User:IlL/Knench/Ancient

Ancient Crannish
*hax-xana3nījō
Created by	IlL
Setting	Verse:Lõis
Language family	Afro-Asiatic Semitic Central Semitic Canaanite Ancient Crannish

Ancient Crannish (natively *hal-lasūn hak-kana3nījō 'the Canaanite language') is the earliest attested stage of Crannish, first attested in the era of Biblical Hebrew. Post-Christianity it underwent drastic changes in mere centuries, thus ushering in the era of modern Crannish. Ancient Crannish was spoken in Iberia.

Ancient Crannish developed in isolation from Hebrew and was influenced by Celtic languages. It is a separate lineage from the dialect of Canaanite that eventually gave rise to Tiberian Hebrew and the modern Jewish Hebrew reading traditions in Lõis.

Ancient Crannish speakers were mostly Celts who adopted a Canaanite language. As such their religion differed markedly from ancient Hebrew polytheism (and seems to have adopted Semitic religious terms for concepts that were very different).

Surviving literature in Ancient Crannish are all attested as transcriptions into Greek or Latin. It includes bardic poetry, a portion of the epic *Tabarē [?] (Tales of [?]) and some incantations.

(Grimm should happen during Old Crannish stage)

Todo

• When should matres lectionis be used?
• some a-priori roots
• Vowel reduction:
  • final originally unstressed long > short
• Two mythical ravens Hūgin 'he who contemplates' (h-g-y) and Mūnin 'he who decides' (m-n-y)? Need nunation

Phonology

Orthography

Ancient Crannish was written in an abjad descended from the Proto-Hebrew script, and sometimed used a native invented vocalization system. Incantations were completely vocalized, other religious texts less so.

Since Ancient Crannish merged /ʔ/ and /h/ completely, the letters aleph (half) and he (hê) are confused in earlier texts. Eventually the letter he was only used for a few function words and particles such as the definite article haC-.

Consonants

Out of the 25 consonants of Proto-Canaanite, Ancient Crannish merged:

• /x/ with /ħ/ into /ħ/
• /ʕ/ and /ɣ/ into /ɣ̃/
• /h/ and /ʔ/ into /ʔ~ɦ~h~Ø/ ([h] was an allophone used for emphasis.)
• /s/ and /š/ into /s/

On the other hand, it gained consonants allophonically (see #Mutations).

/m p b n t d t(phar) ts s(retracted) ts(phar) ɬ (Philly L) ħ k g q l w j r ʔ~ɦ~h~Ø/ ⟨m p b n t d ᴛ z s c ś ȝ ħ k g ᴋ l w y r h⟩

Vowels

Ancient Crannish retained Proto-Canaanite vowel length and developed overlong vowels. It had the chain shift ā > ō > ū, similar to Punic and Judeo-Gaelic Hebrew, and developed a new ā from compensatory lengthening.

a e i u ā ē ī ō ū ê î ô û /a ɛ~e ɪ~ɨ ʊ~o aː ɛː iː ɔː uː ɛːː iːː ɔːː uːː/

Minimal pairs and triples for overlong vowels in Ancient Crannish:

• malkō 'a queen', malkô 'her king'
• suprī 'count! (f.sg.)', suprî 'literary, written'
• harbi! 'do something a lot! (m.sg.)' harbī! 'ibid., f.sg.' harbî 'numerous'
• dammim 'bleed!', dammīm 'bloodshed', dammîm 'bloody, of or like blood (masculine plural)'
• bētū 'his house', bētû 'his houses'
• rū3ē 'the evils of', rū3ê 'the friends of'

Many instances of long and overlong vowels resulted from dropped aleph and he and instances of lost gemination in grammatical affixes. For example: pû 'come! (m.sg.)' (from *būʔ < *buʔ, Tiberian Hebrew /bo:/)

Prosody

Stress

There were major stress shifts away from final stress from Pre-Exilic Canaanite to Ancient Crannish, eventually resulting in unconditional initial stress.

1. Stress shifted to penultimate for feminine singular nouns ending in -ō in adjectives, then nouns, by analogy with the unstressed 3SG.F perfect affix -ō.
2. By analogy, stress shifted to penultimate for nouns ending in a plural suffix -īm, -ē, or -ūδ.
3. Stress became uniformly initial, ignoring proclitics such as the definite article haC-, prepositions ka- 'and', li- 'dative', bi- 'locative/instrumental', miC- 'from', and the waw in waw-forms. Vowel reduction in surviving texts (missing matres lectionis, or changes in vowels) suggests that at first this was done deliberately as a stylized way to chant incantations.

Morphophonology

Mutations

Words can undergo initial mutation but the mutations are different from the begadkefat spirantization in Tiberian Hebrew. The following mutations occur after a vowel:

• beth /p/ → /b/
• pe /f/ → /v/
• daleth /t/ → /d/
• taw /θ/ → /ð/
• gimel /k/ → /g/
• kaph /x/ → /ɣ/
• zayin /ts/ → /dz/
• samekh /s/ → /z/

Morphology

Pronouns

Independent

• 1sg: hani, ni
• 2sg: hatta, ta (m); hatte, te (f)
• 3sg: hū (m); hī (f)
• 1pl: haħnu
• 2pl: hattemma, temma (m); hattenna, tenna (f)
• 3pl: hemma (m), henna (f)

Nouns

Inflection

The definite article was ʔaC- (~ Biblical Hebrew *haC-). It caused gemination of the following consonant; if the following consonant was a guttural and thus could not geminate, it was lengthened to ʔō-.

Unstressed -ō corresponds to the Biblical feminine singular ending *-ṓ. Other possible feminine endings are -t, -θ or -δ. Eventually stress shifted away from gender/number suffixes across the board: The regular masculine and feminine plural endings were unstressed -īm and unstressed -ūδ, ~ Biblical Hebrew *-ī́m and *-ṓt.

Often -ō is found where Hebrew has -t.

The construct state was much more predictable than in Tiberian Hebrew.

Example with sȳs 'horse' and sȳsō 'female horse':

Noun declension

number	singular		plural
gender	m.	f.	m.	f.
indef.	𐤎𐤅𐤎 sȳs /suːs/	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤀 sȳsō /ˈsuːsaː/	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤌‎ sȳsīm /ˈsuːsiːm/	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤅𐤕‎‎ sȳsūδ /ˈsuːsoːð/
def.	𐤄𐤎𐤅𐤎 has-sȳs /ʔasˈsuːs/	𐤄𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤀 has-sȳsō /ʔasˈsuːsaː/	𐤄𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤌‎ has-sȳsīm /ʔasˈsuːsiːm/	𐤄𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤅𐤕‎‎ has-sȳsūδ /ʔasˈsuːsoːð/
const.	𐤎𐤅𐤎 sȳs /suːs/	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕 sȳsaδ /ˈsuːsað/	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉‎ sȳsē /ˈsuːseː/	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤅𐤕‎‎ sȳsūδ /ˈsuːsoːð/
"my"	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉 sȳsī /ˈsuːsiː/	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉 sȳsaδī /ˈsuːsaðiː/	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉‎ sȳsajj /ˈsuːsai/	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉‎‎ sȳsuδajj /ˈsuːsuðai/
"thy" (m)	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤊 sȳsaγa /ˈsuːsaɣa/	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤊 sȳsaδaγa /ˈsuːsaðaɣa/	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤊‎ sȳsēγa /ˈsuːseːɣa/	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤊‎‎ sȳsuδēγa /ˈsuːsuðeːɣa/
"thy" (f)	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤊 sȳsaγe /ˈsuːsaɣɛ/	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤊 sȳsaδaγe /ˈsuːsaðaɣɛ/	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤊‎ sȳsēγe /ˈsuːseːɣɛ/	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤊‎‎ sȳsuδēγe /ˈsuːsuðeːɣɛ/
"his"	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤅 sȳsū /ˈsuːsoː/	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤅 sȳsaδū /ˈsuːsaðoː/	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤅‎ sȳsû /ˈsuːsoːː/	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤅‎‎ sȳsuδû /ˈsuːsuðoːː/
"her"	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤀𐤀 sȳsô /ˈsuːsaːː/	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤀𐤀 sȳsaδô /ˈsuːsaðaːː/	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤀𐤀‎ sȳseyô /ˈsuːsejaːː/	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤀𐤀‎‎ sȳsuδēyô /ˈsuːsuðeːjaːː/
"our"	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤍 sȳsinu /ˈsuːsinu/	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤍 sȳsaδinu /ˈsuːsaðinu/	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤍‎ sȳsēnu /ˈsuːseːnu/	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤍‎‎ sȳsuδēnu /ˈsuːsuðeːnu/
"y'all's" (m)	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤊𐤌‎‎ sȳsaγem /ˈsuːsaɣem/	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤊𐤌 sȳsaδaγem /ˈsuːsaðaɣem/	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤊𐤌‎ sȳsēγem /ˈsuːseːɣem/	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤊𐤌‎‎ sȳsuδēγem /ˈsuːsuðeːɣem/
"y'all's" (f)	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤊𐤍 sȳsaγen /ˈsuːsaɣen/	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤊𐤍 sȳsaδaγen /ˈsuːsaðaɣen/	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤊𐤍‎ sȳsēγen /ˈsuːseːɣen/	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤊𐤍‎‎ sȳsuδēγen /ˈsuːsuðeːɣen/
"their" (m)	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤀𐤌 sȳsōm(u) /ˈsuːsaːm(u)/	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤀𐤌 sȳsaδōm(u) /ˈsuːsaðaːm(u)/	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤀𐤌, 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤌𐤅 ‎ sȳsêm, sȳsēmu /ˈsuːseːːm, ˈsuːseːmu/	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤀𐤌, 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤌𐤅 ‎‎‎ sȳsuδêm, sȳsuδēmu /ˈsuːsuðeːːm ˈsuːsuðeːmu/
"their" (f)	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤀𐤍 sȳsōn /ˈsuːsaːn/	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤀𐤍 sȳsaδōn /ˈsuːsaðaːn/	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤀𐤍‎ sȳsên /ˈsuːseːːn/	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤀𐤍‎‎ sȳsuδên /ˈsuːsuðeːːn/

TODO: Principal parts for segolates and other specific patterns

Other inflections

The directive he reflects as -a.

Adjectives

Adjectives are very similar to pre-exilic Biblical Hebrew. Adjectives can be put in construct state: e.g. ħṓli hṓbō 'lovesick (m.sg.)' (ħṓli is the construct of ħṓlē 'sick').

A common way to express 'very, extreme(ly), great(ly)' was to use the clitic rū- (which caused mutation; borrowed from Proto-Celtic *ɸro-; cognate to Irish ró-, Welsh rhy, both 'too, excessively'). At first only adjectives could take this prefix, but later it was also used on nouns to indicate numerousness or intensity (influenced by רוב *rubb 'multitude' used before a noun).

Verbs

todo: get rid of 3fp forms

Ancient Crannish used all 7 binyanim of Biblical Hebrew; another stem (the L-stem; TibH פולל pûlêl and pûlal) remained fully productive in Ancient Crannish.

Verbs inherited the following forms from pre-Biblical Hebrew:

• preterite independent (~ BH waw-consecutive preterite)
• present independent (~ BH waw-consecutive imperfect)
• preterite dependent (~ BH perfect)
• present dependent (~ BH imperfect)
• imperative
• cohortative -a
• infinitive construct
• participles

The following verb forms lost their productivity:

• emphatic m.sg. imperative -a
• jussive (only survives in hajō 'to be')
• infinitive absolute

The waw-consecutive came to play a purely syntactic role: The waw-consecutive is used as the default form, and the non-waw forms are used when a pre-verbal particle is attached (such as lū 'not', him 'if; definitely not', ha- 'question particle', xī 'when', (wa)hinni 'but; but then'). This is similar to Old Irish verbal allomorphy between independent and dependent forms.

Independent vs. dependent forms: example

	independent	dependent
preterite	waw-preterite: wayyūγal 'he ate'	perfect: lū haγal 'he did not eat'
present	waw-stative: wōhaγal 'he eats'	imperfect: lū yūγal 'he does not eat'

Binyan faȝal (paʕal)

samar 'he kept'

→ Person ↓ Tense		1s	2ms	2fs	3ms	3fs	1p	2mp	2fp	3mp	3fp
preterite	indep.	wêsmur	waθθesmur	waθθesmurī	wajjesmur	waθθesmur	wannesmur	waθθesmurū	waθθesmurna	wajjesmurū	waθθesmurna
	dep.	samarθi	samarθa	samarθe	samar	samarō	samarnu	samarθem	samarθen	samarū
present	indep.	wassamarθi	wassamarθa	wassamarθe	wassamar	wassamarō	wassamarnu	wassamarθem	wassamarθen	wassamarū
	dep.	hesmur	θesmur	θesmurī	jesmur	θesmur	nesmur	θesmurū	θesmurna	jesmurū	θesmurna
imperative		-	simur!	simurī!	-	-	-	simurū!	simurna!	-	-
active participle		sūmḗr
passive participle		samȳ́r
infinitive		simṓr

Binyan nivȝal (nifʕal)

nixθab 'it was written'

→ Person ↓ Tense		1s	2ms	2fs	3ms	3fs	1p	2mp	2fp	3mp	3fp
preterite	indep.	wêxxaδib	waθθixxaδib	waθθixxaδibī	wajjixxaδib	waθθixxaδib	wannixxaδib	waθθixxaδibū	waθθixxaδibna	wajjixxaδibū	waθθixxaδibna
	dep.	nixθabθi	nixθabθa	nixθabθe	nixθab	nixθabō	nixθabnu	nixθabθem	nixθabθen	nixθabū
present	indep.	wannixθabθi	wannixθabθa	wannixθabθe	wannixθab	wannixθabō	wannixθabnu	wannixθabθem	wannixθabθen	wannixθabū
	dep.	hixxaδib	θixxaδib	θixxaδibī	jixxaδib	θixxaδib	nixxaδib	θixxaδibū	θixxaδibna	jixxaδibū	θixxaδibna
imperative		-	hixxaδib!	hixxaδibī!	-	-	-	hixxaδibū!	hixxaδibna!	-	-
participle		nixθōb
infinitive		hixxaδib

Binyan fiȝȝil (piʕʕel)

kittil 'he grew (sth)'

→ Person ↓ Tense		1s	2ms	2fs	3ms	3fs	1p	2mp	2fp	3mp	3fp
preterite	indep.	wôgattil	waθθagattil	waθθagattilī	wajjagattil	waθθagattil	wannagattil	waθθagattilū	waθθagattelna	wajjagattilū	waθθagattelna
	dep.	kittelθi	kittelθa	kittelθe	kittil	kittilō	kittelnu	kittelθem	kittelθen	kittilū
present	indep.	wakkittelθi	wakkittelθa	wakkittelθe	wakkittil	wakkittilō	wakkittelnu	wakkittelθem	wakkittelθen	wakkittilū
	dep.	hagattil	θagattil	θagattilī	jagattil	θagattil	nagattil	θagattilū	θagattelna	jagattilū	θagattelna
imperative		-	kattil!	kattilī!	-	-	-	kattilū!	kattelna!	-	-
participle		mugattil
infinitive		kattil

Binyan hivȝīl (hifʕil)

hibdīl 'he separated'

→ Person ↓ Tense	1s	2ms	2fs	3ms	3fs	1p	2mp	2fp	3mp	3fp
preterite indep.	wôbdīl	waθθabdīl	waθθabdīlī	wajjabdīl	waθθabdīl	wannabdīl	waθθabdīlū	waθθabdelna	wajjabdīlū	waθθabdelna
preterite dep.	hibdelθi	hibdelθa	hibdelθe	hibdīl	hibdīlō	hibdelnu	hibdelθem	hibdelθen	hibdīlū
present indep.	wêbdelθi	wêbdelθa	wêbdelθe	wêbdel	wêbdelō	wêbdelnu	wêbdelθem	wêbdelθen	wêbdelū
present dep.	habdīl	θabdīl	θabdīlī	jabdīl	θabdīl	nabdīl	θabdīlū	θabdelna	jabdīlū	θabdelna
imperative	-	habdel!	habdelī!	-	-	-	habdelū!	habdelna!	-	-
participle	mabdīl
infinitive	habdīl

Binyan hiðvaȝȝil (hithpaʕʕel)

hiθnaᴋᴋim 'he resented'

→ Person ↓ Tense	1s	2ms	2fs	3ms	3fs	1p	2mp	2fp	3mp	3fp
preterite indep.	wôθnaᴋᴋim	waθθiθnaᴋᴋim	waθθiθnaᴋᴋimī	wajjiθnaᴋᴋim	waθθiθnaᴋᴋim	wanniθnaᴋᴋim	waθθiθnaᴋᴋimū	waθθiθnaᴋᴋemna	wajjiθnaᴋᴋimū	waθθiθnaᴋᴋemna
preterite dep.	hiθnaᴋᴋemθi	hiθnaᴋᴋemθa	hiθnaᴋᴋemθe	hiθnaᴋᴋim	hiθnaᴋᴋimō	hiθnaᴋᴋemnu	hiθnaᴋᴋemθem	hiθnaᴋᴋemθen	hiθnaᴋᴋimū
present indep.	wêθnaᴋᴋemθi	wêθnaᴋᴋemθa	wêθnaᴋᴋemθe	wêθnaᴋᴋim	wêθnaᴋᴋimō	wêθnaᴋᴋemθnu	wêθnaᴋᴋemθem	wêθnaᴋᴋemθem	wêθnaᴋᴋimū
present dep.	haθnaᴋᴋim	θiθnaᴋᴋim	θiθnaᴋᴋimī	jiθnaᴋᴋim	θiθnaᴋᴋim	niθnaᴋᴋim	θiθnaᴋᴋimū	θiθnaᴋᴋemna	θiθnaᴋᴋimū	θiθnaᴋᴋemna
imperative	-	hiθnaᴋᴋim!	hiθnaᴋᴋimī!	-	-	-	hiθnaᴋᴋimū!	hiθnaᴋᴋemna!	-	-
participle	muθnaᴋᴋim
infinitive	hiθnaᴋᴋim

Object suffixes

• 1sg: -ni
• 2sg: -γa (m); -γe (f)
• 3sg: -w (after most V), -vu (after u or ȳ), -ū (after C) (m); -ô, -hô (f)
• 1pl: -nu
• 2pl: -γem (m); -γen (f)
• 3pl: -hem, -m, -im, -mu, -imu (m); -hen, -n, -in (f)

Gzarot

Main article: Ancient Crannish/Gzarot

Prepositions

• jūδ = direct object marker
• li- = to, for, of
• pi- = in, at, by, with (inst.)
• tum la- = like, as
• miC- = from
• ȝim, hiδ = with (comit.)
• wēn = without
• jaȝn = because of
• ȝalē = on

Conjunctions

• xa- = and ('like' > 'and')
• ja3n = because

Syntax

Ancient Crannish syntax is similar to Bibical Hebrew, but more systematic and streamlined from an IE perspective. Basic word order was retained as VSO under the influence of Celtic (unlike in spoken Biblical Hebrew).

Tense constructions

Ancient Crannish preserved Biblical Hebrew-like verb conjugation quite well (even retaining the waw-consecutive), but also innovated tense constructions. This came from the fact that Celtic speakers attempting to use the aspect-based grammar of Canaanite wanted to indicate tense unambiguously. The choice of whether to use the non-waw or the waw forms is purely syntactic; it depends on whether there is a preverb or not.

• Pluperfect: hajō or wajjê + perfect
• Preterite: perfect or waw-preterite
• Past imperfect: hajō or wajjê ('was') + imperfect is used to specifically indicate past imperfect
• Present: imperfect or waw-stative
  • Jussive uses the present dependent
• Future imperfective: jî or wājō + imperfect
• Future perfective: wājō + perfect (~ BH *wahajō, waw-consecutive + suffix conjugation)
• As in Hebrew, positive imperatives use the imperative but negative imperatives use hal + 2nd person present dependent.

Uses of the infinitive construct

Many of the Biblical or quasi-Biblical uses of the infinitive construct were retained:

1. la + IC may be used to indicate purpose
2. there were many verbs after which either la + IC or bare IC were commonly used
3. ba- or xa- + IC + NOUN = "when possessor VERBs/VERBed..."
4. more generally clauses with IC serve to point to an action in a tenseless way, like "for NOUN to VERB": lū jūʕīl hiwwasivū laθ-θessuᴋō = 'It is not worth it for him to join the fight'

Narratives

As in Biblical Hebrew, narratives tend to use the waw-preterite. A narrative is commonly introduced by wayyê 'it was' (often to give background info).

Hypothetical example:

wayyê vaȝm waθθê lōħamō, pūdīγō smô. waθθê ȝazzaδ θessuᴋō, hinni hajōδō rū-ħūljaδ hābō.

Once there was a woman of war named Boudica. She was mighty in the art of battle, but she was greatly lovesick.

Wishes

Wishes and prayers use a form of ħajj 'alive' + subject + wa + verb in present dependent (from the jussive). This is an evolution of an oath formula ħayy X... 'I swear by X'.

ħajjūδ hō-hasirūδ wa jagallȳ niᴛavūδ ham-mumallihūδ bō-harc xullô wa baθ-θūruκō bô.

May the tree-spirits reveal mystical insights pervading the whole earth and the lush vegetation in it.

A somewhat less common option is to use mī jeθθin wa + present dependent (lit. who will give that...).

One can also simply use the present dependent.

Vocabulary

Ancient Crannish vocabulary was mostly Semitic, but with some Celtic loans. The inherited Semitic vocabulary shows some semantic drift relative to Biblical Hebrew, as well as additional coinages.

Derivation

Mishkalim

• ᴋaᴛōl, ᴋaᴛēl, ᴋaᴛūl = common noun and adjective pattern for basic words
• ᴋaᴛīl = adjective pattern
• ᴋaᴛīlō = noun pattern
• masculine segolates: ᴋaᴛl, ᴋiᴛl, ᴋuᴛl, pl. ᴋVᴛalīm (ᴋuᴛl is often used for nouns of quantity and quality)
• feminine segolates: ᴋaᴛlō, ᴋiᴛlō, ᴋuᴛlō, pl. ᴋVᴛalūδ
• ᴋaᴛalō (paraγō 'good fortune, auspiciousness')
• ᴋaᴛilō
• ᴋaᴛulō (kadulō 'magnificence', zaruħō 'radiance')
• ᴋaᴛalᴛal(ō) = diminutive
• meᴋᴛal(ō) = often place
• maᴋᴛel(ō) = instrument
• meᴋᴛūl
• meᴋᴛul(ō)
• θaᴋᴛilō, θeᴋᴛulō
• ᴋaᴛlūn
• ᴋiᴛᴛalūn
• ᴋaᴛᴛal(ō) = agentive
• ᴋaᴛᴛelō = disease
• ᴋaᴛᴛulō
• θaᴋᴛelō
• θeᴋᴛulō = system of, art of, study of

Affixes

• -î (feminine -īyō): adjective-forming affix
• -ȳδ: abstract noun suffix
• hī-: un-, non-

Sample texts

Ha'azinu (from the Bible)

Ancient Crannish

hāzīnū, has-samēm, pi-dappirī; sumȝī, hā-harc, jūδ millūlē fî.
[ˈhaːz̪iːnuː as̺ˈs̺ameːm pɪˈdapːɪriː, s̺umʁ̃ˁiː aːˈharˀts juːð ˈmɪlluːleː fiːː]
θesᴛuv θūraδī tum lam-maᴛar, θezzal himraδī tum laᴛ-ᴛal,
[ˈθɛs̺tʰʊv θuːraðiː tʊm lamˈmaˀtʰar, ˈθɛs̪s̪al ˈhimraðiː tʊm laˀtˈtʰal]
tum la-naδz ȝalē dās, χa dum la-rū·neᴛīvō ȝalē ȝiśp.
[tʊm laˈnaðz̪ ˈʁ̃ˁaleː daːs̺, xa dʊm laˈruːˈnɛˀtʰiːvɔː ˈʁ̃ˁaleː ʁ̃ˁeɬp]
jaȝn sim jāwē ze hiᴋrō; hūdū jūδ kadulaδ hilūhēnu,
[jɑ̃ʁ̃ˁn s̺ɪm ˈjaːweː z̪ɛ ˈheˀkʰrɔː, ˈhuːduː juːð ˈkadʊlað ˈɪluːheːnuː]
hac-cūr hār muδūmam fuȝlū, jaȝn mesfaᴛ taraχaw χullōn,
[aˀˈtsːuːr aːr ˈmʊðuːmam ˈfõʁ̃ˁluː, jɑ̃ʁ̃ˁn ˈmɛs̺faˀtʰ ˈtaraxaw ˈxʊlːɔːn]
hilû hamin wēn zadō; cattīᴋ χa jasar hū.
[ˈhiluːː ˈhamɪn weːn s̪adɔː, ˈtsattiːˀk xa ˈjas̺ar huː]

Masoretic Text, L-Tiberian Hebrew pronunciation

הַאֲזִינוּ הַשָּׁמַיִם, וַאֲדַבֵּרָה; וְתִשְׁמַע הָאָרֶץ, אִמְרֵי-פִי.
[haːʔaˈziːnuː haʃʃɔːˈmaːjim vaːʔaðabˈbeːɻɔː　vaθiʃˈmaːːʕ hɔːˈʔɔːɻɛtsʼ ʔimˈɻeːˈfiː]
יַעֲרֹף כַּמָּטָר לִקְחִי, תִּזַּל כַּטַּל אִמְרָתִי,
[jaːʕaˈɻoːːf kʰammaːˈtʼɑːːɻ ɭikʼˈħiː　tʰizˈzaːːl kʰɑtˈtʼɑːːl ʔimɻɔːˈθiː]
כִּשְׂעִירִם עֲלֵי-דֶשֶׁא, וְכִרְבִיבִים עֲלֵי-עֵשֶׂב.
[kʰisʕiːˈɻiːːm ʕaleːˈðɛːʃɛː　vaχɪɻviːˈviːːm ʕaleːˈʕeːsɛv]
 כִּי שֵׁם יְהוָה, אֶקְרָא: הָבוּ גֹדֶל, לֵאלֹהֵינוּ.
[kʰiː ʃeːemʔaðoːˈnɔːːj ʔɛkʼˈɹɔː　hɔːˈvuː ˈʁoːðɛl leːloːˈheːnuː]
תָּמִים פָּעֳלוֹ, כִּי כָל-דְּרָכָיו מִשְׁפָּט:
[hɑtˈtsʼuːːr tʰɔːˈmiːːm pʰɔːʕɔˈloː　kʰiːχɔldɑɹɒːˈχɔːːv miʃˈpʰɒːːtʼ]
אֵל אֱמוּנָה וְאֵין עָוֶל, צַדִּיק וְיָשָׁר הוּא.
[ˈʔeːːl ʔɛmuːˈnɔː veˈʔeːːn ˈʕɔːvɛl　tsʼɑdˈdiːːkʼ vijɔːˈʃɔːːɻ ˈhuː]

English (tr. A. Z. Foreman)

Heavens give ear as I speak!　 Let Earth hear words from my lips,
And my teachings drop like rain,　my sayings run like dew
As a shower over grass,　as a downpour over plants
For I herald the name of Yahweh.　Hail greatness in our god,
The Rock whose work is perfect,　for His every way is justice,
A steadfast god of no wrong,　right and upright He is.

An incantation

The following incantation has 4 stressed syllables per line (Prosody in Ancient Crannish poetry is based on the number of stressed syllables per line):

[...]

Lexicon

h

• hōbō = love
• hilû (pl. hiūhīm) = an animistic spirit, like a Japanese kami
• hasírō = the spirit of a tree
• hinni = but

p

• pēδ = house

z

• zadō = injustice, wrong (זדה is a hapax legomena in the Siloam inscription)
• zaruħō = radiance

ħ

• ħabab = to love (stative)
• ħabaK = to hug, to embrace

x

• x-p-t
  • xabed 'liver'
  • xabid 'heavy'
  • xabūd 'honor'
  • xippid 'to honor'
  • xabudō 'esteemed position'
    • hax-xabudō 'sir, ma'am'
  • maxped 'scale, balance'
• xin 'and'

n

• n-ᴛ-f
  • níᴛfō = spiritual intuition or inspiration (from a root meaning 'dropping, prophecy' in BH)

ȝ

• ȝarábō = willow

f

• fárrō = cow

r

• rimmūn = pomegranate