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===Particles=== | ===Particles=== | ||
===Derivational morphology - Kokampeithausięe maivāndarāmita=== | |||
Chlouvānem has an extensive system of derivational morphology, with many possibilities of deriving words from verbal roots and even from other nouns. | |||
====Nouns==== | |||
'''-a''' (unstressed) or '''-ā''' (stressed) is a common derivative to make basic words from verbal roots. It does not have any fixed meaning, though it's always pretty close to the root. Nouns with the unstressed suffix and an ablautable vowel usually belong to the ablauting declension. '''ṛ''' in a root is always strengthened to middle-grade.<br/> | |||
— ''dṛ'' (to do, to make) → ''dara'' (activity)<br/> | |||
— ''lil'' (to live) → ''lila'' (person; living thing)<br/> | |||
— ''tṛl'' (to know) → ''tarla'' (science) | |||
'''-as''' is another common derivative, without fixed meaning, but usually denoting objects or things done by acting. It is used to derive positions from positional verbs.<br/> | |||
— ''tug'' (to beat) → ''tugas'' (beat)<br/> | |||
— ''jlitiā (jlitim-)'' (be to the right of) → ''jlitimas'' (right)<br/> | |||
— ''āntiā (āntim-)'' (be above, be on) → ''āntimas'' (part above) | |||
--> | '''-ūm''' is another derivative without fixed meaning, overlapping with ''-as''.<br/> | ||
— ''lgut'' (to buy) → ''lgutūm'' (something bought)<br/> | |||
— ''peith'' (to go, walk (multidirectional)) → ''peithūm'' (walk)<br/> | |||
— ''yālv'' (to be sweet (taste)) → ''yālvūm'' (sweet taste) | |||
'''-laukas''' is a singulative suffix, denoting either a single thing of a collective noun, or a single constituent of a broader act. Unlike the previous ones, it is most commonly applied to other nouns.<br/> | |||
— ''ϑlun'' (to go, walk (monodirectional)) → ''ϑluṃlaukas'' (step)<br/> | |||
— ''lil'' (to live) (or ''liloe'' (life)) → ''lillaukas'' (moment, instant)<br/> | |||
— ''daša'' (rain) → ''dašilaukas'' (raindrop) | |||
'''-anah''', with middle-grade ablaut if possible, denotes an act or process, or something closely related to that.<br/> | |||
— ''dig'' (to pour) → ''deganah'' ((act of) pouring)<br/> | |||
— ''miš'' (to see) → ''mešanah'' (sight)<br/> | |||
— ''lgut'' (to buy) → ''lgotanah'' (shopping) | |||
'''-yāva''' plus either middle- or high-grade ablaut denotes a quality.<br/> | |||
— ''māl'' (to keep together) → ''mālyāva'' (union)<br/> | |||
— ''hælvė'' (fruit) → ''hælvėyāva'' (fertility)<br/> | |||
— ''blut'' (to clean) → ''blotyāva'' (cleanliness) | |||
'''-išam''' has the same meaning as ''-yāva'', but it's rarer.<br/> | |||
— ''yųlniltas'' (edible) → ''yųlniltešam'' (edibility)<br/> | |||
— ''yālv'' (to be sweet (taste)) → ''yālvišam'' (sweetness)<br/> | |||
— ''ñailūh'' (ice) → ''ñailuišam'' (coldness) | |||
'''-āmita''', often with high-grade ablaut, is another suffix forming quality nouns, but it is often more abstract, being translatable with suffixes like English ''-ism''.<br/> | |||
— ''çuliė'' (friend (female)) → ''çuliāmita'' (friendship)<br/> | |||
— ''ėmīla'' (tiger) → ''ėmīlāmita'' (nobility (quality); most important people in society<ref>Chlouvānem society lacked a true noble class; this term applies to the most influential people in society. Tigers are considered among the noblest animals.</ref>)<br/> | |||
— ''ñæltah'' (sister (for a male)) → ''ñæltāmita'' (brotherhood) | |||
'''-ūyas''', with middle-grade ablaut, has various generic and sometimes unpredictable meanings.<br/> | |||
— ''māl'' (to keep together) → ''mālūyas'' (number)<br/> | |||
— ''lij'' (to sing) → ''lejūyas'' (choir)<br/> | |||
— ''yālv'' (to be sweet (taste)) → ''yālvūyas'' (dessert, cake; something sweet) | |||
'''-rṣūs''' (''-ṛṣūs'' after a consonant) denotes a tool, namely something used in doing an action.<br/> | |||
— ''yaud'' (to catch) → ''yaudṛṣūs'' (trap)<br/> | |||
— ''miš'' (to see) → ''meširṣūs'' (eye <small>''(literary, rare)''</small>)<ref>Middle-grade ablaut is specific to this root.</ref><br/> | |||
— ''hær'' (to kiss) → ''hærṣūs'' (lips (pair of))<br/> | |||
'''-gis''' denotes something used ''for'' doing an action, not always synonymous with ''-rṣūs''.<br/> | |||
— ''mešīn'' (eye) → ''mešīlgis'' (glasses (pair of))<br/> | |||
— ''tug'' (to beat) → ''tulgis'' (drumstick)<br/> | |||
— ''lgut'' (to buy) → ''lgudgis'' (money, currency) | |||
'''-oe''' (with middle-grade ablaut) often denotes a result, but has lots of various meanings.<br/> | |||
— ''hal'' (to call) → ''haloe'' (name, noun)<br/> | |||
— ''peith'' (to go, walk (multidirectional)) → ''peithoe'' (development; the way something is carried out)<br/> | |||
— ''yųl'' (to eat) → ''yąloe'' (meal) | |||
'''-īn''' plus middle grade-ablaut denotes a doer (roughly equivalent to English ''-er''); usually it is a person, but not always.<br/> | |||
— ''bhi'' (to take care of; to care for) → ''bhayīn'' (someone who takes care; guardian)<br/> | |||
̜— ''tug'' (to beat) → ''togīn'' (heart)<br/> | |||
— ''lgut'' (to buy) → ''lgotīn'' (buyer) | |||
'''-āvi''' denotes something derived from X. It is also used in forming matronymics.<br/> | |||
— ''lameṣa'' (coconut palm) → ''laṃṣāvi'' (coconut)<br/> | |||
— ''mešanah'' (sight) → ''mešanąvi'' (knowledge)<br/> | |||
— ''yųl'' (to eat) → ''yųlāvi'' (strength <small>''(literary, rare)''</small>) | |||
'''-āmis''' means "made of X".<br/> | |||
— ''tāmira'' (rock, stone) → ''tāmirāmis'' (stone tool)<br/> | |||
— ''tarlā'' (knowledge, science) → ''tarlāmis'' (wisdom)<br/> | |||
— ''lil'' (to live) → ''lilāmis'' (a blissful place) | |||
'''-ikā''' has various meanings, often somewhat abstract, or related to highly valued things/roles.<br/> | |||
— ''daša'' (rain) → ''dāšikā'' (monsoon)<br/> | |||
— ''hær'' (to kiss) → ''hærikā'' (love <small>''(literary, rare)''</small>)<br/> | |||
— ''lalāruṇa'' (giant domestic lizard) → ''lalārauṇikā'' (knight mounting a ''lalāruṇa'') | |||
'''-dhūs''' means "having X".<br/> | |||
— ''dara'' (activity) → ''daradhūs'' (verb)<br/> | |||
— ''šaṇṭrās'' (field, soil) → ''šaṇṭrādhūs'' (countryside)<br/> | |||
— ''hælvė'' (fruit) → ''hælvidhūs'' (fruiting tree; <small>literary:</small> pregnant woman) | |||
'''-bān''' and '''-ūrah''' are two roughly equivalent suffixes used for locations. The first one is generally used after vowels, the second after consonants, but it's no strict rule.<br/> | |||
— ''hælvė'' (fruit) → ''hælvėbān'' (orchard)<br/> | |||
— ''lil'' (to live) → ''lilūrah'' (world)<br/> | |||
— ''peith'' (to go, to walk (multidirectional)) → ''peithūrah'' (passage) | |||
'''-(l)ænah''' denotes a tree or a plant having a certain fruit<ref>As for all living things, being Calémere a different planet, the given translation is the one of the closest equivalent on Earth.</ref>.<br/> | |||
— ''haiçah'' (pineapple) → ''haiçænah'' (pineapple tree)<br/> | |||
— ''ma'ika'' (uncooked rice) → ''ma'ikænah'' (rice plant)<br/> | |||
— ''šikālas'' (prickly pear) → ''šikālænah'' (prickly pear cactus) | |||
====Compounding==== | |||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||