '''''he'''takv'''îe'''
| |
| |
| |
| <!--pl-->
| |
| '''''hé'''mól'''me'''<br/>
| |
| '''''he'''nes'''áme'''<br/>
| |
| '''''he'''takv'''éme'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|1.in
| |
| |
| |
| <!--pl-->
| |
| '''''hé'''mól'''tā'''<br/>
| |
| '''''he'''nes'''átā'''<br/>
| |
| '''''he'''takv'''étā'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|2.m
| |
| |
| |
| <!--sg-->
| |
| '''''hé'''molé'''r'''<br/>
| |
| '''''he'''nes'''ár'''<br/>
| |
| '''''he'''takv'''êr'''
| |
| |
| |
| <!--pl-->
| |
| '''''hé'''mol'''slé'''<br/>
| |
| '''''he'''nes'''aslé'''<br/>
| |
| '''''he'''takv'''ēslé'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|2.f
| |
| |
| |
| <!--sg-->
| |
| '''''hé'''mol'''é'''<br/>
| |
| '''''he'''nes'''â'''<br/>
| |
| '''''he'''takv'''ê'''
| |
| |rowspan=2|
| |
| <!--pl-->
| |
| '''''hé'''mol'''sré'''<br/>
| |
| '''''he'''nes'''asré'''<br/>
| |
| '''''he'''takv'''ēsré'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|3.m
| |
| |
| |
| <!--sg-->
| |
| '''''hé'''móle'''n'''<br/>
| |
| '''''he'''nes'''án'''<br/>
| |
| '''''he'''takv'''ên'''
| |
| <!--pl sync w/ 2fs-->
| |
| |-
| |
| !|3.f
| |
| |
| |
| <!--sg-->
| |
| '''''hé'''mól'''ni'''<br/>
| |
| '''''he'''nes'''áni'''<br/>
| |
| '''''he'''takv'''éni'''
| |
| |
| |
| <!--pl-->
| |
| '''''hé'''mol'''stí'''<br/>
| |
| '''''he'''nes'''astí'''<br/>
| |
| '''''he'''takv'''ēstí'''
| |
| |}
| |
| With initial vowels the ''he'' prefix combines thus:
| |
| *''he+a→hā''
| |
| *''he+e→hē''
| |
| *''he+i→hei''
| |
| *''he+o→hō''
| |
| *''he+u→hū''
| |
| *''he+y→hȳ''
| |
| *he+long vowel/diphthong = h+long vowel/diphthong
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| {| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;"
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan="3" | '''Past perfective'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !style="width: 60px; "|
| |
| !style="width: 120px; "|Singular
| |
| !style="width: 120px; "|Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| !|1.ex
| |
| |rowspan="2"|
| |
| <!--sg-->
| |
| ''mólé'''n'''<br/>
| |
| ''nes'''án'''<br/>
| |
| ''takv'''îen'''
| |
| |
| |
| <!--pl-->
| |
| ''mól'''àm'''<br/>
| |
| ''nés'''ȁm'''<br/>
| |
| ''takv'''éjam'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|1.in
| |
| |
| |
| <!--pl-->
| |
| ''mól'''tȁ'''<br/>
| |
| ''nes'''átā'''<br/>
| |
| ''takv'''étā'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|2.m
| |
| |
| |
| <!--sg-->
| |
| ''mólé'''r'''<br/>
| |
| ''nes'''ár'''<br/>
| |
| ''takv'''îer'''
| |
| |
| |
| <!--pl-->
| |
| ''mól'''slé'''<br/>
| |
| ''nes'''aslé'''<br/>
| |
| ''takv'''ēslé'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|2.f
| |
| |
| |
| <!--sg-->
| |
| ''mól'''é'''<br/>
| |
| ''nes'''â'''<br/>
| |
| ''takv'''ê'''
| |
| |rowspan=2|
| |
| <!--pl-->
| |
| ''mól'''sré'''<br/>
| |
| ''nes'''asré'''<br/>
| |
| ''takv'''ēsré'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|3.m
| |
| |
| |
| <!--sg-->
| |
| ''mól'''ès'''<br/>
| |
| ''nes'''às'''<br/>
| |
| ''takv'''ês'''
| |
| <!--pl sync w/ 2fs-->
| |
| |-
| |
| !|3.f
| |
| |
| |
| <!--sg-->
| |
| ''mól'''sàr'''<br/>
| |
| ''nés'''àsar'''<br/>
| |
| ''takv'''êsar'''
| |
| |
| |
| <!--pl-->
| |
| ''mól'''stí'''<br/>
| |
| ''nes'''astí'''<br/>
| |
| ''takv'''ēstí'''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| {| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;"
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan="3" |'''Future imperfective'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !style="width: 60px; "|
| |
| !style="width: 120px; "|Singular
| |
| !style="width: 120px; "|Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| !|1.ex
| |
| |rowspan="2"|
| |
| <!--sg-->
| |
| '''''ká'''mól'''in'''''<br/>
| |
| '''''ka'''nés'''en'''''<br/>
| |
| '''''ka'''tákv'''in'''''
| |
| |
| |
| <!--pl-->
| |
| <!--sg-->
| |
| '''''ká'''mól'''am'''''<br/>
| |
| '''''ka'''nés'''ām'''''<br/>
| |
| '''''ka'''tákv'''iem'''''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|1.in
| |
| |
| |
| <!--pl-->
| |
| '''''ká'''mól'''it'''''<br/>
| |
| '''''ka'''nés'''ait'''''<br/>
| |
| '''''ka'''tákv'''iet'''''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|2.m
| |
| |
| |
| <!--sg-->
| |
| |
| |
| <!--pl-->
| |
| |-
| |
| !|2.f
| |
| |
| |
| <!--sg-->
| |
| |
| |
| <!--pl-->
| |
| |-
| |
| !|3.m
| |
| |
| |
| <!--sg-->
| |
| |
| |
| <!--pl-->
| |
| |-
| |
| !|3.f
| |
| |
| |
| <!--sg-->
| |
| |
| |
| <!--pl-->
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| The ''ka-'' future imperfective prefix is combined the following way:
| |
| *''ka-''+''a''=''kā-''
| |
| *''ka-''+''e''=''kai-''
| |
| *''ka-''+''i''=''kai-''
| |
| *''ka-''+''o''=''kā-''
| |
| *''ka-''+''a''=''kau-''
| |
| *''ka-''+''y''=''kau-''
| |
|
| |
| {| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;"
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan="3" | '''Future perfective'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !style="width: 60px; "|
| |
| !style="width: 120px; "|Singular
| |
| !style="width: 120px; "|Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| !|1.ex
| |
| |rowspan="2"|
| |
| <!--sg-->
| |
| ''mól'''chì'''''<br/>
| |
| ''nés'''àchì'''''<br/>
| |
| ''takv'''échì'''''
| |
| |
| |
| <!--pl-->
| |
| ''mól'''chym'''''<br/>
| |
| ''nés'''achym'''''<br/>
| |
| ''takv'''êchym'''''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|1.in
| |
| |
| |
| <!--pl-->
| |
|
| |
| |-
| |
| !|2.m
| |
| |
| |
| <!--sg-->
| |
| |
| |
| <!--pl-->
| |
| |-
| |
| !|2.f
| |
| |
| |
| <!--sg-->
| |
| |
| |
| <!--pl-->
| |
| |-
| |
| !|3.m
| |
| |
| |
| <!--sg-->
| |
| ''mól'''chè'''''<br/>
| |
| ''nés'''àche'''''<br/>
| |
| ''takv'''éche'''''
| |
| |
| |
| <!--pl-->
| |
| |-
| |
| !|3.f
| |
| |
| |
| <!--sg-->
| |
| ''mól'''chà'''''<br/>
| |
| ''nés'''àcha'''''<br/>
| |
| ''takv'''écha'''''
| |
| |
| |
| <!--pl-->
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| {| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;"
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan="3" | '''Jussive'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !style="width: 60px; "|
| |
| !style="width: 120px; "|Singular
| |
| !style="width: 120px; "|Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| !|1.ex
| |
| |rowspan="2"|
| |
| <!--sg-->
| |
| ''mól'''î'''''<br/>
| |
| ''nes'''âi'''''<br/>
| |
| ''takv'''êi'''''
| |
| |
| |
| <!--pl-->
| |
| ''mól'''émt'''''<br/>
| |
| ''nes'''ámt'''''<br/>
| |
| ''takv'''êmt'''''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|1.in
| |
| |
| |
| <!--pl-->
| |
| ''mól'''édna'''''<br/>
| |
| ''nes'''ádna'''''<br/>
| |
| ''takv'''ědna'''''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|2.m
| |
| |
| |
| <!--sg-->
| |
| ''mól'''îr'''''<br/>
| |
| ''nes'''âir'''''<br/>
| |
| ''takv'''êir'''''<br/>
| |
| |
| |
| <!--pl-->
| |
| ''mól'''élt'''''<br/>
| |
| ''nes'''ált'''''<br/>
| |
| ''takv'''êlt'''''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|2.f
| |
| |
| |
| <!--sg-->
| |
| ''mól'''ét'''''<br/>
| |
| ''nes'''ât'''''<br/>
| |
| ''takv'''êt'''''
| |
| |
| |
| <!--pl-->
| |
| ''mól'''ért'''''<br/>
| |
| ''nes'''árt'''''<br/>
| |
| ''takv'''êrt'''''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|3.m
| |
| |
| |
| <!--sg-->
| |
| ''mól'''ìm'''''<br/>
| |
| ''nes'''àim'''''<br/>
| |
| ''tákv'''èim'''''
| |
| |
| |
| <!--pl-->
| |
| ''mól'''ivá'''''<br/>
| |
| ''nes'''avá'''''<br/>
| |
| ''takv'''evá'''''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|3.f
| |
| |
| |
| <!--sg-->
| |
| ''mól'''isá'''''<br/>
| |
| ''nes'''asá'''''<br/>
| |
| ''takv'''esá'''''
| |
| |
| |
| <!--pl-->
| |
| ''mól'''itá'''''<br/>
| |
| ''nes'''atá'''''<br/>
| |
| ''takv'''etá'''''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| =====Non-finite forms of the active=====
| |
| The active participle is formed by infixing ⟨''an''⟩ before the nucleus of the first syllable of the stem of the third person masculine form and removing any final vowels.
| |
|
| |
| The first infinitive is formed by suffixing ''-s'' to the 2nd person masculine singular imperative.
| |
|
| |
| =====Mediopassive subject affixes=====
| |
| {| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;"
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan="3" |'''Imperative'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !style="width: 60px; "|
| |
| !style="width: 120px; "|Singular
| |
| !style="width: 120px; "|Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| !|1.in
| |
| |
| |
| <!--sg-->
| |
| -
| |
| |
| |
| <!--pl-->
| |
| ''mól'''vàns'''!''
| |
| <br/>''nes'''ávans'''!''
| |
| <br/>''takv'''évans'''!''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|2.m
| |
| |
| |
| <!--sg-->
| |
| ''mól'''vàr'''!''
| |
| <br/>''nes'''ávar'''!''
| |
| <br/>''takv'''évar'''!''
| |
| |
| |
| <!--pl-->
| |
| ''mól'''vàls'''!''
| |
| <br/>''nes'''ávals'''!''
| |
| <br/>''takv'''évals'''!''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|2.f
| |
| |
| |
| <!--sg-->
| |
| ''mól'''vȁ'''!''
| |
| <br/>''nes'''ávā'''!''
| |
| <br/>''takv'''évā'''!''
| |
| |
| |
| <!--pl-->
| |
| ''mól'''vàrs'''!''
| |
| <br/>''nes'''ávars'''!''
| |
| <br/>''takv'''évars'''!''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| {| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;"
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan="3" |'''Present'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !style="width: 60px; "|
| |
| !style="width: 120px; "|Singular
| |
| !style="width: 120px; "|Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| !|1.ex
| |
| |rowspan="2"|
| |
| <!--sg-->
| |
| ''mól'''ȉv'''''
| |
| <br/>''nés'''ȁv'''''
| |
| <br/>''tákv'''èiv'''''
| |
| |
| |
| <!--pl-->
| |
| ''mól'''chỳs'''''
| |
| <br/>''nés'''àchỳs'''''
| |
| <br/>''takv'''êchỳs'''''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|1.in
| |
| |
| |
| <!--pl-->
| |
| ''mól'''nìv'''''
| |
| <br/>''nes'''ániv'''''
| |
| <br/>''tak'''éniv'''''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|2.m
| |
| |
| |
| <!--sg-->
| |
| ''mólè'''rem'''''
| |
| <br/>''nés'''àrem'''''
| |
| <br/>''takv'''êrem'''''
| |
| |
| |
| <!--pl-->
| |
| ''mól'''lìv'''''
| |
| <br/>''nes'''áliv'''''
| |
| <br/>''takv'''éliv'''''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|2.f
| |
| |
| |
| <!--sg-->
| |
| ''mólè'''rte'''''
| |
| <br/>''nés'''àrte'''''
| |
| <br/>''takv'''êrte'''''
| |
| |
| |
| <!--pl-->
| |
| ''mól'''rìv'''''
| |
| <br/>''nes'''áriv'''''
| |
| <br/>''takv'''ériv'''''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|3.m
| |
| |
| |
| <!--sg-->
| |
| ''mól'''èv'''''
| |
| <br/>''nés'''àv'''''
| |
| <br/>''tákv'''ȅv'''''
| |
| |
| |
| <!--pl-->
| |
| ''mól'''vìni'''''
| |
| <br/>''nes'''ávini'''''
| |
| <br/>''takv'''évini'''''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|3.f
| |
| |
| |
| <!--sg-->
| |
| ''mól'''vìn'''''
| |
| <br/>''nés'''àvìn'''''
| |
| <br/>''tákv'''ȅvìn'''''
| |
| |
| |
| <!--pl-->
| |
| ''mól'''vìti'''''
| |
| <br/>''nes'''áviti'''''
| |
| <br/>''takv'''éviti'''''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| {| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;"
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan="3" |'''Past imperfective'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !style="width: 60px; "|
| |
| !style="width: 120px; "|Singular
| |
| !style="width: 120px; "|Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| !|1.ex
| |
| |rowspan="2"|
| |
| <!--sg-->
| |
| |
| |
| <!--pl-->
| |
| |-
| |
| !|1.in
| |
| |
| |
| <!--pl-->
| |
|
| |
| |-
| |
| !|2.m
| |
| |rowspan="2"|
| |
| <!--sg-->
| |
| '''''hé'''mól'''ū'''''<br/>
| |
| '''''he'''nés'''au'''''<br/>
| |
| '''''he'''takv'''û'''''
| |
| |
| |
| <!--pl-->
| |
| |-
| |
| !|2.f
| |
| |
| |
| <!--pl-->
| |
| |-
| |
| !|3.m
| |
| |
| |
| <!--sg-->
| |
| '''''hé'''mól'''ev'''''<br/>
| |
| '''''he'''nés'''av'''''<br/>
| |
| '''''he'''takv'''êv'''''
| |
| |rowspan="2"|
| |
| <!--pl-->
| |
| |-
| |
| !|3.f
| |
| |
| |
| <!--sg-->
| |
| '''''hé'''mól'''ever'''''
| |
| <br/>'''''he'''nés'''aver'''''
| |
| <br/>'''''he'''takv'''êver'''''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| {| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;"
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan="3" |'''Past perfective'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !style="width: 60px; "|
| |
| !style="width: 120px; "|Singular
| |
| !style="width: 120px; "|Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| !|1.ex
| |
| |rowspan="2"|
| |
| <!--sg-->
| |
| |
| |
| <!--pl-->
| |
| |-
| |
| !|1.in
| |
| |
| |
| <!--pl-->
| |
|
| |
| |-
| |
| !|2.m
| |
| |rowspan="2"|
| |
| <!--sg-->
| |
| ''mól'''û'''''
| |
| <br/>''nes'''âu'''''
| |
| <br/>''takv'''ǔ'''''
| |
| |
| |
| <!--pl-->
| |
| |-
| |
| !|2.f
| |
| |
| |
| <!--pl-->
| |
| |-
| |
| !|3.m
| |
| |
| |
| <!--sg-->
| |
| |rowspan="2"|
| |
| <!--pl-->
| |
| |-
| |
| !|3.f
| |
| |
| |
| <!--sg-->
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| {| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;"
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan="3" |'''Future imperfective'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !style="width: 60px; "|
| |
| !style="width: 120px; "|Singular
| |
| !style="width: 120px; "|Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| !|1.ex
| |
| |rowspan="2"|
| |
| <!--sg-->
| |
| |
| |
| <!--pl-->
| |
| |-
| |
| !|1.in
| |
| |
| |
| <!--pl-->
| |
| |-
| |
| !|2.m
| |
| |rowspan="2"|
| |
| <!--sg-->
| |
| |
| |
| <!--pl-->
| |
| |-
| |
| !|2.f
| |
| |
| |
| <!--pl-->
| |
| |-
| |
| !|3.m
| |
| |rowspan="2"|
| |
| <!--sg-->
| |
| |rowspan="2"|
| |
| <!--pl-->
| |
| |-
| |
| !|3.f
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| {| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;"
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan="3" |'''Future perfective'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !style="width: 60px; "|
| |
| !style="width: 120px; "|Singular
| |
| !style="width: 120px; "|Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| !|1.ex
| |
| |rowspan="2"|
| |
| <!--sg-->
| |
| |
| |
| <!--pl-->
| |
| |-
| |
| !|1.in
| |
| |
| |
| <!--pl-->
| |
|
| |
| |-
| |
| !|2.m
| |
| |rowspan="2"|
| |
| <!--sg-->
| |
| |
| |
| <!--pl-->
| |
| |-
| |
| !|2.f
| |
| |
| |
| <!--pl-->
| |
| |-
| |
| !|3.m
| |
| |rowspan="2"|
| |
| <!--sg-->
| |
| |rowspan="2"|
| |
| <!--pl-->
| |
| |-
| |
| !|3.f
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| {| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;"
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan="3" |'''Jussive'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !style="width: 60px; "|
| |
| !style="width: 120px; "|Singular
| |
| !style="width: 120px; "|Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| !|1.ex
| |
| |rowspan="2"|
| |
| <!--sg-->
| |
| |
| |
| <!--pl-->
| |
| |-
| |
| !|1.in
| |
| |
| |
| <!--pl-->
| |
|
| |
| |-
| |
| !|2.m
| |
| |
| |
| <!--sg-->
| |
| |
| |
| <!--pl-->
| |
| |-
| |
| !|2.f
| |
| |
| |
| <!--sg-->
| |
| |
| |
| <!--pl-->
| |
| |-
| |
| !|3.m
| |
| |rowspan="2"|
| |
| <!--sg-->
| |
| ''mól'''émth'''''
| |
| <br/>''nes'''ámth'''''
| |
| <br/>''takv'''êmth'''''
| |
| |rowspan="2"|
| |
| <!--pl-->
| |
| |-
| |
| !|3.f
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| =====Non-finite forms of the passive=====
| |
| The static passive participle is formed through the infix ⟨''ir''⟩ in the stem.
| |
| The dynamic passive participle is formed with the ⟨''(i)s''⟩.
| |
|
| |
| =====Object affixes=====
| |
| :''Main article: [[Themsaran/Bipersonal affixes|Themsaran bipersonal affixes]]''
| |
| The object affixes combine at the end of the verb, sometimes in less predictable ways, to agree with the direct object.
| |
| {| class="graytable lightgraybg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan="19" |'''Object affixes'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|1sg
| |
| !|2sg.m
| |
| !|2sg.f
| |
| !|3sg.m.dir
| |
| !|3sg.f.dir
| |
| !|4sg.m
| |
| !|4sg.f
| |
| !|3sg.m.inv
| |
| !|3sg.f.inv
| |
| !|1ex
| |
| !|1in
| |
| !|2pl.m
| |
| !|2pl.f
| |
| !|3pl.m.dir
| |
| !|3pl.f.dir
| |
| !|4pl.m
| |
| !|4pl.f
| |
| !|3sg.m.inv
| |
| !|3sg.f.inv
| |
| |-
| |
| |''-(e)n''
| |
| |''-ze''
| |
| |''-ve''
| |
| |''-(j)u''
| |
| |''-(j)i''
| |
| |''-ŧ(u)''
| |
| |''-ŧi''
| |
| |''-th(u)''
| |
| |''-thi''
| |
| |''-am''
| |
| |''-(e)nt''
| |
| |''-sŋa''
| |
| |''-sŋe''
| |
| |''-(e)ch'', ''-ū''
| |
| |''-(e)r'', ''-īn''
| |
| |''-ŧech'', ''-ŧū''
| |
| |''-ŧer'', ''-ŧīn''
| |
| |''-thech'', ''-thū''
| |
| |''-ther'', ''-thīn''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| ===Prepositions===
| |
| Prepositions in Themsaran are inflected with pronominal enclitics. If the resulting combination is monosyllabic the syllable takes ´ or ˆ as the accent. If disyllabic (unless 1s, 3mp and 3fp) the second takes the ´ accent.
| |
|
| |
| {| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan="15" |'''Inflection of prepositions'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|1sg
| |
| !|2sg.m
| |
| !|2sg.f
| |
| !|3sg.m
| |
| !|3sg.f
| |
| !|4sg.m
| |
| !|4sg.f
| |
| !|1ex
| |
| !|1in
| |
| !|2pl.m
| |
| !|2pl.f
| |
| !|3pl.m
| |
| !|3pl.f
| |
| !|4pl.m
| |
| !|4pl.f
| |
| |-
| |
| |''-en''
| |
| |''-ze''
| |
| |''-vi''
| |
| |''-(j)u''
| |
| |''-(j)i''
| |
| |''-thu''
| |
| |''-thi''
| |
| |''-am''
| |
| |''-(e)nt''
| |
| |''-sra''
| |
| |''-sre''
| |
| |''-(e)ch''
| |
| |''-(e)r''
| |
| |''-thech''
| |
| |''-ther''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| {| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan="15" |'''Inflection of example preposition'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|1sg
| |
| !|2sg.m
| |
| !|2sg.f
| |
| !|3sg.m
| |
| !|3sg.f
| |
| !|3sg.m.inv
| |
| !|3sg.f.inv
| |
| !|1ex
| |
| !|1in
| |
| !|2pl.m
| |
| !|2pl.f
| |
| !|3pl.m
| |
| !|3pl.f
| |
| !|3pl.m.inv
| |
| !|3pl.f.inv
| |
| |-
| |
| |''aštén''
| |
| |''aštezé''
| |
| |''aštví''
| |
| |''aštú''
| |
| |''aští''
| |
| |''aštethú''
| |
| |''aštethí''
| |
| |''aštám''
| |
| |''ašént''
| |
| |''aštesrá''
| |
| |''aštesré''
| |
| |''aštéch''
| |
| |''aštér''
| |
| |''aštethech''
| |
| |''-ther''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| The following prepositions have completely regular inflection:
| |
| * ''ašt'' 'without'
| |
| * ''chaŋ'' (''! definite object'') 'concerning'
| |
| * ''det'' 'towards'
| |
| * ''dienem'' 'inside, amidst'
| |
| * ''flyr'' 'agent'
| |
| * ''ħal'' 'in front of'
| |
| * ''mel'' 'agent, interchangeable with ''flyr'''
| |
| * ''rimên'' 'because of (cause)'
| |
| * ''tor'' 'because (implication)'
| |
| * ''trig'' 'around'
| |
| * ''vórêl'' 'for, for sake of'
| |
|
| |
| The following are inflections of irregular prepositions:
| |
|
| |
| {| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan="15" |'''Inflection of ''ā, āC'' (comitative)'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|1sg
| |
| !|2sg.m
| |
| !|2sg.f
| |
| !|3sg.m
| |
| !|3sg.f
| |
| !|3sg.m.inv
| |
| !|3sg.f.inv
| |
| !|1ex
| |
| !|1in
| |
| !|2pl.m
| |
| !|2pl.f
| |
| !|3pl.m
| |
| !|3pl.f
| |
| !|3pl.m.inv
| |
| !|3pl.f.inv
| |
| |-
| |
| |''âħan''
| |
| |''āzzé''
| |
| |''āvví''
| |
| |''āħá''
| |
| |''āħé''
| |
| |''ātthú''
| |
| |''ātthí''
| |
| |''ǎm''
| |
| |''ǎnt''
| |
| |''āsrá''
| |
| |''āsré''
| |
| |''āħách''
| |
| |''āħár''
| |
| |''ātthéch''
| |
| |''ātthér''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| {| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan="15" |'''Inflection of ''di, d''' 'in, at''''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|1sg
| |
| !|2sg.m
| |
| !|2sg.f
| |
| !|3sg.m
| |
| !|3sg.f
| |
| !|3sg.m.inv
| |
| !|3sg.f.inv
| |
| !|1ex
| |
| !|1in
| |
| !|2pl.m
| |
| !|2pl.f
| |
| !|3pl.m
| |
| !|3pl.f
| |
| !|3pl.m.inv
| |
| !|3pl.f.inv
| |
| |-
| |
| |''dîen''
| |
| |''dîeze''
| |
| |''dîevi''
| |
| |''dîe''
| |
| |''dî''
| |
| |''dîethu''
| |
| |''dîethi''
| |
| |''dîem''
| |
| |''dîent''
| |
| |''dîesra''
| |
| |''dîesre''
| |
| |''dîech''
| |
| |''dîer''
| |
| |''dîethech''
| |
| |''dîether''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| {| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan="15" |'''Inflection of ''vo'' 'to, for''''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|1sg
| |
| !|2sg.m
| |
| !|2sg.f
| |
| !|3sg.m
| |
| !|3sg.f
| |
| !|3sg.m.inv
| |
| !|3sg.f.inv
| |
| !|1ex
| |
| !|1in
| |
| !|2pl.m
| |
| !|2pl.f
| |
| !|3pl.m
| |
| !|3pl.f
| |
| !|3pl.m.inv
| |
| !|3pl.f.inv
| |
| |-
| |
| |''vôjen''
| |
| |''vôzze''
| |
| |''vôvví''
| |
| |''vū''
| |
| |''vȳ''
| |
| |''vôthu''
| |
| |''vôthi''
| |
| |''vōtám''
| |
| |''vônt''
| |
| |''vōsrá''
| |
| |''vōsré''
| |
| |''vōjéch'', ''vôch''
| |
| |''vōjér'', ''vôr''
| |
| |''vosséch''
| |
| |''vossér''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| {| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan="15" |'''Inflection of ''nai'<nowiki></nowiki>'' 'with, by means of''''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|1sg
| |
| !|2sg.m
| |
| !|2sg.f
| |
| !|3sg.m
| |
| !|3sg.f
| |
| !|3sg.m.inv
| |
| !|3sg.f.inv
| |
| !|1ex
| |
| !|1in
| |
| !|2pl.m
| |
| !|2pl.f
| |
| !|3pl.m
| |
| !|3pl.f
| |
| !|3pl.m.inv
| |
| !|3pl.f.inv
| |
| |-
| |
| |''nâin''
| |
| |''naizé''
| |
| |''naiví''
| |
| |''nājú''
| |
| |''nājí''
| |
| |''naithú''
| |
| |''naithí''
| |
| |''nājám''
| |
| |''nâint''
| |
| |''naisrá''
| |
| |''naisré''
| |
| |''nâich''
| |
| |''nâir''
| |
| |''naithéch''
| |
| |''naithér''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| {| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan="15" |'''Inflection of ''la'' 'also'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|1sg
| |
| !|2sg.m
| |
| !|2sg.f
| |
| !|3sg.m
| |
| !|3sg.f
| |
| !|3sg.m.inv
| |
| !|3sg.f.inv
| |
| !|1ex
| |
| !|1in
| |
| !|2pl.m
| |
| !|2pl.f
| |
| !|3pl.m
| |
| !|3pl.f
| |
| !|3pl.m.inv
| |
| !|3pl.f.inv
| |
| |-
| |
| |''lâin''
| |
| |''laizé''
| |
| |''laiví''
| |
| |''lajú''
| |
| |''lâi''
| |
| |''laithú''
| |
| |''laithí''
| |
| |''lajám''
| |
| |''lâint''
| |
| |''laisrá''
| |
| |''laisré''
| |
| |''lâich''
| |
| |''lâir''
| |
| |''laséch''
| |
| |''lasér''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| {| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan="15" |'''Inflection of ''gle, gl'<nowiki></nowiki>'' 'from' (ablative, partitive, substance)'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|1sg
| |
| !|2sg.m
| |
| !|2sg.f
| |
| !|3sg.m
| |
| !|3sg.f
| |
| !|3sg.m.inv
| |
| !|3sg.f.inv
| |
| !|1ex
| |
| !|1in
| |
| !|2pl.m
| |
| !|2pl.f
| |
| !|3pl.m
| |
| !|3pl.f
| |
| !|3pl.m.inv
| |
| !|3pl.f.inv
| |
| |-
| |
| |''glên''
| |
| |''glēzé''
| |
| |''glēvé''
| |
| |''glējú''
| |
| |''glî''
| |
| |''glēthú''
| |
| |''glēthí''
| |
| |''glējám''
| |
| |''glênt''
| |
| |''glēsrá''
| |
| |''glēsré''
| |
| |''glêch''
| |
| |''glêr''
| |
| |''glēthéch''
| |
| |''glēthér''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| ===Numerals===
| |
| Themsaran employs a vigesimal numeral system. In transcriptions of Themsaran, if positional numerals are desired, the vigesimal positional numerals should be used.
| |
| {| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=" text-align: center;"
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan="8"|Themsaran numerals
| |
| |-
| |
| !style="width: 60px; "|
| |
| !style="width: 120px; "|''n''
| |
| !style="width: 120px; "|''n''th
| |
| !style="width: 120px; "|''n'' times
| |
| !style="width: 120px; "|''n'' each/at a time
| |
| !style="width: 120px; "|1/''n''
| |
| !style="width: 120px; "|''n'' days
| |
| !style="width: 120px; "|''n'' years
| |
| |-
| |
| |?
| |
| |''jǐes''
| |
| |''jínáš''
| |
| |
| |
| |''jísslè''
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |1
| |
| |''kêm''
| |
| |''félàš''
| |
| |
| |
| |''kêmslè''
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |2
| |
| |''títhâr''
| |
| |''ŷrnàš''
| |
| |
| |
| |''tístlè''
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |3
| |
| |''nárgè''
| |
| |''palsáš''
| |
| |
| |
| |''nárslè''
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |4
| |
| |''mullé''
| |
| |''mulláš''
| |
| |
| |
| |''mulslé''
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |5
| |
| |''nimŧé''
| |
| |''nimŧáš''
| |
| |
| |
| |''nimŧlé''
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |6
| |
| |''ftāmé''
| |
| |''ftāmáš''
| |
| |
| |
| |''ftāmslé''
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |7
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |8
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |9
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |10/A<sub>20</sub>
| |
| |''ħíttè''
| |
| |''ħíttàš''
| |
| |
| |
| |''ħístlè''
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |11/B<sub>20</sub>
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |12/C<sub>20</sub>
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |13/D<sub>20</sub>
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |14/E<sub>20</sub>
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |15/F<sub>20</sub>
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |16/G<sub>20</sub>
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |17/H<sub>20</sub>
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |18/J<sub>20</sub>
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |19/K<sub>20</sub>
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |20/10<sub>20</sub>
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |21/11<sub>20</sub>
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |40/20<sub>20</sub>
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |60/30<sub>20</sub>
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |80/40<sub>20</sub>
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |100/50<sub>20</sub>
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |120/60<sub>20</sub>
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |140/70<sub>20</sub>
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |160/80<sub>20</sub>
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |180/90<sub>20</sub>
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |200/A0<sub>20</sub>
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |220/B0<sub>20</sub>
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |240/C0<sub>20</sub>
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |260/D0<sub>20</sub>
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |280/E0<sub>20</sub>
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |300/F0<sub>20</sub>
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |320/G0<sub>20</sub>
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |340/H0<sub>20</sub>
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |360/J0<sub>20</sub>
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |380/K0<sub>20</sub>
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |400/100<sub>20</sub>
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |20<sup>3</sup>/1000<sub>20</sub>
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |20<sup>4</sup>/10000<sub>20</sub>
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| ==Syntax==
| |
| The default constituent order is (time-place)-verb-subject-pronominal oblique object-direct object-(place-time). Any constituent may be topicalized or focalized by being placed in front of the verb.
| |
| ===Noun phrases===
| |
| Numerals precede nouns; possessors follow their possessa (with poetic exceptions); demonstratives occur after attributive adjectives, which follow nouns. Inflected quantifiers (uninflected quantifiers, such as ''rôg'' "every/all", precede the numeral) come after the adjective by default, but precede the noun when a demonstrative is used and precede the numeral when a numeral is used. Within these boundaries there is a lot of leeway; an attributive adjective or a demonstrative can occupy any position between its head and the relative clause.
| |
| ====Distributive possession====
| |
| To express the meaning of "our/your/their respective NP", the last noun of the NP is reduplicated in absolute possessed forms. The plural persons are decomposed as follows:
| |
| *1{{sc|ex.m}}: noun-1{{sc|sg}}›{{sc|sg}} noun-3{{sc|sg.m}}›{{sc|sg}} or noun-3{{sc|sg.m}}›{{sc|sg}} noun-1{{sc|sg}}›{{sc|sg}}
| |
| *1{{sc|ex.f}}: noun-1{{sc|sg}}›{{sc|sg}} noun-3{{sc|sg.f}}›{{sc|sg}} or noun-3{{sc|sg.f}}›{{sc|sg}} noun-1{{sc|sg}}›{{sc|sg}}
| |
| *1{{sc|in.m}}: noun-2{{sc|sg.m}}›{{sc|sg}} noun-1{{sc|sg}}›{{sc|sg}} or noun-1{{sc|sg}}›{{sc|sg}} noun-2{{sc|sg.m}}›{{sc|sg}}
| |
| *1{{sc|in.f}}: noun-2{{sc|sg.f}}›{{sc|sg}} noun-1{{sc|sg}}›{{sc|sg}} or noun-1{{sc|sg}}›{{sc|sg}} noun-2{{sc|sg.f}}›{{sc|sg}}
| |
| *2{{sc|pl.m}}: noun-2{{sc|sg.m}}›{{sc|sg}} noun-2{{sc|sg.m}}›{{sc|sg}}
| |
| *2{{sc|pl.f}}: noun-2{{sc|sg.f}}›{{sc|sg}} noun-2{{sc|sg.f}}›{{sc|sg}}
| |
| *3{{sc|pl.m}}: noun-3{{sc|sg.m}}›{{sc|sg}} noun-3{{sc|sg.m}}›{{sc|sg}}
| |
| *3{{sc|pl.f}}: noun-3{{sc|sg.f}}›{{sc|sg}} noun-3{{sc|sg.f}}›{{sc|sg}}
| |
| *4{{sc|pl.m}}: noun-4{{sc|sg.m}}›{{sc|sg}} noun-4{{sc|sg.m}}›{{sc|sg}}
| |
| *4{{sc|pl.f}}: noun-4{{sc|sg.f}}›{{sc|sg}} noun-4{{sc|sg.f}}›{{sc|sg}}
| |
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| These exact forms are always used disregarding the finer aspects of gender composition in the group. Thus, for example, if the only male in a group speaks of "our (exclusive) respective villages", he will still say ''chmásán chmásâu'' "my village his village".
| |
|
| |
| ===Equational sentences===
| |
| The copula ''[[Themsaran/vákî|vákî]]'' is rarely used in the present tense. Instead, a 3rd- or a 4th-person pronoun (cliticized and therefore toneless) agreeing with the subject may be used anywhere in the sentence, or omitted (as is often the case, as the predicate adjectives and the end of each noun phrase are quite transparent). Both subject-predicate and predicate-subject orders may be found. The predicate-subject order tends to indicate a more permanent state of being, while the subject-predicate order denotes a more temporary state. The uncliticized pronoun is used when the subject is pronominal or when the copular pronoun is used at the end of a clause.
| |
|
| |
| ===Predicative possession===
| |
| "X has Y" is expressed with the verb ''[[Themsaran/gîe|gîe]]'' (exist, there is) followed by the possessive noun phrase "Y-indefinite-of X", if X is animate. If X is inanimate, the construction ''X ā Y'' ('X is with Y') is used.
| |
|
| |
| ===Subordinating clauses===
| |
| Themsaran prefers sentences with one independent (tensed realis) clause, with infinitives, jussives or participles in subordinate clauses (except usually in complement clauses). Using a finite verb in a dependent clause instead of an infinitive or participle carries focus, on the verb or another constituent.
| |
|
| |
| ====Subordinating conjunctions====
| |
| ''ach'': although
| |
|
| |
| ''ānne'': when (with finite verb)
| |
|
| |
| ''ar'': if (provisional)
| |
|
| |
| ''at'': or
| |
|
| |
| ''gin'': if (metaphorical/counterfactual)
| |
|
| |
| ''ie'': and
| |
|
| |
| ''ielaš'': although
| |
|
| |
| ''ne'': that (complementizer)
| |
|
| |
| ''nit'': if (gnomic)
| |
|
| |
| ''nitrôg/trôg'': that (restrictive)
| |
|
| |
| ''nu'': xor/nand
| |
|
| |
| ''rin'': that, which (non-restrictive)
| |
|
| |
| ''seim'': but, however
| |
|
| |
| ====Relative clauses====
| |
| The participial relative clause is introduced with a participle. An active participle's possessor is the object and a passive participle's possessor is the agent. It is the default relative clause formation method.
| |
|
| |
| The finite relative clause is introduced optionally with a relativizer ''rin'' (non-restrictive and default) or ''nitrôg/trôg'' (restrictive; etymologically "whenever"). When the head is omitted, the relativizer is mandatory.
| |
|
| |
| ====Complement clauses====
| |
| Themsaran uses chiefly finite complement clauses, unlike for other types of subordinate clauses.
| |
|
| |
| ===Negation===
| |
| Finite negation is done with the pre-verbal clitic ''tir'', except in the future imperfective, where the particle ''vēt'' is used with the jussive.
| |
|
| |
| The predicate negator is ''dâ(r)''.
| |
|
| |
| Imperatives and jussives are negated by using the irrealis negation clitic ''ham'' with the jussive. ''Hám'' may be used as a standalone exclamation ("do not!"/"may it not happen!").
| |
|
| |
| ===Coreferentiality===
| |
| There are several situations where the strictly head-marking language tracks coreferentiality, or which agreeing noun a verb or pronoun taking a given agreement refers to.
| |
| ====Inverse marking====
| |
| Themsaran has verbal affixes that force a particular, marked order of the sentence, called [[w:inverse marking|inverse marking]]. This marker serves simultaneously to trigger a more focused meaning on the more fronted constituent.
| |
| {| class="graytable lightgraybg" style="width: 660px; text-align: center;"
| |
| |+'''Verbal inverse marking'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Constituents!!Direct (unless otherwise marked)!!Inverse (forced reading)
| |
| |-
| |
| ||VN||VS||VO
| |
| |-
| |
| ||NV||SV||OV
| |
| |-
| |
| ||VNN||VSO||VOS
| |
| |-
| |
| ||NVN||SVO||OVS
| |
| |-
| |
| ||NNV||OSV||SOV
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| ====Proximate/Obviative====
| |
| The 3rd person, or proximate, marks topical or foreground referents, while the 4th person, or obviative, refers to background referents.
| |
| The span governed by a discourse topic varies widely among writers; while earlier writers maintained a strict distinction between proximate and obviative reference in narrating events, later writers preferred a much shorter span, often only a single sentence, thereby reducing the scope of the obviative system to that of a topic-focus system.
| |
|
| |
| ====Relative clauses====
| |
| Any pronoun which corefers with the head of the relative clause is in the inverse person (or first/second person if referring to first/second person).
| |
|
| |
| ====Comparison====
| |
| The comparative particle 'than' is ''rā''. Themsaran enables one to discriminate "He loved me more than she [loved me]" and "He loved me more than [he loved] her", by focusing the argument in the main clause that is compared. The comparative phrase is by default placed after the subject or verb, and the compared noun phrase is stated, or repeated with a pronoun.
| |
|
| |
| {{gloss
| |
| |phrase = žá hārbenín slá ra̋ žî
| |
| |IPA=/ʒá hàːrbeninꜜ sláꜜ ráːʒíꜜiː/
| |
| |morphemes = žá he-arb-nin/ slá rā žî
| |
| |gloss = 3SG.M PAST.IPFV-teach/PAST.IPFV.3SG.M>1SG more.ADV than 3SG.F
| |
| |translation=He taught me more than she did.}}
| |
|
| |
| {{gloss
| |
| |phrase = na̋ hārbenín slá ra̋ žî
| |
| |IPA=/náː hàːrbeninꜜ sláꜜ ráːʒiꜜiː/
| |
| |morphemes = na̋ he-arb-nin/ slá rā žî
| |
| |gloss = 1SG PAST.IPFV-teach/PAST.IPFV.3SG.M>1SG more.ADV than 3SG.F
| |
| |translation=He taught me more than he did her.}}
| |
|
| |
| Note that the fronting does not automatically imply that the fronted noun phrase is compared, but simply that it is given the most focus. The compared argument is the closer argument to the comparative:
| |
|
| |
| {{gloss
| |
| |phrase = na̋ hārbenín žá slá ra̋ žî
| |
| |IPA=/náː hàːrbeninꜜ ʒáꜜ sláꜜ ráːʒiꜜiː/
| |
| |morphemes = na̋ he-arb-nin/ žá slá rā žî
| |
| |gloss = 1SG PAST.IPFV-teach/PAST.IPFV.3SG.M>1SG 3SG.M more.ADV than 3SG.F
| |
| |translation=It is I whom he taught more than she did.}}
| |
|
| |
| ====Indirect speech====
| |
| If the complement clause's subject corefers with the subject of the main clause, it is left unstated in the complement clause. Otherwise the third- or fourth-person pronoun is used as the subject as appropriate.
| |
|
| |
| ==="Impersonal" sentences===
| |
| There exist impersonal pronouns (identical to the interrogative "who"/"what", and distinguished by not being fronted), but they are only used as an intransitive subject. In other cases, the verb is put into the mediopassive (or mediopassive of causative or applicative, as appropriate).
| |
|
| |
| ===Modal constructions===
| |
| Themsaran is poor in true modal verbs; it uses other ways to form modal expressions.
| |
|
| |
| ==Derivational morphology==
| |
| ===Affixal===
| |
| ====Nouns and Adjectives====
| |
| *''-alg-'': semantic agent of [verb]
| |
| *''-ber'' (''m'', 1): resultative of [verb]
| |
| *''-índ-'': diminutive
| |
| *''-īd'' (''f'', 3): abstract noun
| |
| *''kī-'': -less
| |
| *''-m-'': originating from [noun/adjective]
| |
| *''-ol-'': pejorative
| |
| *''-se'' (''f'', 2): singulative
| |
| *''tir-'': non-, un-
| |
| *capable of agenthood
| |
| *semantic patient of [verb]
| |
| *capable of patienthood
| |
| *fit to be a [noun/adjective]
| |
| *action of [verb]
| |
| *a noun associated with [noun]
| |
| *[noun]-like
| |
| *instrument
| |
| *place
| |
| *-ful
| |
| *manner of [verb]ing
| |
| *[noun]-manship, proper way of [verb]ing/being [adjective]
| |
|
| |
| ====Verbs====
| |
| *dynamic from [adjective]
| |
| *cause to be [adjective]
| |
| *intensive
| |
| *iterative
| |
| *momentane
| |
| *see/depict as
| |
| *[verb] to completion
| |
| *un-, dis- (intransitive)
| |
| *un-, dis- (transitive)
| |
| *intransitivizer (not productive)
| |
| *transitivizer (not productive)
| |
|
| |
| ===Compounding===
| |
|
| |
| ==Sample texts==
| |
| '''Featured Conlang Banner'''
| |
|
| |
| This language was made-to-attract-attention at-one-time.
| |
|
| |
| Because-of the best-ness of its quality, its believability and its ways-of-using, its being-made-to-attract-attention was agreed-upon/assented.
| |
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| '''''Sárthaittígā Tirléŋħā sŋéfȉl Láugvi̋dnīch Itávō'''''
| |
|
| |
| '''Universal Declaration of Human Rights
| |
|
| |
| '''''Méisȁ 1'''''
| |
|
| |
| '''Article 1'''
| |
|
| |
| ''Ta̋ŋrèvi rôg itávō dǔanȕ íe státhe̋dū sŋéfȉl ħalgīdîch íe láugvīdîch.''
| |
|
| |
| be.born.-{{sc|pres.3pl.m}} all human-{{sc|pl.def}} free.{{sc|pl.m.pred}} and equal.{{sc|pl.m.pred}} w.r.t. dignity-{{sc|3pl.m›def.sg}} and entitlement-{{sc|3pl.m›def.sg}}
| |
|
| |
| All humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights.
| |
|
| |
| ''Tór pláħévnier ŧlâħe ie ftiļiny̋že vōjéch, širŋúre tolbasêich ān nadnék nái hélki šyrfǎmīd.''
| |
|
| |
| as.implied.by bestow.{{sc|pass}}.{{sc|first.inf}}-{{sc|3pl.f/conj}} reason and conscience {{sc|dat}}.{{sc|3pl.m}}, compulsory.-{{sc|sg.m.pred}} behave.{{sc|first.inf-3pl.m›def}} {{sc|com}} one.another {{sc|ins}} spirit-{{sc|3sg.f›indef.sg/conj}} brotherhood.
| |
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| They have been endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
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| [[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A priori]]
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