Qazhrian: Difference between revisions
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Qazhrian lost grammatical gender and all nominal inflections except number and construct state. | Qazhrian lost grammatical gender and all nominal inflections except number and construct state. | ||
There is no indefinite article. The definite article is '' | There is no indefinite article. The definite article is ''gjë'' (from ''φinom''), and it triggers the soft mutation: | ||
*''tëzh'' 'a child'; '' | *''tëzh'' 'a child'; ''gjë dëzh'' 'the child' | ||
*''rronn'' 'a man'; '' | *''rronn'' 'a man'; ''gjë ronn'' 'the man' | ||
*''kavër'' 'a woman'; '' | *''kavër'' 'a woman'; ''gjë gavër'' 'the woman' | ||
Construct state is usually formed with ''-ë'': | Construct state is usually formed with ''-ë'': | ||
*''tëzhë | *''tëzhë gjë ront'' 'the man's child' | ||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
Revision as of 23:01, 9 February 2018
Qazhrian (/kɑːʒriən/ KAHZH-ree-uhn; natively: Qazhrem /ˈqaʒrem/ or yë Lazhrem /jə ˈʟaʒrem/) is a Talmic language spoken in Qazhra (from Thensarian Ȝactrasē), a Talman country. It is descended from Thensarian.
External history
This language was originally called Benocian and was Romance- and Ashkenazi Hebrew-inspired, and it had a strong Portuguese flavor. Recently I decided to rework it, basing the aesthetic more on Albanian and Breton.
Ideas
- Breton-ish but not too gibby. Get more palatal consonants.
- /ts, dz/ from Thensarian /θ ð/
- or > /š ž/?
- d and dz both lenite to z
- /q/ lenites intervocallically to /ʟ/
- /m/ does NOT lenite.
Diachronics
- i ī u ū e o ē ō a ā e ae ao ei eo iu oe ui > i e ou u ë o ō ē a ō ai au e ou u e
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m /m/ | n /n/ | nj /ɲ/ | ng /ŋ/ | |||
| Plosive | voiceless | p /p/ | t /t/, c /ts/ | kj /c/ | k /k/ | q /q/ | |
| voiced | b /b/ | d /d/, x /dz/ | gj /ɟ/ | g /g/ | |||
| Fricative | voiceless | f /f/ | s /s/ | sh /ʃ/ | c'h /x/ | ħ /χ/ | h /h/ |
| voiced | v /v/ | z /z/ | zh /ʒ/ | gh /ɣ/ | |||
| Liquid | r /ɾ/, rr /r/ | l /ɴ̆~ʟ/ | |||||
| Approximant | w /w/ | y /j/ | |||||
p, f are found in loanwords (e.g. from Clofabic and Windermere).
Auslautverhärtung operates for plosives and is reflected in the orthography.
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i /i/ | u /y/ | ou /u/ |
| Close-mid | e /e/ | ë /ə/ | o /o/ |
| Open-mid | ē /ɛ/ | ō /ɔ/ | |
| Open | a /a/ |
Diphthongs: ai au /əi əu/; ië uë ouë /iə yə uə/ from loans
Morphology
Mutations
Qazhrian has three types of mutations: soft, nasal, and hard.
| Radical | p | f | t | c | s | sj | kj | k | q | ħ | b | d | x | z | gj | g |
| Soft | b | f | d | x | s | sj | gj | g | l | ħ | v | zj | z | z | y | gh |
| Nasal | p | f | t | c | s | sj | kj | k | l | ħ | m | n | x | z | nj | ng |
| Hard | p | f | sj | s | c | kj | kj | c'h | ħ | ħ | p | t | c | s | kj | k |
| Radical | m | n | nj | w | l | rr | y |
| Soft | v | n | nj | w | l | r | y |
| Nasal | m | n | nj | w | l | rr | y |
| Hard | m | n | nj | gw | gl | gr | gj |
Examples:
- The definite article hë triggers soft mutation.
- The relativizer re triggers nasal mutation.
Nouns
Qazhrian lost grammatical gender and all nominal inflections except number and construct state.
There is no indefinite article. The definite article is gjë (from φinom), and it triggers the soft mutation:
- tëzh 'a child'; gjë dëzh 'the child'
- rronn 'a man'; gjë ronn 'the man'
- kavër 'a woman'; gjë gavër 'the woman'
Construct state is usually formed with -ë:
- tëzhë gjë ront 'the man's child'
Verbs
There are finite verbs, but auxiliaries are also important