Old Valthungian: Difference between revisions

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Line 1,573: Line 1,573:
|align="left" valign="top"|  
|align="left" valign="top"|  
|valign="top"| '''''a'''rms'' ‘poor’<br />''g'''a'''f'' ‘gave’<br />'''''a'''nþ'''a'''r'' ‘second’
|valign="top"| '''''a'''rms'' ‘poor’<br />''g'''a'''f'' ‘gave’<br />'''''a'''nþ'''a'''r'' ‘second’
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
|valign="top"| ā
|valign="top"| ā
Line 1,580: Line 1,580:
|align="left" valign="top"| a, ā
|align="left" valign="top"| a, ā
|valign="top"| ''h'''aa'''hs'' ‘shark’<br />''f'''aa'''han'' ‘to capture’<br />''andaþ'''aa'''ht'' ‘rational’
|valign="top"| ''h'''aa'''hs'' ‘shark’<br />''f'''aa'''han'' ‘to capture’<br />''andaþ'''aa'''ht'' ‘rational’
|align="left"| Long vowels were sometimes indicated by doubling, sometimes with a macron or any of a half dozen other markings, or ignored completely.
|align="left" valign="top"| Long vowels were sometimes indicated by doubling, sometimes with a macron or any of a half dozen other markings, or ignored completely.
|-
|-
|valign="top"| ǣ
|valign="top"| ǣ
Line 1,586: Line 1,586:
|valign="top"| '''ae'''
|valign="top"| '''ae'''
|align="left" valign="top"| ai, ee
|align="left" valign="top"| ai, ee
|valign="top"| ''br'''ae'''þ'' ‘wide’<br />''aeðij'' ‘mother’<br />''twae'' ‘two’
|valign="top"| ''br'''ae'''þ'' ‘wide’<br />'''''ae'''ðij'' ‘mother’<br />''tw'''ae''''' ‘two’
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
|valign="top"| ǭ
|valign="top"| ǭ
Line 1,593: Line 1,593:
|valign="top"| '''ao'''
|valign="top"| '''ao'''
|align="left" valign="top"| au, oa, oo, ō
|align="left" valign="top"| au, oa, oo, ō
|valign="top"| ''aoga'' ‘eye’<br />''fraos'' ‘happy’<br />''naohuhþan'' ‘still, yet’
|valign="top"| '''''ao'''ga'' ‘eye’<br />''fr'''ao'''s'' ‘happy’<br />''n'''ao'''huhþan'' ‘still, yet’
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
|valign="top"| b
|valign="top"| b
Line 1,600: Line 1,600:
|valign="top"| '''b'''
|valign="top"| '''b'''
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|valign="top"| ''barðou'' ‘axe’<br />''krahba'' ‘crab’<br />''kalb'' ‘calf’
|valign="top"| '''''b'''arðou'' ‘axe’<br />''krah'''b'''a'' ‘crab’<br />''kal'''b''''' ‘calf’
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
|valign="top"| b
|valign="top"| b
Line 1,607: Line 1,607:
|valign="top"| '''bv'''
|valign="top"| '''bv'''
|align="left" valign="top"| vv
|align="left" valign="top"| vv
|valign="top"| ''silbva'' ‘self’<br />''arbvi'' ‘inheritance’<br />''hlaebva'' ‘bread.<span style="font-variant: small-caps>dat</span>’
|valign="top"| ''sil'''bv'''a'' ‘self’<br />''ar'''bv'''i'' ‘inheritance’<br />''hlae'''bv'''a'' ‘bread.<span style="font-variant: small-caps>dat</span>’
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
|valign="top"| d
|valign="top"| d
Line 1,614: Line 1,614:
|valign="top"| '''d'''
|valign="top"| '''d'''
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|valign="top"| ''dags''' ‘day’<br />''adhi'' ‘egg’<br />''word'' ‘word’
|valign="top"| '''''d'''ags''' ‘day’<br />''ah'''d'''i'' ‘egg’<br />''wor'''d''''' ‘word’
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
|valign="top"| d
|valign="top"| d
Line 1,625: Line 1,625:
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’
'''' ‘’
|align="left"| Though ð is used here for transcription, a letter derived from the Gothic letter ''dags'' (but resembling ϫ, the Coptic ''gangia'') was more often used.
|align="left" valign="top"| Though ð is used here for transcription, a letter derived from the Gothic letter ''dags'' (but resembling ϫ, the Coptic ''gangia'') was more often used.
|-
|-
|valign="top"| e
|valign="top"| e
Line 1,634: Line 1,634:
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’
'''' ‘’
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
|valign="top"| -
|valign="top"| -
Line 1,643: Line 1,643:
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’
'''' ‘’
|align="left"| This was used for the umlauted form of '''ao''' (Griutungi '''ǭ''', Gothic '''au''').
|align="left" valign="top"| This was used for the umlauted form of '''ao''' (Griutungi '''ǭ''', Gothic '''au''').
|-
|-
|valign="top"| ē
|valign="top"| ē
Line 1,652: Line 1,652:
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’
'''' ‘’
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
|valign="top"| -
|valign="top"| -
Line 1,661: Line 1,661:
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’
'''' ‘’
|align="left"| This was used for the umlauted form of '''o''' (Griutungi '''o''', Gothic '''au''').
|align="left" valign="top"| This was used for the umlauted form of '''o''' (Griutungi '''o''', Gothic '''au''').
|-
|-
|valign="top"| -
|valign="top"| -
Line 1,670: Line 1,670:
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’
'''' ‘’
|align="left"| This was used for the umlauted form of '''oo''' (Griutungi and Gothic '''ō''').
|align="left" valign="top"| This was used for the umlauted form of '''oo''' (Griutungi and Gothic '''ō''').
|-
|-
|valign="top"| -
|valign="top"| -
Line 1,688: Line 1,688:
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’
'''' ‘’
|align="left"| This was used for the umlauted form of '''uv''' (Griutungi and Gothic '''ū''').
|align="left" valign="top"| This was used for the umlauted form of '''uv''' (Griutungi and Gothic '''ū''').
|-
|-
|valign="top"| f
|valign="top"| f
Line 1,697: Line 1,697:
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’
'''' ‘’
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
|valign="top"| g
|valign="top"| g
Line 1,706: Line 1,706:
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’
'''' ‘’
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
|valign="top"| g
|valign="top"| g
Line 1,715: Line 1,715:
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’
'''' ‘’
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
|valign="top"| h
|valign="top"| h
Line 1,724: Line 1,724:
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’
'''' ‘’
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
|valign="top"| hw
|valign="top"| hw
Line 1,733: Line 1,733:
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’
'''' ‘’
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|align="left" valign="top"| The Old Valthungian letter most commonly written as 〈ɵ〉, from Gothic 〈𐍈〉,  is transliterated as 〈ƕ〉, but later came to represent [θ] during the 11th century.
|-
|-
|valign="top"| i
|valign="top"| i
Line 1,742: Line 1,742:
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’
'''' ‘’
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
|valign="top"| ī
|valign="top"| ī
Line 1,751: Line 1,751:
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’
'''' ‘’
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
|valign="top"| j
|valign="top"| j
Line 1,760: Line 1,760:
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’
'''' ‘’
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|align="left" valign="top"| After 〈i〉 and before 〈u〉, 〈j〉 was written as 〈ȷ〉, though both 〈ɡ〉 and 〈ȷ〉 are transliterated as 〈j〉.
|-
|-
|valign="top"| iu
|valign="top"| iu
Line 1,769: Line 1,769:
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’
'''' ‘’
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
|valign="top"| k
|valign="top"| k
Line 1,778: Line 1,778:
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’
'''' ‘’
|align="left"| Sometimes written as '''kh''' or '''ch''' when aspirated.
|align="left" valign="top"| Sometimes written as '''kh''' or '''ch''' when aspirated.
|-
|-
|valign="top"| kh
|valign="top"| kh
Line 1,787: Line 1,787:
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’
'''' ‘’
|align="left"| This Greek borrowing, which was incorporated into the Gothic alphabet as '''𐍇''', had largely merged with '''k''' by the Old Valthungian period, but was occasionally still emphasized with '''h''' or even with the Greek letter '''χ''' in positions which were not naturally aspirated. Indeed, '''h''' was sometimes added to segments which ''were'' naturally aspirated, as also happened with '''p''' and '''t'''
|align="left" valign="top"| This Greek borrowing, which was incorporated into the Gothic alphabet as '''𐍇''', had largely merged with '''k''' by the Old Valthungian period, but was occasionally still emphasized with '''h''' or even with the Greek letter '''χ''' in positions which were not naturally aspirated. Indeed, '''h''' was sometimes added to segments which ''were'' naturally aspirated, as also happened with '''p''' and '''t'''
|-
|-
|valign="top"| kw
|valign="top"| kw
Line 1,796: Line 1,796:
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’
'''' ‘’
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
|valign="top"| l
|valign="top"| l
Line 1,805: Line 1,805:
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’
'''' ‘’
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
|valign="top"| l
|valign="top"| l
Line 1,814: Line 1,814:
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’
'''' ‘’
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|align="left" valign="top"| (Syllabic and non-syllabic sonorants were not differentiated in Old Valthungian.)
|-
|-
|valign="top"| m
|valign="top"| m
Line 1,823: Line 1,823:
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’
'''' ‘’
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
|valign="top"| m
|valign="top"| m
Line 1,832: Line 1,832:
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’
'''' ‘’
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|align="left" valign="top"| (Syllabic and non-syllabic sonorants were not differentiated in Old Valthungian.)
|-
|-
|valign="top"| n
|valign="top"| n
Line 1,841: Line 1,841:
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’
'''' ‘’
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
|valign="top"| n
|valign="top"| n
Line 1,850: Line 1,850:
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’
'''' ‘’
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|align="left" valign="top"| (Syllabic and non-syllabic sonorants were not differentiated in Old Valthungian.)
|-
|-
|valign="top"| ng
|valign="top"| ng
Line 1,859: Line 1,859:
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’
'''' ‘’
|align="left"| Sometimes written with '''g''' instead of '''n''' in a reflection of the Gothic.
|align="left" valign="top"| Sometimes written with '''g''' instead of '''n''' in a reflection of the Gothic.
|-
|-
|valign="top"| nk
|valign="top"| nk
Line 1,868: Line 1,868:
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’
'''' ‘’
|align="left"| Sometimes written with '''g''' instead of '''n''' in a reflection of the Gothic.
|align="left" valign="top"| Sometimes written with '''g''' instead of '''n''' in a reflection of the Gothic.
|-
|-
|valign="top"| nkw
|valign="top"| nkw
Line 1,877: Line 1,877:
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’
'''' ‘’
|align="left"| Sometimes written with '''g''' instead of '''n''' in a reflection of the Gothic.
|align="left" valign="top"| Sometimes written with '''g''' instead of '''n''' in a reflection of the Gothic.
|-
|-
|valign="top"| o
|valign="top"| o
Line 1,886: Line 1,886:
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’
'''' ‘’
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
|valign="top"| ō
|valign="top"| ō
Line 1,895: Line 1,895:
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’
'''' ‘’
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
|valign="top"| p
|valign="top"| p
Line 1,904: Line 1,904:
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’
'''' ‘’
|align="left"| Sometimes written as '''ph''' when aspirated.
|align="left" valign="top"| Sometimes written as '''ph''' when aspirated.
|-
|-
|valign="top"| r
|valign="top"| r
Line 1,913: Line 1,913:
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’
'''' ‘’
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
|valign="top"| r
|valign="top"| r
Line 1,922: Line 1,922:
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’
'''' ‘’
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|align="left" valign="top"| (Syllabic and non-syllabic sonorants were not differentiated in Old Valthungian.)
|-
|-
|valign="top"| s
|valign="top"| s
Line 1,931: Line 1,931:
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’
'''' ‘’
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
|valign="top"| t
|valign="top"| t
Line 1,940: Line 1,940:
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’
'''' ‘’
|align="left"| Sometimes written as '''th''' when aspirated.
|align="left" valign="top"| Sometimes written as '''th''' when aspirated.
|-
|-
|valign="top"| þ
|valign="top"| þ
Line 1,949: Line 1,949:
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’
'''' ‘’
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|align="left" valign="top"| From the Gothic 〈𐌸〉, this letter represented [θ] in Old Valthungian as it did in Gothic, but became [v] in the 11th century, and was replaced by 〈ɵ〉 for [θ] in the 11th century.
|-
|-
|valign="top"| u
|valign="top"| u
Line 1,958: Line 1,958:
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’
'''' ‘’
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
|valign="top"| ū
|valign="top"| ū
Line 1,967: Line 1,967:
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’
'''' ‘’
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
|valign="top"| w
|valign="top"| w
Line 1,976: Line 1,976:
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’
'''' ‘’
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
|valign="top"| y
|valign="top"| ÿ
|valign="top"| ʏ
|valign="top"| ʏ
|valign="top"| '''y'''
|valign="top"| '''y'''
Line 1,985: Line 1,985:
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’
'''' ‘’
|align="left"| It is likely that this was still a separate phoneme in Old Valthungian from the umlaut of '''u''', though some of the means of transcription overlapped a bit. This phoneme was used only in borrowings from the Greek, and after the Old Valthungian period, these two phonemes had completely merged.
|align="left" valign="top"| It is likely that this was still a separate phoneme in Old Valthungian from the umlaut of '''u''', though some of the means of transcription overlapped a bit. This phoneme was used only in borrowings from the Greek, and after the Old Valthungian period, these two phonemes had completely merged.
Our intermediate transcription shows 〈ÿ〉 for the 〈ү〉 letter representing Gothic 〈𐍅/w〉 from Greek 〈υ〉. The exact pronunciation is unknown, but it seems likely that it was differentiated from 〈eu〉 (the i-umlaut of /u/) in Old Valthungian. These two sounds had merged by the Middle Valthungian period.
|-
|-
|valign="top"| z
|valign="top"| z
Line 1,994: Line 1,995:
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’<br />
'''' ‘’
'''' ‘’
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|}
|}
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