Proto-Maro-Ephenian: Difference between revisions
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| Line 17: | Line 17: | ||
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | | ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | | ||
! rowspan="2" | Labial | ! rowspan="2" | Labial | ||
! colspan=" | ! colspan="3" | Coronal | ||
! colspan="3" | Velar | ! colspan="3" | Velar | ||
! colspan="2" | Uvular | ! colspan="2" | Uvular | ||
| Line 23: | Line 23: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! <small> dental <small> | ! <small> dental <small> | ||
! <small> lateral <small> | ! <small> lateral <small> | ||
! <small> post-<br>alveolar <small> | ! <small> post-<br>alveolar <small> | ||
| Line 34: | Line 33: | ||
! colspan="2" | Nasal | ! colspan="2" | Nasal | ||
| *m | | *m | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="2" | *n | ||
| colspan="2" | *ń | | colspan="2" | *ń | ||
| | | | ||
| Line 46: | Line 45: | ||
| *p | | *p | ||
| *t | | *t | ||
| *tˡ | | *tˡ | ||
| *t́ | | *t́ | ||
| Line 59: | Line 57: | ||
| | | | ||
| *d | | *d | ||
| *dˡ | | *dˡ | ||
| *d́ | | *d́ | ||
| Line 72: | Line 69: | ||
| *bʰ | | *bʰ | ||
| *dʰ | | *dʰ | ||
| *dˡʰ | | *dˡʰ | ||
| *d́ʰ | | *d́ʰ | ||
| Line 84: | Line 80: | ||
! colspan="2" | Fricative | ! colspan="2" | Fricative | ||
| | | | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="3" | *s | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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! colspan="2" | Trill | ! colspan="2" | Trill | ||
| | | | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="1" | *r₁, *r₂ | ||
| colspan="7" | *r₃ | | colspan="7" | *r₃ | ||
| | | | ||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
! colspan="2" | Approximate | ! colspan="2" | Approximate | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Revision as of 10:04, 7 November 2019
| Proto-Maro-Ephenian | |
|---|---|
| Created by | Limius |
| Setting | Avrid |
Maro-Ephenian
| |
Proto-Maro-Ephenian (PME) is the ancient common ancestor of the Maro-Ephenian languages, spoken broadly throughout Ephenia, Eubora, and parts of Suria. This includes Aeranir and its descendants, Dalitian, and many others.
Phonology
| Labial | Coronal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| dental | lateral | post- alveolar |
palato- velar |
plain | labial | plain | labial | ||||
| Nasal | *m | *n | *ń | ||||||||
| Stop | voiceless | *p | *t | *tˡ | *t́ | *ḱ | *k | *kʷ | *q | *qʷ | |
| voiced | *d | *dˡ | *d́ | *ɡ́ | *g | *gʷ | |||||
| aspirated | *bʰ | *dʰ | *dˡʰ | *d́ʰ | *ɡ́ʰ | *gʰ | *gʷʰ | *ɡ̆ʰ | *ɡ̆ʷʰ | ||
| Fricative | *s | *h | |||||||||
| Trill | *r₁, *r₂ | *r₃ | |||||||||
| Approximate | *l | *i̯ | *u̯ | ||||||||
Sound laws
| PME | Maro-Stiric | Talothic | Iscaric | Proto- Fyrdic | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Proto- Maro- Stiric |
Stiric | Old Marian |
Proto- Talothic |
Dalitian | Proto- Iscaric |
Aeranir | ||
| *p | *p; *pʰ | p, ph | p, f | *p; *pʰ; *pť | p, ph, pt | *p | p | *f; *b |
| *bʰ | *bʰ; b | bh, b | b | *pʰ; *p; *pť | ph, p, pt | *ɸ; *β | f, b | *b; *f |
| *t | *t; *tʰ | t, th | t, ϑ | *t; *tʰ; *ts; *ťť | t, th, s, tt | *t̪; *ts | t, ȥ [ts] | *þ; *d |
| *d | *d; *dʰ | d, dh | d | *d; *tʰ; *ds; *ďď | d, th, s, z | *d̪ | d | *t |
| *dʰ | *dʰ; *d | dh, d | d | *tʰ; *t; *ts; *ťť | th, t, s, tt | *θ; *ð | f, d; b | *d |
| *t̂ | *ʈ; *ʈʰ | ṭ, ṭh | t, ϑ | *t; *tʰ; *ts; ťť | t, th, s, tt | *t; *ts | t, ȥ [ts] | *þ; *d |
| *d̂ | *ɖ; *ɖʰ | ḍ; ḷ, ḍh; ḷh | d | *d; *tʰ; *ds; *ďď | d, th, s, z | *d | d | *t |
| *d̂ʰ | *ɖʰ; *ɖ | ḍh; ḷh, ḍ; ḷ | d | *tʰ; *t; *ts; *ťť | th, t, s, tt | *r̥; *r̝; d | rh [r̥], r; b, d | *d |
| *tˡ | *č; *čʰ | c, ch | č | *ts; *ťť | s, tt | *tɬ; *ts | tl [tɬ], ȥ [ts] | *þ; *d |
| *dˡ | *ǰ; *ǰʰ | j, h | ǰ | *ds; *ďď | s, z | *d | d | *t |
| *dˡʰ | *ǰʰ; *ǰ | h, j | ǰ | *ts; *ťť | s, tt | *ɬ; *ɮ; d | f, l; b, d | *d |
| *t́ | *č; *čʰ | c, ch | č | *ts; *ťť | s, tt | *ts | ȥ [ts] | *þ; *d |
| *d́ | *ǰ; *ǰʰ | j, h | ǰ | *ds, *ďď | s, z | *d | d | *t |
| *d́ʰ | *ǰʰ; *ǰ | h, j | ǰ | *ts; *ťť | s, tt | *s̠; *z̠; d | s, r; b, d | *d |
| *ḱ | *ĉ | ś | ϑ | *k; *kʰ; *ťť | k, kh, tt | *k | c | *h; *g |
| *ǵ | *ǰ; *ǰʰ | j, h | d | *g; *kʰ; *ďď | g, kh, z | *g | g | *k; *h |
| *ǵʰ | *ǰʰ; *ǰ | h, j | d | *kʰ; k; *ťť | kh, k, tt | *x; *ɣ | h; Ø, gh [ɣ]; g | *g; *h |
| *k | *k; *kʰ; *č | k, kh, c | k, x, č | *k; *kʰ; *ťť | k, kh, tt | *k | c | *h; *g |
| *g | *g; *gʰ; *ǰ | g, gh, j | g, ǰ | *g; *kʰ; *ďď | g, kh, z | *g | g | *k; *h |
| *gʰ | *gʰ; *g; *ǰʰ; *ǰ | gh, g, h, j | g, ǰ | *kʰ; *k; *ťť | kh, k, tt | *x; *ɣ | h; Ø, gh [ɣ]; g | *g; *h |
| *kʷ | *k; *kʰ; *č | k, kh, c | k, x, č | *kʷ; *kʷʰ; *ťť | p; t; k, ph; th; kh, tt |
*kʷ | cu; c | *hw; *gw; *h |
| *gʷ | *g; *gʰ; *ǰ | g, gh, j | g, ǰ | *gʷ; *kʷʰ; *ďď | b; d; g, ph; th; kh, z |
*gʷ | v [ʋ]; gu | *kw; *h |
| *gʷʰ | *gʰ; *g; *ǰʰ; *ǰ | gh, g, h, j | g, ǰ | *kʷʰ; *kʷ; *ťť | ph; th; kh, p; t; k, tt |
*xʷ; *ɣʷ | f, v [ʋ]; gu | *gw; *h |
| *q | *q; *qʰ; *č | k, kh, c | q, χ, č | *k; *kʰ; *ťť | k, kh, tt | *q | q | *ħ; *ʕ |
| *qʷ | *q; *qʰ; *č | k, kh, c | q, χ, č | *kʷ; *kʷʰ; +ťť | p; t; k, ph; th; kh, tt |
*qʷ | qu; q | *ħw; *ʕw; *ħ |
Nouns
Declension
| Singular | Plural | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| athematic | thematic | pronominal | athematic | thematic | pronominal | |
| Nominative | *-s | *-os | *-s† | *-r₁ | *-or₁ | *-ōs |
| Vocative | *-e | |||||
| Accusative | *-m̥ | *-om | *-ē | *-i | *-oy | *-ō(n) |
| Inanimate Nom/Acc | *-d | *-n̥t | *-ont | *-er₁ | ||
| Essive | *-u | *-ow | *-wos | *-ur₁ | *-owr̥₁ | *-uh |
| Genitive | *-s/*-es/*-os | *-osyo | *-oy | *-ir₁ | *-obʰos | *-stros |
| Dative | *-ey/-oy | *-oey/-ōy | *-bʰey | *-n̥r₃ | *-onr̥₃ | *-sbʰeys |
| Ablative | *-eyd | *-er₂d | *-e-e‡ | *-n̥s | *-ons | *-mos |
| Locative | *-sis | *-osis | *-eys | *-sr̥₂ | *-osr̥₂ | *-esr̥₂ |