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:[[Shalaic|Proto-Shalaic]]
:[[Shalaic|Proto-Shalaic]]
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Revision as of 14:48, 8 February 2021

Phonology

Grimm's law

Also Verner's law?

get hon. sg. (nouns) -er ~ hon. sg. (verbs) -s, s- with Verner

Diachronics

Grimm's law

Verner's law

Verner's law was discovered by the Shalaian linguist Nirria Verner (Nérrir Vernr).

The consonant change is: f θ s ł x xʷ > v ð z ʒ l ɣ ɣʷ > b d r ž l g w

PId had variable stress. In PShal, words that were penult stressed in PId changed to have final stress because endings dropped out, while keeping PId stød. Verner's law occurred before the stress shifted away from final in final stressed words, again, and affected consonants immediately after a stressed syllable in this intermediate stage. It has no effect after stressed syllables with stød

PId hon. sg. *-asV > PShal *-áz > Shal. -r honorific verbs on the other hand weren't affected by the penultimate to ultimate stress thing hence hon sg verb affix -s

Morphology

Verner results in affix allomorphy and Grammatischer Wechsel

The auxiliary

Should be as far from cartesian product as possible. Justify with analytic constructions; relex Welsh

  • direct imperfect: vor ← *bō ʕar = mae e'n, mar ← *bō mad ʕar = dydy e ddim yn
  • direct perfect: lōkh ← *li ʔōkʷ = mi naeth e, vizha ← *bō hašgā = mae e heb
  • direct irrealis: zhar't ← *jar kʷãtʼ = lit. stands before
Proto-Shalaian TAM markers
imperfect perfect irrealis
pos. neg. pos. neg. pos. neg.
direct (verbal) bō ʕar bō mad ʕar li ʔōkʷ bō ašgā jar kʷãt bãy
question ʔam ʔam yankʷid ʔōkʷ ʔōkʷ rāk ʔam nayd ʔam tuhar nayd
relativizer (direct) dō bī bī ʔōkʷ dō bī ʔōkʷ rāk bī kʷãt dō bī kʷãt
relativizer (indirect) čʼã dō čʼã čʼã ʔōkʷ dō čʼã ʔōkʷ rāk čʼã jar kʷãt dō čʼã jar kʷãt
complementizer ʔit dō rāk ʔikʷ ʔit hin dō rāk hin napā dō jar rā ʔikʷ
if (real) čīr čīr rāk ʔikʷ čīr hin čīr rāk hin (ʔam) kʷid ʔit yankʷid rā ʔikʷ
if (irreal or less vivid) rū ʕar ʔit rū ʕar rāk ʔikʷ rū ʕar bō hin ʔit rū ʕar rāk hin rū ʕar kʷid rā ʔit rū ʕar yankʷid rā ʔikʷ

Syntax

Proto-Shalaian syntax was AuxVOS:

  • Stative verbs (eventually all intransitives): Aux_i prep VN-w_i S_i (abs/erg in Shal.)
  • Dynamic verbs (eventually transitives): Aux_i prep s_j-VN-w_i O_j S_i (abs/erg in Shal.)
  • Infinitive clauses: prep VN.INF-w_i S_i O ... (nom/acc in Shal.)
Proto-Shalaic