Eadlan/Older draft: Difference between revisions

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|-
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Weak (I)
!style="width: 100px;"|Weak (I)
||''ƀ'' || ''b'' || ''đ'' || ''d'' || ''ƶ'' || ''z'' || ''ƶ̌'' || ''ž'' || ''ƛ'' || ''λ'' || ''j'' || ''g'' || ''q'' /q⁼/ || ''s'' || ''š'' || ''σ'' || ''h'' || ''m'' || ''n'' || ''l'' || ''r'' || ''y'' || ''w''
||''v'' || ''b'' || ''th'' || ''d'' || ''z'' || ''ḑ'' || ''j'' || ''ģ'' || ''ƛ'' || ''λ'' || ''j'' || ''g'' || ''q'' /q⁼/ || ''s'' || ''ș'' || ''σ'' || ''h'' || ''m'' || ''n'' || ''l'' || ''r'' || ''y'' || ''w''
|-
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Strong (II)
!style="width: 100px;"|Strong (II)
|| ''hb'' || ''hp'' || ''hd'' || ''ht'' || ''hz'' || ''hc'' || ''hž'' || ''hč'' || ''hλ'' || ''hξ'' || ''hg'' || ''hk'' || ''hq'' || ''ss'' || ''šš'' || ''σσ'' || ''hh'' || ''bm'' || ''dn'' || ''ll'' || ''rr'' || ''yy'' || ''ww''
|| ''hb'' || ''hp'' || ''hd'' || ''ht'' || ''hḑ'' || ''hț'' || ''hģ'' || ''hc̦'' || ''hλ'' || ''hξ'' || ''hg'' || ''hc'' || ''hq'' || ''ss'' || ''șș'' || ''σσ'' || ''hh'' || ''bm'' || ''dn'' || ''ll'' || ''rr'' || ''yy'' || ''ww''
|-
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Overlong (III)
!style="width: 100px;"|Overlong (III)
|| ''hbb'' || ''hpp'' || ''hdd'' || ''htt'' || ''hzz'' || ''hcc'' || ''hžž'' || ''hčč'' || ''hλλ'' || ''hξξ'' || ''hgg'' || ''hkk'' || ''hqq'' ||''ss'' || ''šš'' || ''σσ'' || ''hh'' || ''hm'' || ''hn'' || ''hl'' || ''hr'' || ''hy'' || ''hw''  
|| ''hbb'' || ''hpp'' || ''hdd'' || ''htt'' || ''hḑḑ'' || ''hțț'' || ''hģģ'' || ''hc̦c̦'' || ''hλλ'' || ''hξξ'' || ''hgg'' || ''hcc'' || ''hqq'' ||''ss'' || ''șș'' || ''σσ'' || ''hh'' || ''hm'' || ''hn'' || ''hl'' || ''hr'' || ''hy'' || ''hw''  
|}
|}


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|-
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Weak (I)  
!style="width: 100px;"|Weak (I)  
|| ''hb'' || ''hp'' || ''hd'' || ''ht'' || ''hz'' || ''hc'' || ''hž'' || ''hč'' || ''hλ'' || ''hξ'' || ''hg'' || ''hk'' || ''hq'' || ''ss'' || ''šš'' || ''σσ'' || ''hh'' || ''bm'' || ''dn'' || ''ll'' || ''rr'' || ''yy'' || ''ww'' || ''hl'' || ''hr'' || ''hy'' || ''hw''
|| ''hb'' || ''hp'' || ''hd'' || ''ht'' || ''hḑ'' || ''hț'' || ''hģ'' || ''hc̦'' || ''hλ'' || ''hξ'' || ''hg'' || ''hc'' || ''hq'' || ''ss'' || ''șș'' || ''σσ'' || ''hh'' || ''bm'' || ''dn'' || ''ll'' || ''rr'' || ''yy'' || ''ww'' || ''hl'' || ''hr'' || ''hy'' || ''hw''
|-
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Strong (II) = Overlong (III)
!style="width: 100px;"|Strong (II) = Overlong (III)
|| ''hbb'' || ''hpp'' || ''hdd'' || ''htt'' || ''hzz'' || ''hcc'' || ''hžž'' || ''hčč'' || ''hλλ'' || ''hξξ'' || ''hgg'' || ''hkk'' || ''hqq'' || ''s's'' || ''š'š'' || ''σ'σ'' || ''h'h'' || ''bmm'' /p:m/ || ''dnn'' /t:n/ || ''gll'' /q:ʟ/ || ''drr'' /d:ɾ/ || ''gyy'' /ɟː/ || ''gww'' /gːʷ/ || ''hll'' || ''hrr'' || ''hyy'' || ''hww''
|| ''hbb'' || ''hpp'' || ''hdd'' || ''htt'' || ''hḑḑ'' || ''hțț'' || ''hģģ'' || ''hc̦c̦'' || ''hλλ'' || ''hξξ'' || ''hgg'' || ''hcc'' || ''hqq'' || ''s's'' || ''ș'ș'' || ''σ'σ'' || ''h'h'' || ''bmm'' /p:m/ || ''dnn'' /t:n/ || ''gll'' /q:ʟ/ || ''drr'' /d:ɾ/ || ''gyy'' /ɟː/ || ''gww'' /gːʷ/ || ''hll'' || ''hrr'' || ''hyy'' || ''hww''
|}
|}


Revision as of 02:14, 27 April 2020

Older draft
Năhtuıyin
Created byUser:IlL
SettingVerse:AETHER
Shalaic
  • Older draft

Netagin (Năhtuıyin /ˈnəʔtʰʉjin/) is a Sami, Hebrew and Windermere-inspired Shalaic language. It is related to Shalaian but phonologically is less conservative.

Netagin has notably developed Uralic-style consonant gradation. It also has non-rhoticity as a historical sound change, a sprachbund feature it shares with Shalaian but in a much more limited fashion (Only word-final /r/ is lost).

About

External history

This is the sixth reincarnation of Netagin (my past Hebrew-inspired conlangs).

I was getting bored of standard-fare Semitic and Celtic aesthetics, so I decided to try out a much more (mainly Northern and Skolt) Sami aesthetic and make the Hebrew influence much more subtle (at least phonologically).

Internal history

Netagin is a conlang created by Edna Ashe. Like its relative Shalaian, it is inspired by Hebrew and (in-universe) Philadelphia English but is more Old Irish, Judeo-Gaelic and Cubrite-inspired.

Both Netagin and Shalaian are used as liturgical languages in Ashe's personal system of spirituality.

Internal² history

Shalaian and Netagin belong to a common sprachbund. They are two different branches of the Shalaic family that convergently evolved to share the following features:

  • Preglottalization
  • Large vowel system
  • Historical non-rhoticity
  • Verb-initial syntax
  • Split-ergativity

Unlike Shalaian, Netagin is a "satem" language, i.e. labiovelars become plain velars and plain velars become palatalized.

Phonology

"Northern + Skolt Sami but more Windermere and Tíogall"

Vowels

/ɪ u ɛ ɔ ə a iə uə eə oə ɨə/ i u e o ă a ia ua ea oa ĭa

Umlauted counterparts of the above are marked with ı:

/i ʉ e ɵ ɨ æ ie ue ie oe ɨɪ/ iı uı eı ăı aı ieı ueı eaı oeı ĭeı

Proto-Netagin a ā i ī u ū ə + modal/stød -> a ua e/ea i/ie o/oa u/ua ă/ĭa

Consonants

  • Nasals: m bm bmm hm hmm n dn dnn hn hnn /m pm p:m m̥ː m̥:: n tn t:n n̥ː n̥ː:/
  • Stops:
    • p hp hpp b hb hbb f /pʰ ʔpʰ ʔ:pʰ p~b hp v/
    • t ht htt d hd hdd th /tʰ ʔtʰ t~d ht ð/
    • ț hț hțț ḑ hḑ hḑḑ z /tsʰ ʔtsʰ ts~dz hts z/
    • c̦ hc̦ hc̦c̦ ģ hģ hģģ j /tʃʰ ʔtʃʰ tʃ~dʒ htʃ ʒ/
    • ξ hξ hξξ λ hλ hλλ ƛ /tɬʰ ʔtɬʰ tɬ~dɮ htɬ l/
    • c hc hcc g hg hgg /kʰ ʔkʰ k~g hk/
    • q hq hqq /qʰ ʔqʰ/
  • Fricatives: s ss s's ș șș ș'ș σ σσ σ'σ h hh h'h /s sː ʃ ʃː ɬ ɬː h xː/
  • Other resonants:
    • l ll gll hl hll /ʟ qː χː/
    • r rr drr hr hrr /r tr r̥ː/
    • y yy gyy hy hyy /j cː çː/
    • w ww gww hw hww /w kʷː xʷː/

Stress

Stress is always final.

Gradation

There are 3 gradation grades in Netagin morphology, termed weak, strong, overlong or I, II, III. These are purely morphological: different forms a word may require different grades, and a form may be marked through gradation alone.

Simple consonants

Weak (I) v b th d z ḑ j ģ ƛ λ j g q /q⁼/ s ș σ h m n l r y w
Strong (II) hb hp hd ht hḑ hț hģ hc̦ hλ hξ hg hc hq ss șș σσ hh bm dn ll rr yy ww
Overlong (III) hbb hpp hdd htt hḑḑ hțț hģģ hc̦c̦ hλλ hξξ hgg hcc hqq ss șș σσ hh hm hn hl hr hy hw

Geminate stems

Geminate stems in Netagin largely arise from historical nC, /ʔ h/ + C, C + /ʔ h/ → C: sound changes.

Weak (I) hb hp hd ht hḑ hț hģ hc̦ hλ hξ hg hc hq ss șș σσ hh bm dn ll rr yy ww hl hr hy hw
Strong (II) = Overlong (III) hbb hpp hdd htt hḑḑ hțț hģģ hc̦c̦ hλλ hξξ hgg hcc hqq s's ș'ș σ'σ h'h bmm /p:m/ dnn /t:n/ gll /q:ʟ/ drr /d:ɾ/ gyy /ɟː/ gww /gːʷ/ hll hrr hyy hww

Clusters with resonants

Cluster type PR RR FR RX
Weak (I) PIR RRII FIR RXI
Strong (II) PIIR RRII FItR RXII
Overlong (III) PIIIR RRIII FIIR RXIII
  • R = resonant /m n ʟ r j w/
  • X = obstruent
  • P = stop
  • F = fricative /s ʃ ɬ/
  • CI, CII, CIII = simple consonant in the corresponding gradation grade

Clusters with only obstruents

Phonotactics

Clusters are similar to Shalaian clusters, but some assimilate into geminates

Shalian clusters are similar to Arabic but slightly more restrictive in the direction of Proto-Germanic and Latin.

Clusters in Shalian must obey a sonority hierarchy depending on their position; voicing assimilation is used to resolve clusters that violate it. Few initial clusters (only /Cj/, /Cw/ and /sC/) are allowed, and many non-English clusters are found within words such as /tm/ in għádmer [ˈʕædmə] 'happiness'. However, the most common clusters are ones found in English such as Cr and Cl clusters. Geminates and /rC/ clusters are not allowed within stems, which will be assumed below.

Within stems, the following 2-consonant clusters are allowed, ignoring glottal reinforcement and assuming no syncope. Clusters requiring glottal reinforcement are marked with an asterisk.

  • mC: mn ml mr my mgħ md mdł mj mg mth ms msh mł mkh mħ mh
  • nC: nm nr ny ngħ nw nd ndł nj ng ngw nf nth ns nł nsh nkh nwh nħ nh
  • lC: lm ln ly lgħ lv lw ld lj l'k* l'kw* lf lth ls lsh lkh lwh lħ lh
  • għC: għm għn għl għr għy (never initial) għw għv għd għdł għj għk għkw għf għth għs għł għsh għkh għwh
  • Cm: nm lm għm dm dłm jm 'km* 'kwm* thm sm łm shm khm ħm hm
  • Cn: mn ln għn vn bn dn dłn jn 'kn* 'kwn* fn thn sn łn shn khn whn ħn hn
  • Cl: ml għl vl bl dl 'kl* 'kwl* fl thl sl shl khl whl ħl hl
  • Cr: mr nr għr vr br dr dłr jr 'kr* 'kwr* thr sr łr shr khr whr ħr hr
  • Cy: my ny għy (never initial) vy by dy dły 'ky* fy thy sy ły khy ħy hy
  • Cw: nw għw dw jw thw sw łw shw ħw
  • Cgħ: mgħ ngħ lgħ vgħ bgħ dgħ jgħ 'kgħ* 'kwgħ* fgħ thgħ sgħ shgħ khgħ whgħ
  • XX: dv jv tf tk tkw tħ cht chk chf chs kt kch kf ks ksh kħ kwt kwch kws kwsh ft fch fk fs fsh fħ thk thf thħ sv st sk skw sf sħ łv łt łk łkw łf łħ sht shk shkw shf shħ khf kht khs khsh wht whch whth whs whsh ħt ħch ħf ħs

Morphology

Nouns

Netagin has singular, dual, and plural numbers, and animate and inanimate genders. Some inanimates end in -ă, which is cognate to the Shalaian honorific suffix -er.

Netagin nouns take the definite article pă and the specific article nă.

Todo: Even and odd nouns

Possessive markers

Possessive markers haƀe different forms depending on number and case.

  • c̦uoll = a house (nominative singular)
  • 1s c̦uolăl
  • 2s c̦uolădh
  • 3s c̦uolla (a); c̦uolli (i)
  • 1d c̦uolăjăƀ
  • 2d c̦uolniƀ
  • 3d c̦uolăƀ
  • 1p c̦uolăģ
  • 2p c̦uolni
  • 3p c̦uolăs
  • c̦uol = a house (genitive singular)
  • 1s c̦uolăggăl
  • 2s c̦uolăggădh
  • 3s c̦uolăgg (a); c̦uoluy (i)
  • 1d c̦uolăggăjăƀ
  • 2d c̦uolăggăniƀ
  • 3d c̦uolăggăƀ
  • 1p c̦uolăggăģ
  • 2p c̦uolăggni
  • 3p c̦uolăggăs
  • c̦uolădd = two houses (nominative dual) [dual possessed forms don't depend on case]
  • 1s c̦uolăddăl
  • 2s c̦uolăddădh
  • 3s c̦uolăddud (a); c̦uolădduģ (i)
  • 1d c̦uolăddăjăƀ
  • 2d c̦uolăddăniƀ
  • 3d c̦uolăddăƀ
  • 1p c̦uolăddăģ
  • 2p c̦uolăddni
  • 3p c̦uolăddăs
  • c̦uollu = houses (nom pl)
  • 1s c̦uolul
  • 2s c̦uoludh
  • 3s c̦uollud (a); c̦uolluģ (i)
  • 1d c̦uolujăƀ
  • 2d c̦uoluniƀ
  • 3d c̦uoluƀ
  • 1p c̦uoluģ
  • 2p c̦uoluni
  • 3p c̦uolus
  • c̦uoluk = houses (gen pl)
  • 1s c̦uolugăl
  • 2s c̦uolugădh
  • 3s c̦uolugg (a); c̦uolluy (i)
  • 1d c̦uolugăjăƀ
  • 2d c̦uolugăniƀ
  • 3d c̦uolugăƀ
  • 1p c̦uolugăģ
  • 2p c̦uolugni
  • 3p c̦uolugăs


Adjectives

animate:

  • nominative: qoahđbi /qʰoəθːpi/, qoađbidd /qʰoəðbidːt/, qoađbun /qʰoəðbun/ <- PShal *qũdba, *qũdband, *qũdbaan
  • genitive: qoađbă /qʰoəðbə/, qoahđbin /qʰoəθ:pin/, qoahđbă /qʰoəθ:pə/ <- *qũdbat, *qũdband=igid, *qũdbii

inanimate

  • nominative: qoahđb, qoađbădd, qoahđbu <- *qũdbu, *qũdbund, *qũdbaa
  • genitive: qoađb, qoahđbin, qoađbuk <- *qũdbuk, *qũdbund=igid, *qũdbaak

Pronouns

Independent pronouns

  • 1s hweal
  • 2s hwead
  • 1d hweażab
  • 2d hweanib
  • 1p hweaż
  • 2p hweani

Syntax

Lushootseed (predicate first)?

Myl las oszað, byddzal = Give me your hand, my love

Vocabulary

Shalaian as major loan source?

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