Avendonian

Avendonian
avendoniano
Pronunciation	[[Help:IPA|[[[IPA for Avendonian|[avendoˈni̯ano]]]]]]
Created by	S.C.
Setting	Alt-history Europe
Native to	Avendonia
Language family	Indo-European Germanic West Germanic part. Elbe Germanic Pre-Avendonian creole Avendonian
Early form	Old Avendonian
Standard form	Central Avendonian dialect
Dialects	North Adriatic (nordadriatico) Alpine (alpino) High Burgundian (ocburgundico) Low Burgundian (lagburgundico) Genoese (genoico)
Official status
Official language in	Avendonia
Approximate borders of Avendonia

Avendonian (autoglossonym: avendoniano; Avendonian: [avendoˈni̯ano]) is a West Germanic language, with strong influence of Vulgar Latin. It is the result of a prolonged contact among members of both regions, after West Germanic merchants began travelling to and from the Western Roman Empire. These connections—and the conquest by the Germanic tribes of the northern skirts of the Roman Empire—slowly formed a creole for mutual communication. Eventually, permanent settlements were established in what would become modern-day Avendonia, where Avendonian is primarily spoken, with official status.

While its vocabulary derives for the most part from Proto-Germanic, Latin influence is most notable in its phonology and its grammar.

Etymology

The language name derives directly from the country it is spoken in, Avendonia. It makes reference to the Roman description of the Avendonian peoples, which were settled west of Rome; in the direction of the setting sun. Ultimately from Proto-Germanic *ēbanþs (“evening”), it came to mean “sunset people” or “people of the setting sun”.

Orthography

The Avendonian alphabet consists of 18 letters, five of which are vowels and 13 consonants. There are no diacritics, and contractions make use of the apostrophe to mark vowel omission.

Letters of the Avendonian alphabet
Aa	Bb	Cc	Dd	Ee	Ff	Gg	Ii	Ll	Mm	Nn	Oo	Pp	Rr	Ss	Tt	Uu	Vv

Non-native letters such as J, K, Q, Z, etc. may occur in some foreign words or proper nouns, chiefly in toponyms and given names. Yy is part of the alphabet of the Burgundian dialects of Avendonian, like in dydere.

The letters correspond almost one to one to their pronunciation. The Avendonian orthography is considered shallow or phonetic, as opposed to deep orthographies like French's. The orthography features that do not follow the correspondance are:

• The letters ⟨c⟩ and ⟨g⟩ make the sound /t͡ʃ/ and /d͡ʒ/, respectively, if followed by ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩. Examples: cicare /t͡͡ʃiˈkare/, geldo /ˈd͡ʒeldo/.
• ⟨t⟩ in the combination ⟨ti⟩ makes the sound /t͡s/. Example: tite /ˈt͡site/.
• The combination ⟨gn⟩ makes the sound /ɲ/, as in Italian or Spanish ñ. Example: gnagare /ɲaˈgare/.
• ⟨i⟩ in intervocalic position or word-initially turns into the semivowel /j/. Examples: iaro /ˈjaro/, bluiare /bluˈjare/.
• The digraph ⟨sc⟩ before front vowels (i.e. ⟨i⟩ and ⟨e⟩) makes the sound /ʃ/. Example: sciio /ˈʃijo/.
• The digraph ⟨ch⟩ makes the sound /k/, and it is only found in loanwords.

Phonology

Consonants

Consonant phonemes

	Labial		Dental/ alveolar		Post- alveolar/ palatal		Velar
Nasal		m		n		ɲ		(ŋ)
Stop	p	b	t	d			k	ɡ
Affricate			t͡s		t͡ʃ	d͡ʒ
Fricative	f	v	s		ʃ
Approximant						j
Lateral				l
Trill				r
Flap				(ɾ)

Notes:

• As stated in §Orthography, /k, g, sk/ palatalize to /t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ, ʃ/ before front vowels /i, e/.
• When followed or preceded by a vowel but not word-initially, /i/ shortens and forms a diphthong with the adjacent vowel. Examples: sigie /ˈsid͡ʒi̯e/, perstelitio /persteˈlit͡si̯o/.
• [ɾ] is a permissible allophone of /r/ in fast speech.
• [ŋ] is an allophone of /n/ before velar stops /k, g/, both intra- and intersyllabically, although the former can only happen in the Low Burgundian dialect.
  Examples: drincare /driŋˈkare/, anguste /aŋˈguste/, Low Burgundian clang /klaŋg/ (standard clango).

Vowels

Vowel phonemes

	Front		Central	Back
Close	i	(y)		u
Close-mid	e			o
Open	a

Notes:

• /y/ is native to the Burgundian dialects, evolved from Proto-Germanic *iu which merged with /i/ in the rest of dialects.
• /e, o/ may be realized as [e̞, o̞].

Prosody

Avendonian is strictly paroxytonic, meaning words always receive stress on their second-to-last syllable.

spraca (SPRA-ca) /ˈspra.ka/, ordo (OR-do) /ˈor.do/, bucaria (bu-CA-ria) /bu.ˈka.ri̯a/, etc.

Monosyllabic words like blio have the stress in their only syllable, but it is weaker than those in polysyllabic words, unless emphasized. Enclitic and other unstressed personal pronouns do not affect stress patterns:

elpare-te, /el.ˈpa.re‿te/ and not /el.pa.ˈre‿te/

Longer words (four or more syllables) may receive a secondary stress in the fourth-to-last syllable (i.e. two syllables before the main or primary stress):

sobgrundsporvego /sob.ˌgrund.spor.ˈve.go/, surstopitio /ˌsur.sto.ˈpi.t͡si̯o/

Grammar

Avendonian grammar is relatively straightforward and akin to the grammar of other Romance languages, due to the influence of Latin.

1. Two sets of articles, indefinite and definite, preceding the noun.
2. Gender and number inflection in nouns, adjectives, and pronouns. Articles and adjectives must agree inflection-wise with the noun or pronoun they modify.
3. Twofold gender system, masculine and feminine. Loss of Latin neuter gender.
4. Fusional verb inflection for person, number, mood, and tense.

However, noun and adjective declension endings, along with the ablaut in strong verbs are elements derived from Germanic.

Articles

Both definite and indefinite articles have four distinct forms, for number and gender:

Indefinite articles

	masculine	feminine
singular	uno	una
plural	uni	une

Definite articles

	masculine	feminine
singular	el	la
plural	li	le

Avendonian articles function similarly as English a and the, but gender and number of the following noun determine the form that must be used. For example:

buce m sg → el buce (“the book”), uno buce (“a book”).

frage f pl → le frage (“the questions”), une frage (“some questions”).

etc.

The definite article el forms a contraction with prepositions a and de, using an apostrophe: a'l, d'el. These are the only standard contractions; other contractions like Ca ga't? from ga + et (“How goes it?”, greeting) are not disallowed but are discouraged in formal writing.

Nouns

Avendonian noun declensions

	A-stem	O-stem	E-stem	U-stem
singular	-a	-o	-e	-o
plural	-e	-i		-u

Nouns in Avendonian fall in one of the following almost fully regular declensions:

• A-stem: mostly feminine nouns. From Latin first declension and Germanic ō- and ōn-stems. E.g. erda.
• O-stem: chiefly masculine nouns. From Latin second declension and Germanic a-stems. E.g. vundro.
• E-stem: both genders. From the third and fifth declensions of Latin and various Germanic stems (like an-stems). E.g. snege.
• U-stem: both genders but mainly masculine. From Latin fourth declension and u-stem from Germanic. E.g. vintro.

Notable exceptions are the productive suffix -tio, which forms feminine o-stem nouns from verbs, and the -ista suffix forms epicene a-stem nouns. Other words have no distinctive feature in the modern language, i.e. differences are etymological.

Personal pronouns

Avendonian personal pronouns

			personal pronouns		possessive pronoun
			subjective	objective
first person	singular		eo	me	mede
	plural		vi	nos	nosde
second person	singular	standard	tu	te	tede
		formal	Si		Side
	plural		i	vos	vosde
third person	singular	masculine	e	si	side
		feminine	si
		neuter	et
	plural		si

Personal pronouns in Avendonian have the following forms:

• Avendonian is not a pro-drop language, as other Romance languages. In other words, the subject, which may or may not be a personal pronoun must appear in every sentence, except in relative clauses where the subject of both statements is the same.

Eo spreco avendoniano. I speak Avendonian

El hundo ce (et) va mudio asatui. The dog which was tired sat down.

• Objective pronouns act as the direct object of a sentence. If the verb is an infinitive or an imperative, the pronoun is attached to it with a hyphen; otherwise, it precedes the verb.

E me gavo uno scenco en el burddago mede. He gave me a present for my birthday.

Bido, sende-me uno posrito cando si encumen. Please, send me a message when they arrive.

• Possessive pronouns can function as determiners and pronouns, i.e. my and mine. Possessives
  must be written in the form of article + noun + possessive. The article still agrees in gender and number with the noun.

El vagno mede. My car.          Le sceiate side. His/Her/Their stories.

Perlosasti tu el buce tede? Eo cuno liare el mede. You lost your book? I can lend you mine.

• Avendonian has, as in the Romance languages, T–V distinction. This distinction is lost in the plural. Formal second person pronouns are always capitalized, in all forms, no matter the environment.

Bido ero, ce bi el name Side? Excuse me sir, what is your name? (formal)

Si Si bi perlisato, vi cunamos ledere-Si. If you are lost, we can guide you. (formal)

Adjectives

As said above, adjectives agree in gender and number with the noun, and are placed after them. They exist in three degrees: positive, comparative, and superlative. All three degress have an adverbial form, which will be discussed in §Adverbs below.

Positive degree

The positive degree is the default form of Avendonian adjectives, which simply describes the noun. It is also the only degree subject to declensional variation. The declension patterns are exactly as those of nouns, although porpora is considered irregular, not a-stem.

Uno vagno roto. A red car.

La dotre sciia mede. My shy daughter.

Li landi fere. The distant or far countries.

The same forms can also be used predicatively. Thus: La dotre mede bi sciia. My daughter is shy., Li landi bin fere. The countries are far (away)., etc. Passive participles can function as regular adjectives, and active participles (or gerunds) result in undeclinable adjectives. An example of an adjective of each declension is given:

O-stem

alto “old”
posv	masculine	feminine
singular	alto	alta
plural	alti	alte

E-stem

comene “common”
posv	masculine	feminine
singular	comene
plural

U-stem

engo “narrow”
posv	masculine	feminine
singular	engo
plural	engu

Irregular

porpora “purple”
posv	masculine	feminine
singular	porpora
plural	porpore

Comparative degree

Regular

alto “old”
cmpr	masculine	feminine
singular	altior	altiora
plural	altiori	altiore

Irregular

guto “good”
cmpr	masculine	feminine
singular	betior	betiora
plural	betiori	betiore

Avendonian comparative adjectives can establish three sorts of comparison: equative (X is as Y as Z), superior (X is more Y than Z), and inferior (X is less Y than Z). Fusional endings are only used in
equative comparatives. Consider the following example:

• Iane is shorter than Vilelmo. Iane bi curtior ce Vilelmo.
• Iane is as short as Vilelmo. Iane bi ta curto ca Vilelmo.
• Iane is “less short” than Vilelmo. Iane bi minire curto ca Vilelmo.

Notice the use of different prepositions in each comparison. Both X and Z can be personal pronouns, only in the subject form.

• You are shorter than me. Tu bis curtior ce eo.

Regular

alto “old”
supl	masculine	feminine
singular	altesmo	altesma
plural	altesmi	altesme

Irregular

guto “good”
supl	masculine	feminine
singular	betesmo	betesma
plural	betesmi	betesme

Superlative degree

Superlatives are always preceded by a definite article, and both must agree with the noun they are modifying. Thus:

• Iane bi el curtesmo. Iane is the shortest.
• Iane e Vilelmo bin li curtesmi. Iane and Vilelmo are the shortest.

Indeclinable adjectives

Some adjectives have a single form for all degrees, but the same effect is achieved placing before them the adverbs mere and mesto. Some of this adjectives are indeclinable for etymological reasons (e.g. na) or because of their nature as active participles (e.g. denemanti). Mesto however does inflect for gender and number, like a regular adjective.

na “near, close”

positive	comparative	superlative
na	mere na	mesto na

 

• That joke is the most welcome.
  Elo stricolo bi el mesto vilicume.

 

 

• Those jokes are the most welcome.
  Eli stricoli bin li mesti vilicume.

 

Verbs

Verbs are the part of speech that exhibits the most morphology in Avendonian. There are ten main tenses, three moods, six persons and two numbers—passive participles inflect for gender too. Verbs in Avendonian are, in general, very regular except a small set of verbs, which includes the copula sire.

Avendonian classifies both weak and strong verbs in two conjugations, -are (first conjugation) and -ere (second conjugation). The former are the most prone to have ablaut, which changes the vowel of the stem in the perfect tenses.

Weak verbs

weak 1^st conjugation example paradigm — ladare “to load”

active participle			ladanti
passive participle			masculine feminine singular ladato ladata plural ladati ladate
person       tense		first singular eo	second singular tu	third singular e, si, et	first plural vi	second plural i	third plural si
indicative	present	lado	ladas	lada	ladamos	ladates	ladan
	perfect	lade	ladasti	lado	ladamos	ladastes	ladaron
	imperfect	ladaba	ladabas	ladaba	ladabamos	ladabates	ladaban
	future	ladarabo	ladarabes	ladarabe	ladarabemos	ladarabetes	ladaraben
	conditional	ladaraba	ladarabas	ladaraba	ladarabamos	ladarabates	ladaraban
subjunctive	present	lade	lades	lade	lademos	ladetes	laden
	perfect	ladase	ladases	ladase	ladasemos	ladasetes	ladasen
imperative			lada			ladan

weak 2^nd conjugation example paradigm — ladere “to invite”

active participle			ladenti
passive participle			masculine feminine singular ladeto ladeta plural ladeti ladete
person       tense		first singular eo	second singular tu	third singular e, si, et	first plural vi	second plural i	third plural si
indicative	present	lado	lades	lade	lademos	ladetes	laden
	perfect	ladui	laduis	ladui	laduimos	laduites	laduin
	imperfect	ladia	ladias	ladia	ladiamos	ladiates	ladian
	future	laderabo	laderabes	laderabe	laderabemos	laderabetes	laderaben
	conditional	laderaba	laderabas	laderaba	laderabamos	laderabates	laderaban
subjunctive	present	lada	ladas	lada	ladamos	ladates	ladan
	perfect	laduise	laduises	laduise	laduisemos	laduisetes	laduisen
imperative			lade			laden

Notice:

• The only difference between active and passive participles, present indicative, future, and conditional of each conjugation is the thematic vowel. E.g. 2sg prs ind ladas vs. lades.
• Perfect subjunctive forms are perfect indicative forms with a -se suffix.
• If the thematic vowel is ⟨a⟩, then the vowel in the present subjunctive endings is ⟨e⟩, and vice versa.
• The personal endings in their most basic form are -Ø, -s, -Ø, -mos, -tes, -n.
• Imperative forms are exactly as singular and plural third-person present indicative forms. Formal imperatives are formed similarly with present subjunctive forms.

Strong verbs

Strong verbs are conjugated as weak verbs, but the main stem vowel undergoes a phonological process known as ablaut. This is present in the indicative and subjunctive perfect tense. In the following example, the tenses that remain unchanged are omitted.

strong 1^st conjugation example paradigm — scedare “to separate”

person       tense		first singular eo	second singular tu	third singular e, si, et	first plural vi	second plural i	third plural si
indicative	present	scedo	scedas	sceda	scedamos	scedates	scedan
	perfect	scide	scidasti	scido	scidamos	scidastes	scidaron
subjunctive	perfect	scidase	scidases	scidase	scidasemos	scidasetes	scidasen

strong 2^nd conjugation example paradigm — evere “to lift”

person       tense		first singular eo	second singular tu	third singular e, si, et	first plural vi	second plural i	third plural si
indicative	present	evo	eves	eve	evemos	evetes	even
	perfect	uvui	uvuis	uvui	uvuimos	uvuites	uvuin
subjunctive	perfect	uvuise	uvuises	uvuise	uvuisemos	uvuisetes	uvuisen

Second-conjugation strong verbs are much less common than first-conjugation. They are derived from Proto-Germanic j-present strong verbs, and were already scarce.

Irregular vebrs

Besides the copula, there are only two irregular verbs: duere and friiere—and derivatives thereof. In the perfect tenses, duere uses ⟨v⟩ instead of the expected ⟨u⟩: eo davi, not *eo daui, tu davis, not *tu dauis, etc.; eo davise, tu davises, etc.

friiere, on the other hand, has an irregularity in the imperfect indicative tense. The expected *eo friiia, *tu friiias, etc. is rendered as eo frigia, tu frigias, etc.

sire, to be

Like many other languages, including Romance and Germanic, the verb “to be” is very irregular. The copula is suppletive, meaning the stem changes between stems. A full conjugation paradigm is given.

infinitive			sire
active participle			vesanti
passive participle			masculine feminine singular sito sita plural siti site
person       tense		first singular eo	second singular tu	third singular e, si, et	first plural vi	second plural i	third plural si
indicative	present	bi	bis	bin	bimos	bites	bin
	perfect	va	vas	va	vamos	vates	van
	imperfect	era	eras	era	eramos	erates	eran
	future	sirabo	sirabes	sirabe	sirabemos	sirabetes	siraben
	conditional	siraba	sirabas	siraba	sirabamos	sirabates	siraban
subjunctive	present	si	sis	si	simos	sites	sin
	perfect	vari	varis	vari	varimos	varites	varin
imperative			si			sin

  Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁es-. Cognate with German sein and Dutch zijn.

  From Proto-Germanic *wesaną.

  From Latin sum.

  From Proto-Germanic *beuną.