Phonological history of Valthungian: Difference between revisions

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''“A voiced stop becomes continuant after a vowel or liquid when followed by a vowel or liquid.”''
''“A voiced stop becomes continuant after a vowel or liquid when followed by a vowel or liquid.”''
|-
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Exhaustive:
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Exhaustive:
| b,d,g → β,ð,ɣ / V,r,l}___{V,r,l
| b,d,g → β,ð,ɣ / V,r,l}___{V,r,l
|-
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Notes:
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Notes:
| ''Already occurred in pre-Gothic and even Proto-Germanic (“Spirantisation 0”), but may not have included liquids in the environment. Allophonic at this stage.''
| ''Already occurred in pre-Gothic and even Proto-Germanic (“Spirantisation 0”), but may not have included liquids in the environment. Allophonic at this stage.''
|-
|-
Line 31: Line 31:
|  
|  
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!  
!width=100|  
|width=150| ‘to have’
!width=150| ‘to have’
|width=150| ‘terrible’
!width=150| ‘terrible’
|width=150| ‘bed’
!width=150| ‘bed’
|width=150| ‘wonder’
!width=150| ‘wonder’
|width=150| ‘days’
!width=150| ‘days’
|width=150| ‘nice’
!width=150| ‘nice’
|-
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| PGmc:  
!style="text-align: right;"| PGmc:  
|style="background: #FFFFDD;"| ''habaną''<br />[ha'''β'''anã]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| ''habaną''<br />[ha'''β'''anã]
| ''abrō''<br />[a'''b'''roː]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''abrō''<br />[a'''b'''roː]
|style="background: #FFFFDD;"| ''badją''<br />[ba'''d'''ją]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| ''badją''<br />[ba'''d'''ją]
| ''seldō''<br />[sel'''d'''oː]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''seldō''<br />[sel'''d'''oː]
|style="background: #FFFFDD;"| ''dagōz''<br />[da'''ɣ'''oːz]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| ''dagōz''<br />[da'''ɣ'''oːz]
| ''fagrō''<br />[ɸa'''ɡ'''roː]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''fagrō''<br />[ɸa'''ɡ'''roː]
|-
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Gothic:  
!style="text-align: right;"| Goth:  
|style="background: #FFFFDD;"| ''haban''<br />[ha'''β'''an]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| ''haban''<br />[ha'''β'''an]
| ''abra''<br />[a'''b'''ra]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''abra''<br />[a'''b'''ra]
|style="background: #FFFFDD;"| ''badi''<br />[ba'''ð'''i]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| ''badi''<br />[ba'''ð'''i]
| ''silda''<br />[sil'''d'''a]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''silda''<br />[sil'''d'''a]
|style="background: #FFFFDD;"| ''dagōs''<br />[da'''ɣ'''oːs]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| ''dagōs''<br />[da'''ɣ'''oːs]
| ''fagra''<br />[ɸa'''ɡ'''ra]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''fagra''<br />[ɸa'''ɡ'''ra]
|-
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Griutungi:  
!style="text-align: right;"| Griut:  
|style="background: #FFFFDD;"| ''haban''<br />[ha'''β'''an]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| ''haban''<br />[ha'''β'''an]
| ''abra''<br />[a'''b'''ra]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''abra''<br />[a'''b'''ra]
|style="background: #FFFFDD;"| ''badi''<br />[ba'''ð'''i]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| ''badi''<br />[ba'''ð'''i]
| ''silda''<br />[sil'''d'''a]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''silda''<br />[sil'''d'''a]
|style="background: #FFFFDD;"| ''dagōs''<br />[da'''ɣ'''oːs]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| ''dagōs''<br />[da'''ɣ'''oːs]
| ''fagra''<br />[ɸa'''ɡ'''ra]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''fagra''<br />[ɸa'''ɡ'''ra]
|-
|-
!style="text-align: right; background: #FFDDDD;"| SpirI:  
!style="text-align: right; background: #FFDDDD;"| Spir.I:  
|style="background: #FFDDDD;"| ''haban''<br />[ha'''β'''an]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| ''haban''<br />[ha'''β'''an]
|style="background: #FFDDDD;"| ''abra''<br />[a'''β'''ra]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| ''abra''<br />[a'''β'''ra]
|style="background: #FFDDDD;"| ''badi''<br />[ba'''ð'''i]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| ''badi''<br />[ba'''ð'''i]
|style="background: #FFDDDD;"| ''silda''<br />[sil'''ð'''a]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| ''silda''<br />[sil'''ð'''a]
|style="background: #FFDDDD;"| ''dagōs''<br />[da'''ɣ'''oːs]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| ''dagōs''<br />[da'''ɣ'''oːs]
|style="background: #FFDDDD;"| ''fagra''<br />[ɸa'''ɣ'''ra]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| ''fagra''<br />[ɸa'''ɣ'''ra]
|-
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| OldVal:  
!style="text-align: right;"| OldVal:  
|style="background: #FFFFDD;"| ''habvan''<br />[ha'''β'''an]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| ''habvan''<br />[ha'''β'''an]
|style="background: #FFFFDD;"| ''abvra''<br />[a'''β'''ra]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| ''abvra''<br />[a'''β'''ra]
|style="background: #FFFFDD;"| ''badvi''<br />[ba'''ð'''i]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| ''badvi''<br />[ba'''ð'''i]
|style="background: #FFFFDD;"| ''slidva''<br />[sli'''ð'''a]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| ''slidva''<br />[sli'''ð'''a]
|style="background: #FFFFDD;"| ''dagyous''<br />[da'''ɣ'''oʊ̯s]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| ''dagyous''<br />[da'''ɣ'''oʊ̯s]
|style="background: #FFFFDD;"| ''fagyra''<br />[ɸa'''ɣ'''ra]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| ''fagyra''<br />[ɸa'''ɣ'''ra]
|-
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| MidVal:  
!style="text-align: right;"| MidVal:  
| ''havɴ''<br />[ha'''v'''n̩]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''havɴ''<br />[ha'''v'''n̩]
| ''avʀ''<br />[a'''v'''r̩]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''avʀ''<br />[a'''v'''r̩]
| ''baði''<br />[ba'''ð'''i]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''baði''<br />[ba'''ð'''i]
| ''sliða''<br />[sli'''ð'''ə]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''sliða''<br />[sli'''ð'''ə]
| ''dagos''<br />[da'''ɡ'''os]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''dagos''<br />[da'''ɡ'''os]
| ''fagʀ''<br />[fa'''ɡ'''r̩]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''fagʀ''<br />[fa'''ɡ'''r̩]
|-
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Valth:  
!style="text-align: right;"| Valth:  
| ''havna''<br />[ha'''v'''na]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''havna''<br />[ha'''v'''na]
| ''avra''<br />[a'''v'''ra]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''avra''<br />[a'''v'''ra]
| ''baðe''<br />[ba'''ð'''e̞]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''baðe''<br />[ba'''ð'''e̞]
| ''sliða''<br />[sli'''ð'''a]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''sliða''<br />[sli'''ð'''a]
| ''dagas''<br />[da'''ɡ'''as]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''dagas''<br />[da'''ɡ'''as]
| ''fagra''<br />[fa'''ɡ'''ra]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''fagra''<br />[fa'''ɡ'''ra]
|}
|}
|-
|-
Line 99: Line 99:
| 450ᴀᴅ
| 450ᴀᴅ
|-
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Persistence:
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Persistence:
| Expanded into [[#Spirantisation II|Spirantisation II]]
| Expanded into [[#Spirantisation II|Spirantisation II]]
|}
|}

Revision as of 15:13, 27 February 2024


N.B.: This article uses a phonetic feature notation shorthand in which all described features are limited to three characters. Please refer to the legend here.

Changes from Griutungi & Gothic to Old Valthungian (ca. 300ᴀᴅ‒950ᴀᴅ)

Spirantisation I

300ᴀᴅ: Voiced Stops become Continuant
Type: Phonetic
Rule: C[-snt][+vox] → [+cnt] / V,L}___{V,L

“A voiced stop becomes continuant after a vowel or liquid when followed by a vowel or liquid.”

Exhaustive: b,d,g → β,ð,ɣ / V,r,l}___{V,r,l
Notes: Already occurred in pre-Gothic and even Proto-Germanic (“Spirantisation 0”), but may not have included liquids in the environment. Allophonic at this stage.
Examples:
  ‘to have’ ‘terrible’ ‘bed’ ‘wonder’ ‘days’ ‘nice’
PGmc: habaną
[haβanã] 		abrō
[abroː] 		badją
[badją] 		seldō
[seldoː] 		dagōz
[daɣoːz] 		fagrō
[ɸaɡroː]
Goth: haban
[haβan] 		abra
[abra] 		badi
[baði] 		silda
[silda] 		dagōs
[daɣoːs] 		fagra
[ɸaɡra]
Griut: haban
[haβan] 		abra
[abra] 		badi
[baði] 		silda
[silda] 		dagōs
[daɣoːs] 		fagra
[ɸaɡra]
Spir.I: haban
[haβan] 		abra
[aβra] 		badi
[baði] 		silda
[silða] 		dagōs
[daɣoːs] 		fagra
[ɸaɣra]
OldVal: habvan
[haβan] 		abvra
[aβra] 		badvi
[baði] 		slidva
[sliða] 		dagyous
[daɣoʊ̯s] 		fagyra
[ɸaɣra]
MidVal: havɴ
[havn̩] 		avʀ
[avr̩] 		baði
[baði] 		sliða
[sliðə] 		dagos
[daɡos] 		fagʀ
[faɡr̩]
Valth: havna
[havna] 		avra
[avra] 		baðe
[baðe̞] 		sliða
[sliða] 		dagas
[daɡas] 		fagra
[faɡra]
Limit: 450ᴀᴅ
Persistence: Expanded into Spirantisation II

Pre-Liquid Stop Insertion

Geminate Collapse I

Spirantisation II

Deletion of Interconsonantal h

Spirantisation III

Expansion of [fl]→[θl], [hL]

Consonant Cluster Voice Changes I

Clisis & Lexicalisation

Consonant Cluster Voice Changes II

Changes to Geminate Obstruents

Changes to Geminate Nasals I

Changes to Geminate Liquids

Metathesis

Deletion of s after r

s-Clusters Diffused

Lengthening of Word-Final Stressed Vowels

Reversal of High Diphthong Altitude Trajectory

Umlaut

Launch of Rhotacism

Changes of /j/ to /ʝ/

Long Mid Vowel Diphthongisation I

Expansion of East Germanic Verschärfung

Deletion of Final Unstressed [a]

Changes from Old Valthungian to Middle Valthungian (ca. 950ᴀᴅ‒1350ᴀᴅ)

Defenestration of Greek Fricatives

Changes to Geminate Nasals II

Deletion of word-initial prenasalised stops

Rhotacism Failure

j/z Merger

Initial h to þ before a sonorant

Assimilation of h after short vowels

Repulsion of h after long vowels

All of the Above

Changes to Geminates

Change of h to þ after a liquid

Assimilation of s in Consonant Clusters

Palatalisation of sk

Palatalisation of h before j

Palatalisation of Non-Labial Stops before j

Vowel Reduction: Long Vowel Shortening

Vowel Reduction: Diphthong Changes

Vowel Reduction: Schwa Changes

Vowel Reduction: Syllabic Sonorants

Changes from Middle Valthungian to Modern Valthungian (ca. 1350ᴀᴅ‒1850ᴀᴅ)

Reduction of Consonant Clusters

Vowel Reduction II: Lowering of Unstressed Short Vowels

Vowel Reduction II: Shortening of Unstressed Long Vowels

Change of ju to eu after r

Changes to Unstressed Word-Final Syllables

Deletion of j and Merging of Palatal Afficates

Vowel Tensing

Syllabic Unpacking

Schwa Fortition to /a/

Syllabification of word-final falling diphthongs

Monophthongisation of Diphthongs over Morpheme Boundaries

Relaxisation of Middle Diphthongs

Changes from Early Modern Valthungian to the present

Labial Trimming

Deletion of Internasal g

Changes to w

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