Chlouvānem: Difference between revisions
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
mNo edit summary |
m (→Syntax) |
||
| Line 450: | Line 450: | ||
Topics also mark context: as a good example, the Chlouvānem translation of Schleicher's fable begins as: ''yanekai mæn bhadvęs udvī leila voltām mišekte, ūtarnire cūllu khuliu, spragnyire ūtrau dumbhivu no, lilu kimęe dumbhivu no''. Here "horses" is the topic and has no syntactical role in the sentence, as the subject is the agent ''voltām'' (sheep) and the three objects are the patients ''khulias'' (the pulling one) and two different ''dumbhivas'' (the carrying one). The topic makes it clear that these latter are nouns referring to horses - it would still be grammatical to use [...] ''khuliu yaneku, spragnyire ūtrau dumbhivu yaneku no, lilu kimęe dumbhivu yaneku no'', but the sentence would sound strange to Chlouvānem ears - compare the possible English translation "[...] a sheep saw one horse that was pulling a heavy wagon, one horse that was carrying a big load, and one horse that was carrying a man quickly". | Topics also mark context: as a good example, the Chlouvānem translation of Schleicher's fable begins as: ''yanekai mæn bhadvęs udvī leila voltām mišekte, ūtarnire cūllu khuliu, spragnyire ūtrau dumbhivu no, lilu kimęe dumbhivu no''. Here "horses" is the topic and has no syntactical role in the sentence, as the subject is the agent ''voltām'' (sheep) and the three objects are the patients ''khulias'' (the pulling one) and two different ''dumbhivas'' (the carrying one). The topic makes it clear that these latter are nouns referring to horses - it would still be grammatical to use [...] ''khuliu yaneku, spragnyire ūtrau dumbhivu yaneku no, lilu kimęe dumbhivu yaneku no'', but the sentence would sound strange to Chlouvānem ears - compare the possible English translation "[...] a sheep saw one horse that was pulling a heavy wagon, one horse that was carrying a big load, and one horse that was carrying a man quickly". | ||
As such, topics usually avoid repetition and anaphora, acting much like folders where different paper sheets (= the sentences) are contained, e.g. ''nāmñė mæn švai | As such, topics usually avoid repetition and anaphora, acting much like folders where different paper sheets (= the sentences) are contained, e.g. ''nāmñė mæn švai chlǣvānumi maichleyutei, jariāmaile lilah, soramiya mušigėrisilīm tora bu sama ñikumi viṣam haloe līlas vi. nenėhu līlasuṃghāṇa ga camimarti haloe gṇyāvire'' - "talking about nāmñai<ref>A kind of tropical seal, iconic and sacred in Chlouvānem culture.</ref>, [they're] animals of the Southern [part of the] Chlouvānem lands, [they] live in seawater but sometimes [they can be found] in tidal lakes too, and another name for [their] cubs is "līlas". From this [name] comes the name of the capital, Līlasuṃghāṇa." | ||
Finally, certain sentences act as answers for different questions due to different implications depending on whether there's an explicit topic or not: | Finally, certain sentences act as answers for different questions due to different implications depending on whether there's an explicit topic or not: | ||
| Line 485: | Line 485: | ||
: ''tąsь lā '''nadaidanan''' peithegde.'' "(s)he is going out with him/her to get to know him/her." | : ''tąsь lā '''nadaidanan''' peithegde.'' "(s)he is going out with him/her to get to know him/her." | ||
Dative case is used generally when the purpose is something else, or is the result of a subsequent (unstated) action: | Dative case is used generally when the purpose is something else, or is the result of a subsequent (unstated) action: | ||
: ''maivnaviṣye '''maivasām''' | : ''maivnaviṣye '''maivasām''' khloyute.'' "I am searching in the dictionary [in order to find] the words." | ||
: ''keaɂūvai '''mayābyom''' rāmīran.'' "Plums are harvested for wine." (Wine is not the direct result of harvesting, thus dative is used instead of translative). | : ''keaɂūvai '''mayābyom''' rāmīran.'' "Plums are harvested for wine." (Wine is not the direct result of harvesting, thus dative is used instead of translative). | ||
| Line 536: | Line 536: | ||
The Chlouvānem perfect, however, has a broader use than the English one, compare: | The Chlouvānem perfect, however, has a broader use than the English one, compare: | ||
: ''flære dašajildek'' - “yesterday it rained”. Past tense, implied meaning is that there’s nothing that may indicate that yesterday it rained, or it doesn’t influence the speaker in any way. | : ''flære dašajildek'' - “yesterday it rained”. Past tense, implied meaning is that there’s nothing that may indicate that yesterday it rained, or it doesn’t influence the speaker in any way. | ||
: ''flære dašejilda'' - *yesterday it has rained. Perfect tense; while wrong in English, this construction is possible - and, in fact, is frequently heard - though it often only makes sense in a broader context. For example, in a sentence like “yesterday it rained and the path collapsed, so we [two] can’t walk there”, English uses both times a simple past, while Chlouvānem uses the perfect, as the path is still not walkable due to the rain: ''flære menni dašejilda līlta viṣustura no, āñjulā gu | : ''flære dašejilda'' - *yesterday it has rained. Perfect tense; while wrong in English, this construction is possible - and, in fact, is frequently heard - though it often only makes sense in a broader context. For example, in a sentence like “yesterday it rained and the path collapsed, so we [two] can’t walk there”, English uses both times a simple past, while Chlouvānem uses the perfect, as the path is still not walkable due to the rain: ''flære menni dašejilda līlta viṣustura no, āñjulā gu pepeithnāyǣ ša''. | ||
Note that the “impact on the present” meaning and the use of evidentials are independent from each other. Using a first inferential, for example, does not change the implications given by the use of perfect or past, though the actual interpretation is often heavily dependent from context: | Note that the “impact on the present” meaning and the use of evidentials are independent from each other. Using a first inferential, for example, does not change the implications given by the use of perfect or past, though the actual interpretation is often heavily dependent from context: | ||
| Line 723: | Line 723: | ||
| to jump || ''mųke'' || ''mårṣake'' | | to jump || ''mųke'' || ''mårṣake'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| to crawl || ''ñulge'' (ñug-) || ''ñoerake''<ref>Irregular in the indicative present singular - ''ñoergu'', ''ñoergi'', ''ñoergė'' - regular everywhere else - '' | | to crawl || ''ñulge'' (ñug-) || ''ñoerake''<ref>Irregular in the indicative present singular - ''ñoergu'', ''ñoergi'', ''ñoergė'' - regular everywhere else - ''ñoerayǣ'', ''ñoerįm'', ''ñoerau'', ''añoeram'', ''ñoeriṣyam''...</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| to fall || ''sturake'' || — | | to fall || ''sturake'' || — | ||
| Line 919: | Line 919: | ||
* Present conditions, where the condition either might be fulfilled or just can't at all. They are similar in structure to real sentences with present tense conditions, but, if the condition is fulfillable, they differ in the fact that the condition, is not likely to happen, or is used as a warning. The condition (''pū-clause'') is always in the imperfective subjunctive; the second clause may be in the indicative (carrying an implicate result) or in the subjunctive (implying a wish). If the condition is impossible, then the second clause is always in the subjunctive: | * Present conditions, where the condition either might be fulfilled or just can't at all. They are similar in structure to real sentences with present tense conditions, but, if the condition is fulfillable, they differ in the fact that the condition, is not likely to happen, or is used as a warning. The condition (''pū-clause'') is always in the imperfective subjunctive; the second clause may be in the indicative (carrying an implicate result) or in the subjunctive (implying a wish). If the condition is impossible, then the second clause is always in the subjunctive: | ||
: ''lili mæn pū nanū nūlastān gīti lališire hāriu lgutevitaṃte.'' "if I had more money, I'd buy (perf. aspect) a new carpet." | : ''lili mæn pū nanū nūlastān gīti lališire hāriu lgutevitaṃte.'' "if I had more money, I'd buy (perf. aspect) a new carpet." | ||
: ''lili mæn pū nanū nūlastān gīti | : ''lili mæn pū nanū nūlastān gīti chlǣcæm lilatiam.'' "if I had more money, I'd live (impf. aspect) better." | ||
: ''pū tami tuheiladom kitīti āndriṣya.'' "if it were included in the [next] six-year plan, it would be built."
| : ''pū tami tuheiladom kitīti āndriṣya.'' "if it were included in the [next] six-year plan, it would be built."
| ||
: ''pū liliā bunā gėrisa gīti tami liliā bunā gu gīti ša.'' "if my father were a lake, he wouldn't be my father." | : ''pū liliā bunā gėrisa gīti tami liliā bunā gu gīti ša.'' "if my father were a lake, he wouldn't be my father." | ||