User:Ceige/Ceuja: Difference between revisions

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==Grammar==
==Grammar==
<!-- þahtaz -> cecha, "thought" +o -> cecho, "thinking" ~= gerundive, resulting in "I want to cecho" -->
<!-- þahtaz -> cecha, "thought" +o -> cecho, "thinking" ~= gerundive, resulting in "I want to cecho" -->
TBD, will require its own separate history section.
===Nouns===
====Number====
There are two kinds of non-singular number:
* Plural, which uses -(e)s to mark the plural.
* Collective, which generally is marked with -on (e.g. *augô, *augōnō become oyo, oyon (eye, eyes)).
 
===Verbs===
====Infinitives====
There are two main variations of the infinitive, which also doubles as a gerund:
* the plain infinitive, ending in -(a)n
* the ameliorative infinitive, ending in -(a)no
 
These generally follow a tonic pattern of CV́Cană, where the non-tonic -ă was dropped (and, in the case of -ano, replaced with the feminine -o).
 
In addition, there are doublets of the infinitives caused by the CV́Căna tonic pattern, where the medial -ă- was dropped, resulting in CV́Cna, with the -Cn- cluster being resolved as elsewhere in the language (e.g., consonant vocalisation, assimilation, etc).
 
Illustrating all these variations is the verb "give":
* plain infinitive: geban /ˈxeβan/
* ameliorative infinitive: gebano /xeˈβano/, /ˈxeβano/
* tonic doublet: geuna /ˈxeuna/
 
====Finite declension====
Unlike other Germanic languages, Ceuja has generally regularised verbs, although doublets have been formed from different tense forms (even retaining their tense distinctions sometimes).
 
====Early modern declension====
This is the traditional declension of Early Modern Ceuja, with variant forms in italics.
 
''geban'', "To give", has a fairly straight forward descent from Proto-Germanic *gebaną in the present tense. However, the past tense is a post-PGmc innovation.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan=7| Declension "to give"
|-
! Infinitive I
| geban || *gebaną̆
|-
! Infinitive II
| geuna ||  *gebăną
|-
! Present tense !!colspan=2| Singular !!colspan=2| Dual !!colspan=2| Plural
|-
! 1st
| gebo || *gebō || gebos || *gebōz || gebas, ''geumas'' || *gebamăz
|-
! 2nd
| gebes || *gibizi || gebaces, ''gebaz'' || *gebadiz || gebe, ''gebed ~ gebez'' || *gibidi
|-
! 3rd
| gebez, ''gebe'' || *gibidi || - || - || geban, ''gebande, gebaz'' || *gebandi
|}
 
In the case of ''ejan'', "to have", we see some levelling and analogisation of *habjaną take place early on. It also uses an innovated past tense that differs to that from PGmc.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan=7| Declension "to have"
|-
! Infinitive I
| ejan || *habjaną̆
|-
! Infinitive II
| yena ||  * habjăną
|-
! Present tense !!colspan=2| Singular !!colspan=2| Dual !!colspan=2| Plural
|-
! 1st
| ejo || *habjō
| ejos || *habjōs
| ejas, ''yemas'' || * habjamaz
|-
! 2nd
| ejes || *habaisi
| ejaces, ''ejaz''  || *habjaþiz
| eje, ''ejed ~ ejez'' || *habaiþ
|-
! 3rd
| ejez, ''eje'' || * habaiþi
| - || -
| eje, ''ejande, ejaz'' || habjanþi
|}
 
And in the case of ''aban'', "to miss" in the sense of "to be missing something", we can see a doublet formed from the original PGmc past tense of *habjaną
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan=7| Declension "to miss"
|-
! Infinitive I
|colspan=3| aban || *habd-aną
|-
! Infinitive II
|colspan=3| auna || *habd-aną
|-
! Present tense !!colspan=2| Singular !!colspan=2| Dual !!colspan=2| Plural
|-
! 1st
| abo || * habd-ō
| abos || *habd-ōs
| abas, ''aumas'' || *habd-amaz
|-
! 2nd
| abes || *habdēz
| abaces, ''abaz''  || * habd-aþiz
| abe, ''abed ~ abez'' || * habd-aiþ
|-
! 3rd
| abez, ''abe'' || *habdē
| - || -
| aban, ''abande, abaz'' || habd-anþi
|}
 
====Late modern declension===
 


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