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These basic forms have static meanings, and are always intransitive exterior verbs.<br/>Their causative forms translate the English verbs "to put", "to seat" and "to lay" respectively, and are transitive when exterior and intransitive (middle) when interior. Verbs equivalent to English ''to remain'' are formed by attaching these prefixes to the verb ''lįnake'' for the analogues of ''-tiā/-tim'' (e.g. ''tatiāke'' → ''lįnake''; ''āntiāke'' → ''āṃlįnake''; ''šutiāke'' → ''šulįnake'' and so on), while for the others (''to remain seated; to remain lying'') the construction ''lįnake + positional infinitive'' is used. | These basic forms have static meanings, and are always intransitive exterior verbs.<br/>Their causative forms translate the English verbs "to put", "to seat" and "to lay" respectively, and are transitive when exterior and intransitive (middle) when interior. Verbs equivalent to English ''to remain'' are formed by attaching these prefixes to the verb ''lįnake'' for the analogues of ''-tiā/-tim'' (e.g. ''tatiāke'' → ''lįnake''; ''āntiāke'' → ''āṃlįnake''; ''šutiāke'' → ''šulįnake'' and so on), while for the others (''to remain seated; to remain lying'') the construction ''lįnake + positional infinitive'' is used. | ||
These verbs all use two different place arguments: ''actual position'', which requires '''locative''' case, and ''relative position'', requiring '''exessive''' case. The latter often denotes non-inclusion in the mentioned place. Some examples: | |||
# ''jñūmat'' jlitimu.<br/>tree-<small>EX</small>.<small>SG</small>. stand.right.of.<small>IND</small>.<small>PRES</small>-<small>1SG</small>.<small>EXT</small>.<small>PATIENT.TRG</small>.<br/>I'm standing to the right of the tree. | |||
# ''domañe'' vaivāstu.<br/>room-<small>LOC</small>.<small>SG</small>. be.seated.in.corner.<small>IND</small>.<small>PRES</small>-<small>1SG</small>.<small>EXT</small>.<small>PATIENT.TRG</small>.<br/>I'm sitting in a corner of the room. | |||
# ''domanat'' vaivāstu.<br/>room-<small>EX</small>.<small>SG</small>. be.seated.in.corner.<small>IND</small>.<small>PRES</small>-<small>1SG</small>.<small>EXT</small>.<small>PATIENT.TRG</small>.<br/>I'm sitting in a corner outside the room. | |||
# ''jñūmat'' ''ūnime'' priūlgu.<br/>tree-<small>EX</small>.<small>SG</small>. street-<small>LOC</small>.<small>SG</small>. lie.behind.<small>IND</small>.<small>PRES</small>-<small>1SG</small>.<small>EXT</small>.<small>PATIENT.TRG</small>.<br/>I'm lying in the street, behind the tree. | |||
=====Positional prefixes as derivational affixes===== | |||
Positional prefixes are commonly used as derivational affixes, often with only a figurative representation of the positional meaning. Some examples: | |||
* '''mai-''' (in front of) is often used for something done ''in advance'', or ''to someone''. | |||
* '''ān-''' (above) and '''na(ñ)-''' (in, inside) may be used as intensives (but ''cam-'' is more common) or inceptives. | |||
* '''šu-''' (down, below) may be used with a terminative meaning. | |||
The root ''męlь-'' (to give) is a good example for this: from the basic verb ''męlike'' we can find derivations such as ''primęlike'' (to give back <small>(exterior)</small>, to return <small>(interior)</small>), ''maimęlike'' (to prepare), ''āmmęlike'' (to dedicate oneself (mentally) to), ''namęlike'' (to dedicate oneself (physically) to), or ''šumęlike'' (to renounce). | |||
===Sentence phrase=== | ===Sentence phrase=== | ||