Togarmite/Old: Difference between revisions

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{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Binyan 1A conjugation: ''hestamā́n'' 'to become fat'
|+ Binyan 1A conjugation: ''heθlaħā́m'' 'to be at war'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
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|-
|-
! past
! past
| ''hestamánθī''
| ''heθlaħámθī''
| ''hestamánθa''
| ''heθlaħámθa''
| ''hestamánθe''
| ''heθlaħámθe''
| ''hestamā́n''
| ''heθlaħā́m''
| ''hestamā́naθ''
| ''heθlaħā́maθ''
| ''hestamánnė''
| ''heθlaħámnė''
| ''hestamánθum''
| ''heθlaħámθum''
| ''hestamánθin''
| ''heθlaħámθin''
| ''hestamā́nū''
| ''heθlaħā́mū''
| ''hestamā́nė''
| ''heθlaħā́mė''
|-
|-
! subjunctive
! subjunctive
| ''westamánθī''
| ''weθlaħámθī''
| ''westamánθa''
| ''weθlaħámθa''
| ''westamánθe''
| ''weθlaħámθe''
| ''westamā́n''
| ''weθlaħā́m''
| ''westamā́naθ''
| ''weθlaħā́maθ''
| ''westamánnė''
| ''weθlaħámnė''
| ''westamánθum''
| ''weθlaħámθum''
| ''westamánθin''
| ''weθlaħámθin''
| ''westamā́nū''
| ''weθlaħā́mū''
| ''westamā́nė''
| ''weθlaħā́mė''
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''ʔestėmā́n''
| ''ʔeθlėħā́m''
| ''θestėmā́n''
| ''θeθlėħā́m''
| ''θestėmā́nī''
| ''θeθlėħā́mī''
| ''yestėmā́n''
| ''yeθlėħā́m''
| ''yestėmā́nī''
| ''yeθlėħā́mī''
| ''nestėmā́n''
| ''neθlėħā́m''
| ''θestėmā́nū''
| ''θeθlėħā́mū''
| ''θestėmanna''
| ''θeθlėħámna''
| ''yestėmā́nū''
| ''yeθlėħā́mū''
| ''yestėmánna''
| ''yeθlėħámna''
|-
|-
! future
! future
| ''ʔestamā́n''
| ''ʔeθlaħā́m''
| ''θestamā́n''
| ''θeθlaħā́m''
| ''θestamā́nī''
| ''θeθlaħā́mī''
| ''yestamā́n''
| ''yeθlaħā́m''
| ''yestamā́nī''
| ''yeθlaħā́mī''
| ''nestamā́n''
| ''neθlaħā́m''
| ''θestamā́nū''
| ''θeθlaħā́mū''
| ''θestamanna''
| ''θeθlaħámna''
| ''yestamā́nū''
| ''yeθlaħā́mū''
| ''yestamánna''
| ''yeθlaħámna''
|-
|-
! optative
! optative
| ''ʔestamanánna''
| ''ʔeθlaħaħámna''
| ''θestamanánna''
| ''θeθlaħaħámna''
| ''θestamanínna''
| ''θeθlaħamínna''
| ''yestamanánna''
| ''yeθlaħaħámna''
| ''yestamanínna''
| ''yeθlaħamínna''
| ''nestamanánna''
| ''neθlaħaħámna''
| ''θestamanúnna''
| ''θeθlaħamúnna''
| ''θestamannánna''
| ''θeθlaħamnánna''
| ''yestamanánna''
| ''yeθlaħaħámna''
| ''yestamannánna''
| ''yeθlaħamnánna''
|-
|-
! jussive
! jussive
| ''ʔéstaman''
| ''ʔéstaħam''
| ''θéstaman''
| ''θéstaħam''
| ''θéstamanī''
| ''θéstaħamī''
| ''yéstaman''
| ''yéstaħam''
| ''yéstamanī''
| ''yéstaħamī''
| ''néstaman''
| ''néstaħam''
| ''θéstamanū''
| ''θéstaħamū''
| ''θéstamanna''
| ''θéstaħamna''
| ''yéstamanū''
| ''yéstaħamū''
| ''yéstamanna''
| ''yéstaħamna''
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''hestamā́n!''
| ''heθlaħā́m!''
| ''hestamā́nī!''
| ''heθlaħā́mī!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''hestamā́nū!''
| ''heθlaħā́mū!''
| ''hestamánna!''
| ''heθlaħámna!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
|-
|-
! active participle
! active participle
|colspan=10| ''χėθḗb''
|colspan=10| ''meθlaħā́m''
|-
! passive participle
|colspan=10| ''maχθū́b''
|-
|-
! verbal noun
! verbal noun
|colspan=10| ''χiθė́b''
|colspan=10| ''heθlaħū́m''
|}
|}


Revision as of 23:04, 25 August 2019

Old Togarmite or Classical Togarmite (Θėgammīθ; Modern: Þėgamiþ ȝyþik) is the ancestor of Modern Togarmite. It is the liturgical language of (L-Balkan religion).

Phonology

Consonants

  • m n /m n/
  • p t c k ' /p t ts k ʔ/
  • b d g /b d g/
  • φ θ χ /pʰ tʰ kʰ/
  • s š ħ h /s ʃ χ h/
  • z ž ȝ /z ʒ ʁ/
  • w l r j /lw r j/

Vowels

Old Togarmite had the following vowels:

a ā e ė ē i ī ȯ ō u ū ay aw /a aː ɛ ɛː eː ɪ iː ɔː oː ʊ uː aj aw/

Stress

Stress is phonemic and not entirely predictable. Old Togarmite stress is a result of a lot of analogical levelling from Proto-Semitic (particularly in verbs), and caused vowel lengthening as in Hebrew.

Final stress is common but less so than in Hebrew: Togarmite words often resemble Hebrew pausal forms (e.g. OTog yismā́ȝū /jɪsˈmaːʁuː/ 'they will hear', cf. Tiberian Hebrew pausal variant /jiʃˈmɔːʕuː/ for ישמעו /jiʃmăˈʕuː/ 'they hear'.)

Inflection

Pronouns

  • 1sg: ʔanė́χ
  • 2sg: ʔáθθa (m), ʔéθθe (f)
  • 3sg: hū (m), hī (f)
  • 1pl: náħnė
  • 2pl: ʔáθθum (m), ʔéθθin (f)
  • 3pl: hōm (m), hēn (f)

Nouns

Nouns have singular and plural numbers and three states as in Hebrew and Aramaic. The formation of the construct follows a rather complex set of rules as in Tiberian Hebrew.

Masculine nouns

ȝėlām = world

  • indefinite: ȝėlām, ȝėlāmīn
  • definite: ȝėlāman, ȝėlāmīl
  • construct: ȝėlam, ȝėlamė

Possessive forms:

singular: báyθī, báyθaχ, báyθeχ, báyθū, báyθā, báyθenė, báyθeχum, báyθeχin, báyθōm, báyθēn

plural: bėθā́y, bėθáyχa, bėθáyχe, bėθė́w, bėθáyyā, bėθáynė, bėθáyχum, bėθáyχin, bėθáyyum, bėθáyyin

Feminine -(a)θ nouns

ȝasūraθ = noblewoman

  • indefinite: ȝasūraθ, ȝasūrėθ
  • definite: ȝasūraθan, ȝasūrėθīl
  • construct: ȝasūraθ, ȝasūrėθ

Adjectives

Declension of tėb 'good':

  • yawm tėb = a good day
  • yawman tėban = the good day
  • yawmėθ tėbīn = good days
  • yawmėθil tėbīl = the good days
  • φarīθ tėbθ = a good fruit
  • φarīθan tėbθan = the good fruit
  • φariyėθ tėbėθ = good fruits
  • φariyėθil tėbėθil = the good fruits

(Attributive adjectives cannot take the construct state)

Verbs

Old Togarmite verbs are divided into 7 binyanim:

  1. φaȝāl/nuφȝāl - G/N-stem
  2. φaȝȝēl/φuȝȝāl - D-stem
  3. haφȝēl/hassuφȝāl - Š-stem
  4. haφθaȝāl - tG/Gt-stem
  5. niφθuȝāl - Nt-stem
  6. θaφaȝȝēl/θaφuȝȝāl - tD-stem
  7. hastaφȝēl/hastuφȝāl - Št-stem

Binyan 1A: φaȝāl

Semantics: basic action

Binyan 1A conjugation: χaθā́b 'to write'
→ Person
↓ Tense 		1s 2ms 2fs 3ms 3fs 1p 2mp 2fp 3mp 3fp
past χaθábθī χaθábθa χaθábθe χaθā́b χaθā́baθ χaθábnė χaθábθum χaθábθin χaθā́bū χaθā́bė
subjunctive waχaθábθī waχaθábθa waχaθábθe waχaθā́b waχaθā́baθ waχaθábnė waχaθábθum waχaθábθin waχaθā́bū waχaθā́bė
present ʔaχėθṓb θaχėθṓb θaχėθṓbī yaχėθṓb yaχėθṓbī naχėθṓb θaχėθṓbū θaχėθṓbna yaχėθṓbū yaχėθṓbna
future ʔaχθṓb θaχθṓb θaχθṓbī yaχθṓb yaχθṓbī naχθṓb θaχθṓbū θaχθúbna yaχθṓbū yaχθúbna
optative ʔaχθubánna θaχθubánna θaχθubínna yaχθubánna yaχθubínna naχθubánna θaχθubúnna θaχθubnánna yaχθubúnna yaχθubnánna
jussive ʔáχθub θáχθub θáχθubī yáχθub yáχθubī náχθub θáχθubū θáχθubna yáχθubū yáχθubna
imperative - χuθṓb! χuθṓbī! - - - χuθṓbū! χuθṓbna! - -
active participle χėθḗb
passive participle maχθū́b
verbal noun χiθė́b

Example: hamā́l 'to suffer', žaχā́r 'to remember'

Binyan 1P: nuφȝāl

Semantics: passive of Binyan 1; change of state

Binyan 1P conjugation: nugdā́l 'to grow'
→ Person
↓ Tense 		1s 2ms 2fs 3ms 3fs 1p 2mp 2fp 3mp 3fp
past nugdálθī nugdálθa nugdálθe nugdā́l nugdā́laθ nugdálnė nugdálθum nugdálθin nugdā́lū nugdā́lė
subjunctive wanugdálθī wanugdálθa wanugdálθe wanugdā́l wanugdā́laθ wanugdálnė wanugdálθum wanugdálθin wanugdā́lū wanugdā́lė
present ʔuggėdā́l θuggėdā́l θuggėdā́lī yuggėdā́l yuggėdā́lī nuggėdā́l θuggėdā́lū θuggėdálna yuggėdā́lū yuggėdálna
future ʔuggadā́l θuggadā́l θuggadā́lī yuggadā́l yuggadā́lī nuggadā́l θuggadā́lū θuggadálna yuggadā́lū yuggadálna
optative ʔuggadalánna θuggadalánna θuggadalínna yuggadalánna yuggadalínna nuggadalánna θuggadalúnna θuggadalnánna yuggadalúnna yuggadalnánna
jussive ʔúggadal θúggadal θúggadalī yúggadal yúggadalī núggadal θúggadalū θúggadalna yúggadalū yúggadalna
imperative - huggadā́l! huggadā́lī! - - - huggadā́lū! huggadálna! - -
participle muggadā́l
verbal noun nugdė́l

Binyan 2A: φaȝȝēl

Semantics: intensive, causative, applicative, denominal verbs including 4-consonant verbs and loan verbs.

Examples:

  • šabbḗr 'to shatter' (intensive of š-b-r 'to break')
  • žaχχḗr 'to record' (causative of ž-χ-r 'to remember')
  • ħassḗb 'to consider' (applicative of ħ-s-b 'to think')
  • šayyḗr 'to sing the praises of' (applicative of š(-y-)r 'to sing')
  • žāhḗb 'to gild' (denominative of žahāb 'gold')
  • nabbḗʔ 'to prophesy, to call out' (from Hebrew נביא nâbiʔ)
  • θargḗm 'to translate' (from Aramaic תרגום targum)
  • lammḗs 'to give charitably; to give alms' (from lammū́sīn 'alms', from Greek eleēmosynē)
  • raθθḗm 'to count' (the root r-θ-m was borrowed from Greek arithmos 'number')
Binyan 2A conjugation: žaχχḗr 'to record; to cause to remember'
→ Person
↓ Tense 		1s 2ms 2fs 3ms 3fs 1p 2mp 2fp 3mp 3fp
past žaχχírθī žaχχírθa žaχχírθe žaχχḗr žaχχḗraθ žaχχírnė žaχχírθum žaχχírθin žaχχḗrū žaχχḗrė
subjunctive wažaχχírθī wažaχχírθa wažaχχírθe wažaχχḗr wažaχχḗraθ wažaχχírnė wažaχχírθum wažaχχírθin wažaχχḗrū wažaχχḗrė
present ʔažaχėχḗr θažaχėχḗr θažaχėχḗrī yažaχėχḗr yažaχėχḗrī nažaχėχḗr θažaχėχḗrū θažaχėχírna yažaχėχḗrū yažaχėχírna
future ʔažaχχḗr θažaχχḗr θažaχχḗrī yažaχχḗr yažaχχḗrī nažaχχḗr θažaχχḗrū θažaχχírna yažaχχḗrū yažaχχírna
optative ʔažaχχiránna θažaχχiránna θažaχχirínna yažaχχiránna yažaχχirínna nažaχχiránna θažaχχirúnna θažaχχirnánna yažaχχirúnna yažaχχirnánna
jussive ʔažáχχir θažáχχir θažáχχirī yažáχχir yažáχχirī nažáχχir θažáχχirū θažáχχirna yažáχχirū yažáχχirna
imperative - žaχχḗr! žaχχḗrī! - - - žaχχḗrū! žaχχírna! - -
participle mužaχχḗr
verbal noun žaχχū́r, žiχχárθ

Binyan 2P: φuȝȝāl

Binyan 2P conjugation: žuχχā́r 'to be recorded'
→ Person
↓ Tense 		1s 2ms 2fs 3ms 3fs 1p 2mp 2fp 3mp 3fp
past žuχχárθī žuχχárθa žuχχárθe žuχχā́r žuχχā́raθ žuχχárnė žuχχárθum žuχχárθin žuχχā́rū žuχχā́rė
subjunctive wažuχχárθī wažuχχárθa wažuχχárθi wažuχχā́r wažuχχā́raθ wažuχχárnė wažuχχárθum wažuχχárθin wažuχχā́rū wažuχχā́rė
present ʔažuχėχā́r θažuχėχā́r θažuχėχā́rī yažuχėχā́r yažuχėχā́rī nažuχėχā́r θažuχėχā́rū θažuχėχárna yažuχėχā́rū yažuχėχárna
future ʔažuχχā́r θažuχχā́r θažuχχā́rī yažuχχā́r yažuχχā́rī nažuχχā́r θažuχχā́rū θažuχχárna yažuχχā́rū yažuχχárna
optative ʔažuχχaránna θažuχχaránna θažuχχarínna yažuχχaránna yažuχχarínna nažuχχaránna θažuχχarúnna θažuχχarnánna yažuχχarúnna yažuχχarnánna
jussive ʔažúχχar θažúχχar θažúχχarī yažúχχar yažúχχarī nažúχχar θažúχχarū θažúχχarna yažuχχarū yažúχχarna
imperative Verbs of this binyan have no imperatives.
participle mužuχχā́r
verbal noun Verbs of this binyan have no verbal nouns.

Binyan 3A: haφȝēl

Semantics: causative

Binyan 3A conjugation: hakdḗs 'to dedicate, to set apart'
→ Person
↓ Tense 		1s 2ms 2fs 3ms 3fs 1p 2mp 2fp 3mp 3fp
past hakdísθī hakdísθa hakdísθe hakdḗs hakdḗsaθ hakdísnė hakdísθum hakdísθin hakdḗsū hakdḗsė
subjunctive wakdísθī wakdísθa wakdísθe wakdḗs wakdḗsaθ wakdísnė wakdísθum wakdísθin wakdḗsū wakdḗsė
present ʔakėdḗs θakėdḗs θakėdḗsī yakėdḗs yakėdḗsī nakėdḗs θakėdḗsū θakėdísna yakėdḗsū yakėdísna
future ʔakdḗs θakdḗs θakdḗsī yakdḗs yakdḗsī nakdḗs θakdḗsū θakdísna yakdḗsū yakdísna
optative ʔakdisánna θakdisánna θakdisínna yakdisánna yakdisínna nakdisánna θakdisúnna θakdisnánna yakdisúnna yakdisnánna
jussive ʔákdis θákdis θákdisī yákdis yákdisī nákdis θákdisū θákdisna yákdisū yákdisna
imperative - hakdḗs! hakdḗsī! - - - hakdḗsū! hakdísna! - -
participle makdḗs
verbal noun hakdū́s

Binyan 3P: huφȝāl, hissuφȝāl

A variant of this binyan is hissuφȝāl, from older *in-suφȝāl.

Binyan 3A conjugation: hukdā́s 'to dedicate, to set apart'
→ Person
↓ Tense 		1s 2ms 2fs 3ms 3fs 1p 2mp 2fp 3mp 3fp
past hukdásθī hukdásθa hukdásθe hukdā́s hukdā́saθ hukdásnė hukdásθum hukdásθin hukdā́sū hukdā́sė
subjunctive wukdásθī wukdásθa wukdásθe wukdā́s wukdā́saθ wukdásnė wukdásθum wukdásθin wukdā́sū wukdā́sė
present ʔukėdā́s θukėdā́s θukėdā́sī yukėdā́s yukėdā́sī nukėdā́s θukėdā́sū θukėdásna yukėdā́sū yukėdásna
future ʔukdā́s θukdā́s θukdā́sī yukdā́s yukdā́sī nukdā́s θukdā́sū θukdásna yukdā́sū yukdásna
optative ʔukdasánna θukdasánna θukdasínna yukdasánna yukdasínna nukdasánna θukdasúnna θukdasnánna yukdasúnna yukdasnánna
jussive ʔúkdas θúkdas θúkdasī yúkdas yúkdasī núkdas θúkdasū θúkdasna yúkdasū yúkdasna
imperative Verbs of this binyan have no imperatives.
participle mukdā́s
verbal noun Verbs of this binyan have no imperatives.

Binyan 4: heθφaȝāl

Semantics: reflexive, reciprocal, event or change of state

Metathesis happens when C1 ∈ {s, š, c, z, ž, ħ, ȝ}: θs θš θc θz θž θħ θȝ > st št ct zd žd ħt ȝd.

Binyan 1A conjugation: heθlaħā́m 'to be at war'
→ Person
↓ Tense 		1s 2ms 2fs 3ms 3fs 1p 2mp 2fp 3mp 3fp
past heθlaħámθī heθlaħámθa heθlaħámθe heθlaħā́m heθlaħā́maθ heθlaħámnė heθlaħámθum heθlaħámθin heθlaħā́mū heθlaħā́mė
subjunctive weθlaħámθī weθlaħámθa weθlaħámθe weθlaħā́m weθlaħā́maθ weθlaħámnė weθlaħámθum weθlaħámθin weθlaħā́mū weθlaħā́mė
present ʔeθlėħā́m θeθlėħā́m θeθlėħā́mī yeθlėħā́m yeθlėħā́mī neθlėħā́m θeθlėħā́mū θeθlėħámna yeθlėħā́mū yeθlėħámna
future ʔeθlaħā́m θeθlaħā́m θeθlaħā́mī yeθlaħā́m yeθlaħā́mī neθlaħā́m θeθlaħā́mū θeθlaħámna yeθlaħā́mū yeθlaħámna
optative ʔeθlaħaħámna θeθlaħaħámna θeθlaħamínna yeθlaħaħámna yeθlaħamínna neθlaħaħámna θeθlaħamúnna θeθlaħamnánna yeθlaħaħámna yeθlaħamnánna
jussive ʔéstaħam θéstaħam θéstaħamī yéstaħam yéstaħamī néstaħam θéstaħamū θéstaħamna yéstaħamū yéstaħamna
imperative - heθlaħā́m! heθlaħā́mī! - - - heθlaħā́mū! heθlaħámna! - -
active participle meθlaħā́m
verbal noun heθlaħū́m

Binyan 5: niφθuȝāl

Semantics: reciprocal or change of state

Binyan 6A: θaφaȝȝēl

Semantics: "back-and-forth" actions

Example: θažaχχēr 'to resent, to desire revenge on'

Binyan 6P: θaφuȝȝāl

Binyan 7A: hastaφȝēl

Semantics: "to make oneself X"; "to take it upon oneself to X"; tends to form verbs involving conscious decision.

Examples:

  • hastacȝḗd 'to dare, to venture'
  • hastažχḗr 'to make note of'
  • hastaχθḗb 'to copy, to transcribe'


Binyan 7A conjugation: hastatȝḗm 'to attempt'
→ Person
↓ Tense 		1s 2ms 2fs 3ms 3fs 1p 2mp 2fp 3mp 3fp
past hastatȝímθī hastatȝímθa hastatȝímθe hastatȝḗm hastatȝḗmaθ hastatȝímnė hastatȝímtum hastatȝímtin hastatȝḗmū hastatȝḗmė
subjunctive wastatȝímθī wastatȝímθa wastatȝímθi wastatȝḗm wastatȝḗmaθ wastatȝímnė wastatȝímtum wastatȝímtin wastatȝḗmū wastatȝḗmė
present ʔastatėȝḗm θastatėȝḗm θastatėȝḗmī yastatėȝḗm yastatėȝḗmī nastatėȝḗm θastatėȝḗmū θastatėȝímna yastatėȝḗmū yastatėȝímna
future ʔastatȝḗm θastatȝḗm θastatȝḗmī yastatȝḗm yastatȝḗmī nastatȝḗm θastatȝḗmū θastatȝímna yastatȝḗmū yastatȝímna
optative ʔastatȝimánna θastatȝimánna θastatȝimínna yastatȝimánna yastatȝimínna nastatȝimánna θastatȝimúnna θastatȝímnanna yastatȝimúnna yastatȝímnanna
jussive ʔastátȝim θastátȝim θastátȝimī yastátȝim yastátȝimī nastátȝim θastátȝimū θastátȝímna yastátȝimū yastátȝimna
imperative - hastatȝḗm! hastatȝḗmī! - - - hastatȝḗmū! hastatȝímna! - -
participle mustatȝḗm
verbal noun hastatȝū́m

Binyan 7P: hastuφȝāl

Binyan 7A conjugation: hastutȝā́m 'to be attempted'
→ Person
↓ Tense 		1s 2ms 2fs 3ms 3fs 1p 2mp 2fp 3mp 3fp
past hastutȝámθī hastutȝámθa hastutȝámθe hastutȝā́m hastutȝā́maθ hastutȝámnė hastutȝámθum hastutȝámθin hastutȝā́mū hastutȝā́mė
subjunctive wastutȝámθī wastutȝámθa wastutȝámθi wastutȝā́m wastutȝā́maθ wastutȝámnė wastutȝámθum wastutȝámθin wastutȝā́mū wastutȝā́mė
present ʔastutėȝā́m θastutėȝā́m θastutėȝā́mī yastutėȝā́m yastutėȝā́mī nastutėȝā́m θastutėȝā́mū θastutėȝámna yastutėȝā́mū yastutėȝámna
future ʔastutȝā́m θastutȝā́m θastutȝā́mī yastutȝā́m yastutȝā́mī nastutȝā́m θastutȝā́mū θastutȝámna yastutȝā́mū yastutȝámna
optative ʔastutȝamánna θastutȝamánna θastutȝamínna yastutȝamánna yastutȝamínna nastutȝamánna θastutȝamúnna θastutȝamnánna yastutȝamúnna yastutȝamnánna
optative ʔastútȝam θastútȝam θastútȝamī yastútȝam yastútȝamī nastútȝam θastútȝam θastútȝamna yastutȝamū yastútȝamna
imperative Verbs of this binyan have no imperatives.
participle mustutȝā́m
verbal noun Verbs of this binyan have no verbal nouns.

Numerals

update

  1. m. ʔaħad, f. ʔaħāθ
  2. m. ʔiśnaim, f. ʔiśθaim, construct ʔiśnē, ʔiśθē
  3. m. śalēśθ-, f. śalēś-
  4. m. ʔarbaȝθ-, f. ʔarbaȝ-
  5. m. çamiššaθ-, f. çamišš-
  6. m. sitšaθ, f. sitš-
  7. m. sabȝaθ, f. sabȝ-
  8. m. śamēnīθ-, f. śamēniy-
  9. m. þisȝaθ-, f. þisȝ-
  10. m. ȝaśraθ-, f. ȝaśr-

Syntax

Vocabulary

Derivation

Sample texts

Schleicher

Χabšan wa-φarasīnan

Χabše, žī law lė hawė šamre, φarasīn raʔė:

yagrur ʔaħadum minhumū markʰabatʰam þakūlam, wa-yaħmil ʔaħadum ħimlam gadālam, wa-yaħmil mahīram aħadum ʔināšam. Wa-yakūl han-kʰabłu: Marra lī han-libbu, bi-raʔātʰī ʔināšam rākʰibam pʰarašīm. Wa-yakūlū han-pʰarašū: Šamaʕ han-kʰabła! Marra lanā han-libbu, bi-raʔātʰinā ðā: ʔināšum han-baʕlu yaʕłiyu lahu malbašatʰam ħamīmatʰam min tłamri han-kʰabłī. Wa-lā li-han-kʰabłi tłamrum. Bi-šamāʕi han-kʰabłi ðā, yabraħ ʔila han-ładiyi.

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