Twench: Difference between revisions

From Linguifex
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit
Line 680: Line 680:
*'''Past stem:''' This is the most common irregular form, and most often is preserved from Latin. Generally, irregular past forms take the same endings as class 3 regular verbs, but with a modified stem.
*'''Past stem:''' This is the most common irregular form, and most often is preserved from Latin. Generally, irregular past forms take the same endings as class 3 regular verbs, but with a modified stem.
*'''Past participle:''' This is most often preserved from Latin. Verbs with irregular past stems often use the same stem in the past participle (with the standard ''-t'' ending) but this is not always the case, and some verbs with regular past stems may have irregular past participles. In such cases, regular and irregular past participle forms often coexist.
*'''Past participle:''' This is most often preserved from Latin. Verbs with irregular past stems often use the same stem in the past participle (with the standard ''-t'' ending) but this is not always the case, and some verbs with regular past stems may have irregular past participles. In such cases, regular and irregular past participle forms often coexist.
====Personal endings====
====Personal endings====
Personal endings are added to the present and past stems. These stems are obtained from the 1S forms by removing the final ''-i'' if present. Note that if the 1S present does not end in ''-i'', the present stem is identical to the 1S present.
Personal endings are added to the present and past stems. These stems are obtained from the 1S forms by removing the final ''-i'' if present. Note that if the 1S present does not end in ''-i'', the present stem is identical to the 1S present.

Revision as of 16:27, 21 July 2022

Twench (Native: Poewleis /puvˈlɛɪs/) is a Gallo-Romance language.

Twench
Poewleise veul
Pronunciation[puvˈlɛɪsə føːl]
Created byShariifka

Introduction

Etymology

The endonym Poewleis is derived from poewel (< Latin populus), meaning "common folk".

The English name Twench is ultimately derived from Tuihanti, a Germanic tribe.

Phonology

Orthography

Consonants
spelling IPA Remarks
normally final
b /b/ /p/
ch /x/
d /d/ /t/
f /f/
g /ɡ/ /k/
gh /ɣ/ /x/ May instead be pronounced /ʝ/ or /x/ depending on dialect.
h /ɦ/ May be pronounced /h/ depending on dialect.
j /j/
k /k/ Written ⟨ck⟩ when doubled.
l /l/ Pronounced dark/velarized ([ɫ]) word-finally and before consonants.
m /m/
n /n/ Assimilates place of articulation with following consonant.
ng /ŋ/
p /p/
q /k/ In loanwords
qu /kv/ In loanwords
r /r/
s /s/
sj /ʃ/ In loanwords
t /t/
th /t/ Mostly in loanwords, or dialectal for /θ/.
v /f/
w /v/ /f/
x /ks/ In loanwords
z /z/
zj /ʒ/ In loanwords
Vowels and diphthongs
spelling IPA
checked free
a /ɑ/ /a(ː)/
aa /a(ː)/
aai /aːi̯/
ai /ɑi̯/
au /ɔu̯/
e /ɛ/, /ə/[1] /e(ː)/, /ə/[1]
ee /e(ː)/
eeu /eːu̯/
ei /ɛi̯/
eu /ø(ː)/
i, y /ɪ/, /ə/[1] /i(ː)/
ie /i(ː)/
ieu /iu̯/
ij /i(ː)/
o /ɔ/ /o(ː)/
oe /u(ː)/
oei /ui̯/
oi /ɔi̯/
oo /o(ː)/
ooi /oːi̯/
ou /u(ː)/
u /ʏ/ /y(ː)/
ui /œy̯/
uu /y(ː)/
Alphabet
Letter Name IPA
A a a [aː]
B b be [beː]
C c ce [seː]
D d de [deː]
E e e [eː]
F f ef [ɛf]
G g ge [ɡeː]
H h ha [ɦaː]
I i i [iː]
Letter Name IPA
J j je [jeː]
K k ka [kaː]
L l el [ɛɫ]
M m em [ɛm]
N n en [ɛn]
O o o [oː]
P p pe [peː]
Q q ku [kyː]
R r er [ɛɾ]
Letter Name IPA
S s es [ɛs]
T t te [teː]
U u u [yː]
V v ve [feː]
W w we [veː]
X x iks [ɪks]
Y y Griekeise i [gɾiːˈkɛɪsə iː]
(IJ ij) longe i [ˈlɔŋə iː]
Z z zet [zɛt]

Consonants

Vowels

Prosody

Stress

Intonation

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

Morphology

Nouns

Nouns are not declined for case.

There in no grammatical gender besides natural gender (similar to English).

Plural is usually formed in -(e)s.

Articles

Precede the noun they modify.

  • Definite article: le (singular), les (plural)
  • Indefinite article: un (singular)

Pronouns

Person/ Number Subject Object Possessive
Full Reduced Full Reduced Full Reduced Pronoun
1S jou je mei me mij(n) me(n) miene
2S woes wes wous wes woester wes woestere
2S (arch.) tu te tei te tij(n) te(n) tiene
3SM el el lui le zij(n) ze(n) ziene
3SF elle el lei le
3SN lot et lot et
1P noes; noezeuts nes noes; noezeuts nes noester nes noestere
2P woezeuts wes woezeuts wes woester wes woestere
3P els; elzeuts els els; elzeuts els lour ler loure
2S/P (pol.) os es os es os es osse
3R zei ze

Numerals

Twench numerals
Cardinal Ordinal Fractional
0 nul nulliesem
1 uun primeer, prijm
2 dous zekond demei
3 treis tiers tiers
4 kwatter kwaart kwaart
5 sink kint kint
6 zechs zechsem zechsem
7 zet zettem zettem
8 ocht ochtem ochtem
9 noew noewem noewem
10 dies diesem diesem
11 onze onzem onzem
12 dozze dozzem dozzem
13 trezze trezzem trezzem
14 kwattorze kwattorzem kwattorzem
15 kinze kinzem kinzem
16 zezze zezzem zezzem
17 zetdies zetdiesem zetdiesem
20 wijnt wijntiesem wijntiesem
21 uun-et-wijnt uun-et-wijntiesem uun-et-wijntiesem
30 treint treintiesem treintiesem
40 kwaraant kwaraantiesem kwaraantiesem
50 sinkaant sinkaantiesem sinkaantiesem
60 zechsaant zechsaantiesem zechsaantiesem
70 zettaant zettaantiesem zettaantiesem
80 ochtaant ochtaantiesem ochtaantiesem
90 noewaant noewaaantiesem noewaaantiesem
100 seint seintiesem seintiesem
1000 mil milliesem milliesem
10⁶ miljoun miljouniesem miljouniesem

Verbs

Principal parts

For the majority of verbs, the full conjugation can be determined from four principal parts: the infinitive, 1S present, 1S past, and past participle.

These forms are given in dictionaries. Otherwise, the infinitive is used as the citation form.

Verb classes

Verbs may be regular or irregular.

In regular verbs, the present stem, past stem, and past participle are derived regularly from the infinitive.

There are 3 classes of regular verbs.

Weak verbs
Class Infinitive ending 1S present ending 1S past ending Past participle
1 -aar - -aai -aat
2a (infix) -ijr -is -ij -ijt
2b (no infix) -ijr - -ij -ijt
3 -er - -ui -t

Irregular verbs form one or more of the stems irregularly.

  • Present stem: When this is irregular, it is most often due to suppletion.
  • Past stem: This is the most common irregular form, and most often is preserved from Latin. Generally, irregular past forms take the same endings as class 3 regular verbs, but with a modified stem.
  • Past participle: This is most often preserved from Latin. Verbs with irregular past stems often use the same stem in the past participle (with the standard -t ending) but this is not always the case, and some verbs with regular past stems may have irregular past participles. In such cases, regular and irregular past participle forms often coexist.

Personal endings

Personal endings are added to the present and past stems. These stems are obtained from the 1S forms by removing the final -i if present. Note that if the 1S present does not end in -i, the present stem is identical to the 1S present.

Personal endings
Person/number Ending
1S -(i)
2S -(e)s
3S -(e)t
1P -(e)ns
2P -(e)ts
3P -(e)n

Note:

¹ Schwa -(e)- may be inserted before personal endings in the present tense depending on phonetics but never after vowels. It does not appear in the past tense since the past stem always ends in a vowel. Conversely, -i in the first person only appears after vowels (and therefore always appears in the past tense).

Syntax

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Vocabulary

Example texts

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)

Toots ommes nassen liwer et ekwaal en deintaat et drechts. Els zon dotaat de reisoun et konsense, et els dewen aghijr les uuns woek les alters en un spirit de fraartaat.

IPA: /tots ˈɔməs ˈnasən ˈlivər ət eˈkval ən dɛɪnˈtat ət drɛxts ‖ ɛls zɔn doˈtat də rɛɪˈsun ət kɔnˈsɛnsə | ət ɛls ˈdevən aˈɣiːr ləs yns vuk ləs ˈɑltərs ən ʏn ˈspirɪt də fraːrˈtat/

Translation: All humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience, and they should act to one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Other resources

Endnotes

  1. ^ a b c e and i, when unstressed, are sometimes pronounced /ə/.