Northeadish: Difference between revisions

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===Orthography===
===Orthography===
'''a''': The letter <a> can double as a short open low vowel and a schwa.
====a====
The letter <a> can double as a short open low vowel and a schwa.
* <a> is pronounced as [ə]:
* <a> is pronounced as [ə]:
**At the end of a word or morpheme when unstressed.
**At the end of a word or morpheme when unstressed.
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**''man'' ‘man’ [man]
**''man'' ‘man’ [man]
**''scap'' ‘shape’ [skap]
**''scap'' ‘shape’ [skap]
'''æ''' and '''e''': The letters <æ> and <e> are both pronounced as [ɛ]; however, <æ> only occurs as the i-umlaut of <a>. (Historically, <æ> was pronounced [æ].)
 
====æ and e====
 
The letters <æ> and <e> are both pronounced as [ɛ]; however, <æ> only occurs as the i-umlaut of <a>. (Historically, <æ> was pronounced [æ].)
*''hændɴ'' ‘to catch’ [hɛn.dn̩], from *''handjaną''
*''hændɴ'' ‘to catch’ [hɛn.dn̩], from *''handjaną''
*''hendɴ'' ‘to catch’ [hɛn.ðn̩], from *''henþaną''
*''hendɴ'' ‘to catch’ [hɛn.ðn̩], from *''henþaną''
'''ǣ''' and '''ē''': Similarly, <ǣ> and <ē> are both pronounced as [eː], but <ǣ> only occurs as the i-umlaut of <ā> while <ē> is the realization of the Proto-Germanic diphthong *ai or the result of ŋ-deletion after *e. (Historically, <ǣ> was pronounced [æː].)
 
====ǣ and ē====
 
Similarly, <ǣ> and <ē> are both pronounced as [eː], but <ǣ> only occurs as the i-umlaut of <ā> while <ē> is the realization of the Proto-Germanic diphthong *ai or the result of ŋ-deletion after *e. (Historically, <ǣ> was pronounced [æː].)
*''bǣgʀ'' ‘quarrels’, plural of ''bāg''.
*''bǣgʀ'' ‘quarrels’, plural of ''bāg''.
*''stēn'' ‘stone’, from *''stainaz''.
*''stēn'' ‘stone’, from *''stainaz''.
*''þēht'' ‘tight’, from *''þenhtaz''.
*''þēht'' ‘tight’, from *''þenhtaz''.
'''q''', '''ʒ''', and '''ƕ''': The “labiovelar” letters <nowiki><q></nowiki>, <ʒ>, and <ƕ> have several possible articulations depending on their placement in a word and their proximities to other vowels and consonants.  The letter <ʒ> in particular is the realization of Germanic [[verschärfung]], which comes from Proto-Germanic combinations such as *gg, *gw, *ww, and *gwj.  It may also arise from an intervocalic *w in certain circumstances.  The other labiovelar consonants, *hw and *kw, followed the pattern of *gw later in the development of Northeadish. The rules for these letters, while many, are all the same. <nowiki><q></nowiki>, <ʒ>, and <ƕ> are pronounced as:
 
====q, ʒ, and ƕ====
 
The “labiovelar” letters <nowiki><q></nowiki>, <ʒ>, and <ƕ> have several possible articulations depending on their placement in a word and their proximities to other vowels and consonants.  The letter <ʒ> in particular is the realization of Germanic [[verschärfung]], which comes from Proto-Germanic combinations such as *gg, *gw, *ww, and *gwj.  It may also arise from an intervocalic *w in certain circumstances.  The other labiovelar consonants, *hw and *kw, followed the pattern of *gw later in the development of Northeadish. The rules for these letters, while many, are all the same. <nowiki><q></nowiki>, <ʒ>, and <ƕ> are pronounced as:


*[k, g, x], respectively, between two consonants, or after a consonant when word-final.  
*[k, g, x], respectively, between two consonants, or after a consonant when word-final.  
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**''treʒvetscap'' ‘dendrology’ [trɛug.wɛt.skap]
**''treʒvetscap'' ‘dendrology’ [trɛug.wɛt.skap]
**''naɧventʀ'' ‘next winter’ [naux.wɛnt.r̩]
**''naɧventʀ'' ‘next winter’ [naux.wɛnt.r̩]
'''h''': The letter h may have three different pronunciations depending on its position relative to neighboring phonemes.
 
====h====
 
The letter h may have three different pronunciations depending on its position relative to neighboring phonemes.
*<h> is pronounced as [h] when initial except before a sonorant.
*<h> is pronounced as [h] when initial except before a sonorant.
**''hūs'' ‘house’ [huːs]
**''hūs'' ‘house’ [huːs]
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**''tehɴ'' ‘ten’ [tɛç.n̩]
**''tehɴ'' ‘ten’ [tɛç.n̩]
**''līht'' ‘easy’ [liːçt]
**''līht'' ‘easy’ [liːçt]
'''ƕ''', '''ɧ''': In addition to the pronunciation complexities mentioned above, the letter ƕ has the additional complication of an orthographic convention whereby it is written as <ɧ> when in final position in a word or word segment.


'''s''': The letter s sports both phonemic and orthographic variation.
====ƕ, ɧ====
 
In addition to the pronunciation complexities mentioned above, the letter ƕ has the additional complication of an orthographic convention whereby it is written as <ɧ> when in final position in a word or word segment.
 
====s====
 
The letter s sports both phonemic and orthographic variation.
*It is written as '''s''' when word- or word-segment-final; otherwise it is written as '''ſ'''. (For the purposes of this site, both versions will be written as '''s'''.)
*It is written as '''s''' when word- or word-segment-final; otherwise it is written as '''ſ'''. (For the purposes of this site, both versions will be written as '''s'''.)
**''þas ſeʒlas ſcīn'' ‘the sun’s rays’ [θəs sɛugləs skiːn]
**''þas ſeʒlas ſcīn'' ‘the sun’s rays’ [θəs sɛugləs skiːn]
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**''vruðþ'' ‘word’ [vrʊθ]
**''vruðþ'' ‘word’ [vrʊθ]


'''ðþ''', '''vf''': The letters ð and v become unvoiced at the end of a word or before another unvoiced consonant (see Obstruent Devoicing), but when they occur word- or word-segment-finally, the voiced consonants remain in the orthography.
====ðþ, vf====
 
The letters ð and v become unvoiced at the end of a word or before another unvoiced consonant (see Obstruent Devoicing), but when they occur word- or word-segment-finally, the voiced consonants remain in the orthography.


Three letters – all of them short vowels – are no longer used in Northeadish: ı, o, and œ.
Three letters – all of them short vowels – are no longer used in Northeadish: ı, o, and œ.
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