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==== Phonology ==== | ==== Phonology ==== | ||
At the left of each cell in the table below is the | At the left of each cell in the table below is the phoneme, and at the right its transliterated representation. The original 65 consonants were as follows (61 in the chart, 4 below the chart): | ||
{| class="IPA wikitable" style="text-align:center" | {| class="IPA wikitable" style="text-align:center" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | | ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | | ||
! rowspan="2" | | ! rowspan="2" | Labial | ||
! rowspan="2" | | ! rowspan="2" | Dental | ||
! colspan="2" | ! colspan="2" | Alveolar | ||
! rowspan="2" | | ! rowspan="2" | Retroflex | ||
! rowspan="2" | ! rowspan="2" | Post-<br>alveolar | ||
! rowspan="2" | | ! rowspan="2" | Palatal | ||
! rowspan="2" | | ! rowspan="2" | Velar | ||
! rowspan="2" | | ! rowspan="2" | Uvular | ||
! rowspan="2" | | ! rowspan="2" | Pharyngeal | ||
! rowspan="2" | ! rowspan="2" | Glottal | ||
|- | |- | ||
! <small> | ! <small>central</small> | ||
! <small> | ! <small>lateral</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" | | ! colspan="2" | Nasal | ||
| {{ | | {{IPA|m}} || {{IPA|n̪}} ''n'' || || || || || || {{IPA|ŋ}} ''ņ'' || || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="4" | ! rowspan="4" | Plosive | ||
! <small> | ! <small>voiced</small> | ||
| {{ | | {{IPA|b}} || {{IPA|d̪}} ''d'' || || || || || {{IPA|ɟ}} ''ǰ'' || {{IPA|ɡ}} || {{IPA|ɢ}} ''ġ'' || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
! <small> | ! <small>voiceless</small> | ||
| {{ | | {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|t̪}} ''t'' || || || || || {{IPA|c}} ''ķ'' || {{IPA|k}} || {{IPA|q}} || || {{IPA|ʔ}} ''’'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! <small> | ! <small>aspirated</small> | ||
| pʰ || t̪ʰ ''tʰ'' || || || || || cʰ ''ķʰ'' || kʰ || qʰ || || | | pʰ || t̪ʰ ''tʰ'' || || || || || cʰ ''ķʰ'' || kʰ || qʰ || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
! <small> | ! <small>ejective</small> | ||
| {{ | | {{IPA|pʼ}} || {{IPA|t̪ʼ}} ''tʼ'' || || || || || {{IPA|cʼ}} ''ķʼ'' || {{IPA|kʼ}} || {{IPA|qʼ}} || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="4" | | ! rowspan="4" | Affricate | ||
! <small>voiced</small> | ! <small>voiced</small> | ||
| || || {{ | | || || {{IPA|d͡z}} ''ƶ'' || || {{IPA|ɖ͡ʐ}} ''ż'' || {{IPA|d͡ʒ}} ''j'' || || || || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
! <small>voiceless</small> | ! <small>voiceless</small> | ||
| || || {{ | | || || {{IPA|t͡s}} ''c'' || || {{IPA|ʈ͡ʂ}} ''ċ'' || {{IPA|t͡ʃ}} ''č'' || || || || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
! <small>aspirated</small> | ! <small>aspirated</small> | ||
Line 364: | Line 364: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! <small>ejective</small> | ! <small>ejective</small> | ||
| || || {{ | | || || {{IPA|t͡sʼ}} ''c’'' || || {{IPA|ʈ͡ʂʼ}} ''ċʼ'' || {{IPA|t͡ʃʼ}} ''č’'' || || || || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2" | | ! rowspan="2" | Fricative | ||
! <small>voiced</small> | ! <small>voiced</small> | ||
| {{ | | {{IPA|v}} || {{IPA|ð}} ''ḑ'' || {{IPA|z}} || || {{IPA|ʐ}} ''z̧'' || {{IPA|ʒ}} ''ž'' || {{IPA|ʝ}} ''y̌'' || {{IPA|ɣ}} ''ǧ'' || || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
! <small>voiceless</small> | ! <small>voiceless</small> | ||
| {{ | | {{IPA|f}} || {{IPA|θ}} ''ţ'' || {{IPA|s}} || {{IPA|ɬ}} ļ || {{IPA|ʂ}} ''ş'' || {{IPA|ʃ}} ''š'' || {{IPA|ç}} || {{IPA|x}} || {{IPA|χ}} ''x̧'' || {{IPA|ħ}} ''ḩ'' || {{IPA|h}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" | | ! colspan="2" | Approximant | ||
| || || || {{ | | || || || {{IPA|l̪}} ''l'' || {{IPA|ɻ}} ''ŗ'' || || {{IPA|j}} ''y'' || {{IPA|w}} || {{IPA|ʁ̞}} ''ř'' || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" | Velarized | ! colspan="2" | Velarized Approximant | ||
| || || || {{ | | || || || {{IPA|ɫ̪}} ''ł'' || || || || || || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" | | ! colspan="2" | Flap | ||
| || || || || {{ | | || || || || {{IPA|ɽ}} ''r'' || || || || || || | ||
|} | |} | ||
The | The phonological system of the original Ithkuil consisted of 65 consonants; the ones above, in adittion to the lateral aspirated and central ejective palatal affricates ''q̌'' /cʎ̥˔ʰ/, ''çʼ'' /c͡çʼ/ and the velar affricates ''xʼ'' /k͡xʼ/, ''x̧ʼ'' /q͡χʼ/.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ithkuil.net:80/ithkuil-ch1-phonology.htm|title=Ithkuil Phonology|date=2009-06-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090608003709/http://www.ithkuil.net:80/ithkuil-ch1-phonology.htm|archive-date=2009-06-08|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060808175717/http://home.inreach.com/sl2120/Ithkuil/}}</ref> /m n̪ ŋ l ɫ ɻ/ could be syllabic. ''h'' was [ɸ] when preceded by a vowel and followed by another consonant. [cʎ̥˔ʰ] was in free variation with [cʎ̥˔ʼ], the latter being more common at the beginning of a word (both spelt ''q̌''). All consonants except ''y'' and ''w'' could be geminated; when geminated, ''h'' was a bidental fricative (h̪͆) and ''r'' was an alveolar trill (/r/). | ||
At the left of each cell in the table below is the | At the left of each cell in the table below is the phoneme, and at the right its transliterated representation. The original 17 vowels are as follows: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2" | | ! rowspan="2" | | ||
! colspan="2" | | ! colspan="2" |Front | ||
! colspan="2" | ! colspan="2" |Central | ||
! colspan="2" | ! colspan="2" |Back | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Unrounded | !Unrounded | ||
Line 400: | Line 400: | ||
!Rounded | !Rounded | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | !Close | ||
|{{IPA|i}} ''î'' | |{{IPA|i}} ''î'' | ||
|{{IPA|y}} ''ÿ'' | |{{IPA|y}} ''ÿ'' | ||
Line 408: | Line 408: | ||
|{{IPA|u}} ''û'' | |{{IPA|u}} ''û'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | !Near-close | ||
|{{IPA|ɪ}} ''i'' | |{{IPA|ɪ}} ''i'' | ||
| | | | ||
Line 416: | Line 416: | ||
|{{IPA|ʊ}} ''u'' | |{{IPA|ʊ}} ''u'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | !Close-mid | ||
|{{IPA|e}} ''ê'' | |{{IPA|e}} ''ê'' | ||
|{{IPA|ø}} | |{{IPA|ø}} | ||
Line 424: | Line 424: | ||
|{{IPA|o}} ''ô'' | |{{IPA|o}} ''ô'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | !Open-mid | ||
|{{IPA|ɛ}} ''e'' | |{{IPA|ɛ}} ''e'' | ||
|{{IPA|œ}} ''ö'' | |{{IPA|œ}} ''ö'' | ||
Line 432: | Line 432: | ||
|{{IPA|ɔ}} ''o'' | |{{IPA|ɔ}} ''o'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | !Open | ||
|{{IPA|æ}} ''ä'' | |{{IPA|æ}} ''ä'' | ||
| | | |