Chlouvānem/Morphology: Difference between revisions

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The ''first inferential'', which refers to any non-visual inference that is probably true (often translatable with "apparently", "looks like"), is formed by adding '''-aneru(n)''' to the end of the verb. Note that 1SG present exterior does not add the epenthetic ''n'' but contracts ''-u-u'' to a long vowel instead. e.g.''yųlaneru'' "it is apparently being eaten"; ''yųlanerū'' "I am apparently eaten". Note that interior forms have ''-erir'' instead of *-erunir - cf. ''dældanerire'' "(s)he apparently speaks"; similarly causatives have ''-erild'' instead of *-erunild - cf. ''mišanerildegde'' "(s)he apparently shows".

The ''second inferential'' has a similar function to the first inferential, but the situation is unlikely to be true (translatable e.g. with "might/apparently... but probably don't/doesn't"); it is formed by adding '''-anuyo''' to the end of the verb. 1SG present exterior contracts to ''-~~uyou~~''; all other contractions are regular saṃdhi changes where ''o'' → ''av''. e.g. ''yųlanuyo'' "it is apparently being eaten, but probably not"; ''~~yųlanuyou~~'' "I am apparently eaten, but probably not". Interiors and causatives have ''-uyer'' and ''-uyeld'' instead of *-uyavir, *-uyavild - cf. ''dældanuyere'' "(s)he apparently speaks, but probably doesn't", ''mišanuyeldegde'' "(s)he apparently shows, but probably doesn't".

The ''second inferential'' has a similar function to the first inferential, but the situation is unlikely to be true (translatable e.g. with "might/apparently... but probably don't/doesn't"); it is formed by adding '''-anuyo''' to the end of the verb. 1SG present exterior contracts to ''-uyū''; all other contractions are regular saṃdhi changes where ''o'' → ''av''. e.g. ''yųlanuyo'' "it is apparently being eaten, but probably not"; ''yųlanuyū'' "I am apparently eaten, but probably not". Interiors and causatives have ''-uyer'' and ''-uyeld'' instead of *-uyavir, *-uyavild - cf. ''dældanuyere'' "(s)he apparently speaks, but probably doesn't", ''mišanuyeldegde'' "(s)he apparently shows, but probably doesn't".

The ''reported'' evidential marks something the speaker does not know first hand; it is formed by adding '''-anode(n)''': e.g. ''yųlanode'' "it is said that it is [being] eaten". Interiors and causatives do not add the epenthetic ''n'' and contract ''-e-i-'' to ''-ei-'' instead - cf. ''dældanodeire'' "it is said that (s)he speaks", ''mišanodeildegde'' "it is said that (s)he shows".

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 The ''first inferential'', which refers to any non-visual inference that is probably true (often translatable with "apparently", "looks like"), is formed by adding '''-aneru(n)''' to the end of the verb. Note that 1SG present exterior does not add the epenthetic ''n'' but contracts ''-u-u'' to a long vowel instead. e.g.''yųlaneru'' "it is apparently being eaten"; ''yųlanerū'' "I am apparently eaten". Note that interior forms have ''-erir'' instead of *-erunir - cf. ''dældanerire'' "(s)he apparently speaks"; similarly causatives have ''-erild'' instead of *-erunild - cf. ''mišanerildegde'' "(s)he apparently shows".
-The ''second inferential'' has a similar function to the first inferential, but the situation is unlikely to be true (translatable e.g. with "might/apparently... but probably don't/doesn't"); it is formed by adding '''-anuyo''' to the end of the verb. 1SG present exterior contracts to ''-uyou''; all other contractions are regular saṃdhi changes where ''o'' → ''av''. e.g. ''yųlanuyo'' "it is apparently being eaten, but probably not"; ''yųlanuyou'' "I am apparently eaten, but probably not". Interiors and causatives have ''-uyer'' and ''-uyeld'' instead of *-uyavir, *-uyavild - cf. ''dældanuyere'' "(s)he apparently speaks, but probably doesn't", ''mišanuyeldegde'' "(s)he apparently shows, but probably doesn't".
+The ''second inferential'' has a similar function to the first inferential, but the situation is unlikely to be true (translatable e.g. with "might/apparently... but probably don't/doesn't"); it is formed by adding '''-anuyo''' to the end of the verb. 1SG present exterior contracts to ''-uyū''; all other contractions are regular saṃdhi changes where ''o'' → ''av''. e.g. ''yųlanuyo'' "it is apparently being eaten, but probably not"; ''yųlanuyū'' "I am apparently eaten, but probably not". Interiors and causatives have ''-uyer'' and ''-uyeld'' instead of *-uyavir, *-uyavild - cf. ''dældanuyere'' "(s)he apparently speaks, but probably doesn't", ''mišanuyeldegde'' "(s)he apparently shows, but probably doesn't".
 The ''reported'' evidential marks something the speaker does not know first hand; it is formed by adding '''-anode(n)''': e.g. ''yųlanode'' "it is said that it is [being] eaten". Interiors and causatives do not add the epenthetic ''n'' and contract ''-e-i-'' to ''-ei-'' instead - cf. ''dældanodeire'' "it is said that (s)he speaks", ''mišanodeildegde'' "it is said that (s)he shows".