User:Ceige/Ceuja: Difference between revisions
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==Grammar== | ==Grammar== | ||
<!-- þahtaz -> cecha, "thought" +o -> cecho, "thinking" ~= gerundive, resulting in "I want to cecho" --> | <!-- þahtaz -> cecha, "thought" +o -> cecho, "thinking" ~= gerundive, resulting in "I want to cecho" --> | ||
===Nouns=== | |||
====Number==== | |||
There are two kinds of non-singular number: | |||
* Plural, which uses -(e)s to mark the plural. | |||
* Collective, which generally is marked with -on (e.g. *augô, *augōnō become oyo, oyon (eye, eyes)). | |||
===Verbs=== | |||
====Infinitives==== | |||
There are two main variations of the infinitive, which also doubles as a gerund: | |||
* the plain infinitive, ending in -(a)n | |||
* the ameliorative infinitive, ending in -(a)no | |||
These generally follow a tonic pattern of CV́Cană, where the non-tonic -ă was dropped (and, in the case of -ano, replaced with the feminine -o). | |||
In addition, there are doublets of the infinitives caused by the CV́Căna tonic pattern, where the medial -ă- was dropped, resulting in CV́Cna, with the -Cn- cluster being resolved as elsewhere in the language (e.g., consonant vocalisation, assimilation, etc). | |||
Illustrating all these variations is the verb "give": | |||
* plain infinitive: geban /ˈxeβan/ | |||
* ameliorative infinitive: gebano /xeˈβano/, /ˈxeβano/ | |||
* tonic doublet: geuna /ˈxeuna/ | |||
====Finite declension==== | |||
Unlike other Germanic languages, Ceuja has generally regularised verbs, although doublets have been formed from different tense forms (even retaining their tense distinctions sometimes). | |||
====Early modern declension==== | |||
This is the traditional declension of Early Modern Ceuja, with variant forms in italics. | |||
''geban'', "To give", has a fairly straight forward descent from Proto-Germanic *gebaną in the present tense. However, the past tense is a post-PGmc innovation. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
!colspan=7| Declension "to give" | |||
|- | |||
! Infinitive I | |||
| geban || *gebaną̆ | |||
|- | |||
! Infinitive II | |||
| geuna || *gebăną | |||
|- | |||
! Present tense !!colspan=2| Singular !!colspan=2| Dual !!colspan=2| Plural | |||
|- | |||
! 1st | |||
| gebo || *gebō || gebos || *gebōz || gebas, ''geumas'' || *gebamăz | |||
|- | |||
! 2nd | |||
| gebes || *gibizi || gebaces, ''gebaz'' || *gebadiz || gebe, ''gebed ~ gebez'' || *gibidi | |||
|- | |||
! 3rd | |||
| gebez, ''gebe'' || *gibidi || - || - || geban, ''gebande, gebaz'' || *gebandi | |||
|} | |||
In the case of ''ejan'', "to have", we see some levelling and analogisation of *habjaną take place early on. It also uses an innovated past tense that differs to that from PGmc. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
!colspan=7| Declension "to have" | |||
|- | |||
! Infinitive I | |||
| ejan || *habjaną̆ | |||
|- | |||
! Infinitive II | |||
| yena || * habjăną | |||
|- | |||
! Present tense !!colspan=2| Singular !!colspan=2| Dual !!colspan=2| Plural | |||
|- | |||
! 1st | |||
| ejo || *habjō | |||
| ejos || *habjōs | |||
| ejas, ''yemas'' || * habjamaz | |||
|- | |||
! 2nd | |||
| ejes || *habaisi | |||
| ejaces, ''ejaz'' || *habjaþiz | |||
| eje, ''ejed ~ ejez'' || *habaiþ | |||
|- | |||
! 3rd | |||
| ejez, ''eje'' || * habaiþi | |||
| - || - | |||
| eje, ''ejande, ejaz'' || habjanþi | |||
|} | |||
And in the case of ''aban'', "to miss" in the sense of "to be missing something", we can see a doublet formed from the original PGmc past tense of *habjaną | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
!colspan=7| Declension "to miss" | |||
|- | |||
! Infinitive I | |||
|colspan=3| aban || *habd-aną | |||
|- | |||
! Infinitive II | |||
|colspan=3| auna || *habd-aną | |||
|- | |||
! Present tense !!colspan=2| Singular !!colspan=2| Dual !!colspan=2| Plural | |||
|- | |||
! 1st | |||
| abo || * habd-ō | |||
| abos || *habd-ōs | |||
| abas, ''aumas'' || *habd-amaz | |||
|- | |||
! 2nd | |||
| abes || *habdēz | |||
| abaces, ''abaz'' || * habd-aþiz | |||
| abe, ''abed ~ abez'' || * habd-aiþ | |||
|- | |||
! 3rd | |||
| abez, ''abe'' || *habdē | |||
| - || - | |||
| aban, ''abande, abaz'' || habd-anþi | |||
|} | |||
====Late modern declension=== | |||
<br /> | <br /> |