Ithkuil: Difference between revisions

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==== Phonology ====
==== Phonology ====
The [[phonology|phonological]] system of Ilaksh was revised to consist of only 30 [[consonant]]s and 10 [[vowels]]. The consonants were as follows:
The phonological system of Ilaksh was revised to consist of only 30 consonants and 10 vowels. The consonants were as follows:
{| style="text-align:center" class="IPA wikitable"
{| style="text-align:center" class="IPA wikitable"
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |  
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |  
! rowspan="2" | [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! rowspan="2" | Labial
! colspan="2" | [[Dental consonant|Dental]]
! colspan="2" | Dental
! rowspan="2" | [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! rowspan="2" | Alveolar
! rowspan="2" | [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
! rowspan="2" | Retroflex
! rowspan="2" | [[Postalveolar consonant|Post-<br>alveolar]]
! rowspan="2" | Post-<br>alveolar
! rowspan="2" | [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! rowspan="2" | Palatal
! colspan="2" | [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! colspan="2" | Velar
! rowspan="2" | [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
! rowspan="2" | Uvular
! rowspan="2" | [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
! rowspan="2" | Glottal
|-  
|-  
! <small>[[Central consonant|central]]</small>
! <small>central</small>
! <small>[[Lateral consonant|lateral]]</small>
! <small>lateral</small>
! <small>plain</small>
! <small>plain</small>
! <small>labial</small>
! <small>labial</small>
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| m || n̪ ''n'' || || || || || || ŋ ''ň'' || || ||
| m || n̪ ''n'' || || || || || || ŋ ''ň'' || || ||
|-  
|-  
! rowspan="2" | [[Stop consonant|Plosive]]
! rowspan="2" | Plosive
! <small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
! <small>voiced</small>
| b || d̪ ''d'' || || || || || || ɡ || || ||
| b || d̪ ''d'' || || || || || || ɡ || || ||
|-  
|-  
! <small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
! <small>voiceless</small>
| p || t̪ ''t'' || || || || || || k || || || ʔ '
| p || t̪ ''t'' || || || || || || k || || || ʔ '
|-  
|-  
! rowspan="2" | [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
! rowspan="2" | Affricate
! <small>voiced</small>
! <small>voiced</small>
| || || || d͡z ''ż'' || || d͡ʒ ''j'' || || || || ||
| || || || d͡z ''ż'' || || d͡ʒ ''j'' || || || || ||
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| || || || t͡s ''c'' || || t͡ʃ ''č'' || || || || ||
| || || || t͡s ''c'' || || t͡ʃ ''č'' || || || || ||
|-  
|-  
! rowspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! rowspan="2" |Fricative
! <small>voiced</small>
! <small>voiced</small>
| v || ð ''đ'' || || z || || ʒ ''ž'' || || || || ||  
| v || ð ''đ'' || || z || || ʒ ''ž'' || || || || ||  
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| f || θ ''ŧ'' || || s || || ʃ ''š'' || ç || x || || || h
| f || θ ''ŧ'' || || s || || ʃ ''š'' || ç || x || || || h
|-  
|-  
! colspan="2" | [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
! colspan="2" | Approximant
| || || l̪ ''l'' || || || || j || || w || ʁ̞ ''ř'' ||
| || || l̪ ''l'' || || || || j || || w || ʁ̞ ''ř'' ||
|-  
|-  
! colspan="2" | [[Flap consonant|Flap]]
! colspan="2" | Flap
| || || || || ɽ ''r'' || || || || || ||
| || || || || ɽ ''r'' || || || || || ||
|}
|}
/[[Bilabial nasal|m]] [[Denti-alveolar nasal|n̪]] [[Velar nasal|ŋ]] [[Alveolar lateral approximant|l]] [[Retroflex flap|ɽ]]/ could be syllabic. All consonants except /[[Palatal approximant#Palatal|j]] [[Voiced labio-velar approximant|w]] [[Glottal stop|ʔ]]/ could be geminated; when geminated, [[Voiceless glottal fricative|h]] is a [[Voiceless bidental fricative|bidental fricative]] or a [[voiceless pharyngeal fricative]], and [[Retroflex flap|ɽ]] is an [[alveolar trill]]. The clusters /n̪j/, /tj/, /dj/, and /lj/ could be pronounced as such or as the palatals [ɲ], [c], [ɟ], and [ʎ].
/m n̪ ŋ l ɽ/ could be syllabic. All consonants except /j w ʔ/ could be geminated; when geminated, h is a bidental fricative or a pharyngeal fricative, and ɽ is an alveolar trill. The clusters /n̪j/, /tj/, /dj/, and /lj/ could be pronounced as such or as the palatals [ɲ], [c], [ɟ], and [ʎ].


The vowels were follows:
The vowels were follows:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! !! [[Front vowel|Front]] !! [[central vowel|Central]] !! [[back vowel|Back]]
! !! Front !! Central !! Back
|-
|-
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
! Close
| {{IPA|i}} || {{IPA|ɨ}} ''ï'' {{IPA|ʉ}} ''ü'' || {{IPA|u}}
| {{IPA|i}} || {{IPA|ɨ}} ''ï'' {{IPA|ʉ}} ''ü'' || {{IPA|u}}
|-
|-
! [[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
! Close-mid
| {{IPA|e}} {{IPA|ø}} ''ö'' || {{IPA|ə}} ''ë'' || {{IPA|o}}
| {{IPA|e}} {{IPA|ø}} ''ö'' || {{IPA|ə}} ''ë'' || {{IPA|o}}
|-
|-
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
! Open
| {{IPA|æ}} ''ä'' || {{IPA|a}}  
| {{IPA|æ}} ''ä'' || {{IPA|a}}  
|}
|}
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