User:Ceige/Taumóq: Difference between revisions
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=Grammar= | |||
==Particles== <!--https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Austronesian_language#Interrogatives_and_case_markers https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_alignment#cite_note-EB-2 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog_grammar#Cases --> | |||
===Non-verbal case prefixes=== | |||
* '''a-, u-''' (case) – general direct/focus case. | |||
* '''i-, é-''' (case) – general locative case. | |||
* '''ni-''' (case) – genitive case for persons (na- plural, nu- common?), unfocused actor case. | |||
* '''si-''' (case) – subject case for persons (sa- plural, su- common?) | |||
<!--* '''ti-''' (case) – accusative case for persons ''when not accounted for by voice/focus'' (ta- plural, tu- common?)--> | |||
* '''ki-''' (case) – unfocused oblique (dative etc) case for persons (ka- plural, ku- common?) | |||
* '''di-''' (case) – unfocused locative case for persons (da- plural, du- common?) | |||
===Prefixes=== <!-- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Austronesian_language#Voice_system, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog_grammar#Trigger --> | |||
* '''i-, hi-, xi-''' (v, nmz, case) – ''verbal'': instrumental voice; ''nominal'': instrumental nouns; ''case'': ablative. | |||
* '''ka-''' (v, nmz, adv) – ''verbal'': qualitative/experiential/occurrential stative; ''nominal'': nouns of state, manner, quality and occurrence; ''adverbal'': past-tense marker in temporal expressions. ''Often used in conjunction with -an for a more mediopassive meaning''. | |||
:* ''ka-ďap'' = fitness (for a task, potential), ''ka-ben'' = otherness | |||
* '''ma-''' (v, nmz) – ''verbal'': stative, a good verbal marker in general; ''nominal'': agent, patient and instrumental nouns. | |||
:* ''ma-kan'' = to eat, ''ma-ďap'' = to fit together with something, ''ma-kaé'' = to dig or someone who digs. | |||
:* '''maN-''' (v) – transitive verbal marker | |||
::* ''man-ďap'' = to fit something with something else | |||
* '''mu-''' (case, v) – ''case'': dative, lative case; ''verbal'': to go to or approach something or a place. | |||
* '''pa-''' (v, nmz) – ''verbal'': causative (can come before ma-, ka- etc), instrumental voice; ''nominal'': agent and instrument prefix. | |||
:* ''pa-kan'' = to feed, ''pa-k<u>an</u>aé'' = digging tools | |||
* '''ta-''' (v, nmz) – ''verbal'': involuntary passive voice, sudden, unexpected, or spontaneous actions or experiences; ''nominal'': nominalised equivalent of verbal sense. | |||
===Infixes (optionally prefixes)=== | |||
* '''-an-, -n-''' (v, nmz) – ''verbal & nominal'': frequentative, intensifier, pluraliser | |||
* '''-in-''' (v, nmz) – ''verbal'': perfective marker; ''nominal'': perfective, sometimes passive perfect nominals. | |||
:* ''k<u>in</u>aé-an'' = a place that has been dug up, had its crop harvested, plundered, etc; ''z<u>in</u>an'' = a path or way prepared beforehand, cf. the phrase "pave the way for..." | |||
* '''-um-, -m-''' (v) – actor voice, transitive marker. ''Often combined as -N- with ma-''. | |||
:* ''k<u>um</u>an'' = to eat (something). | |||
===Suffixes=== | |||
* '''-an''' (v, nmz) – ''verbal'': locative voice, passive, mediopassive, to place or be placed; ''nominal'': place noun, noun of location, thing of X trait or quality. <!--''Used with -in- to emphasise the verbal use''.--> | |||
:* ''kaé-an'' = dig site, quarry; ''tam-an'' = grave, garden, planted field; ''dang-an'' = place near a fire, ''bui-an'' = pigpen, ''bui-bui-an'' = place where all the pigs are or the pigs in general. | |||
* '''-en''' (v, nmz) – ''verbal'': patient voice; ''nominal'': patient noun | |||
:* ''kan-en'' = be eaten, thing that is eaten (food) | |||
<!--* '''-i''' (v) – transitive suffix--> | |||
==Pronouns== <!-- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_personal_pronouns#Proto-languages --> | |||
(Prefixed by si-, a-, etc) | |||
* 1s – ku | |||
* 2s – u | |||
* 3s – ya | |||
* 1p inc. – mi | |||
* 1p exc. – ta | |||
* 2p – mu | |||
* 3p – da | |||
==Voice== | |||
Note: this section was written before articles, case particles, and suprasegmental phonotactics were sorted, so examples may be outdated. | |||
* '''Actor voice''': k<u>um</u>an u-bui tu-bemben xi-baq-nu-ya i-uma <!-- di-uma --> | |||
:: (''the pig eats the banana with its mouth by the house'') | |||
* '''Patient/passive voice''': kan-en u-bemben nu-bui xi-baq-nu-ya i-uma | |||
:: (''the banana is eaten by the pig with its mouth by the house'') | |||
* '''Instrumental voice''': i-kan u-baq-nu-ya nu-bui tu-bemben i-uma | |||
:: (''with its mouth, the pig eats the banana by the house'') | |||
* '''Locative voice''': kan-an u-uma tu-bemben u-bui xi-baq-nu-ya <!-- i-uma --> | |||
:: (''by the house, the pig eats the banana with its mouth''). | |||
=Wordlists= | =Wordlists= | ||
==Lexicon== | ==Lexicon== | ||
* '''ambai''' – lover, companion (< PMP *abay, cf. sabai) | * '''ambai''' – lover, companion (< PMP *abay, cf. sabai) | ||
* '''ambang''' – sea-faring boat, important boat (< PMP *qabang₁) | |||
* '''bei''' – don't! (vetative marker) (< PMP *beliq₂) | * '''bei''' – don't! (vetative marker) (< PMP *beliq₂) | ||
* '''bang''' – fruit tree (< PMP *baraŋan₁,₂) | * '''bang''' – fruit tree (< PMP *baraŋan₁,₂) | ||
* '''baq, bóq, baqbaq''' – mouth, say, speak (< PMP *baqbaq) | |||
* '''baqbaq''' – chatter, hubbub, mouthing off, conversation, speaking | |||
* '''bat''' | * '''bat''' | ||
* '''bemben'' – banana (< PAN *beNbeN) (cf. *punti) | |||
* '''ben, bəən''' – other, different, not that (< PWMP *beken) | * '''ben, bəən''' – other, different, not that (< PWMP *beken) | ||
* '''bui, bai''' – pig (< PAN *babuy₃) | |||
* '''dang, dangdang, danang, déng''' – broil, warm near a fire (< PAN *dangdang) | |||
* '''ďan, yan''' – no, not (< PWMP *dian) | * '''ďan, yan''' – no, not (< PWMP *dian) | ||
* '''ďap, dap''' – fit, fitting, fit together, close together, possible, able, can (< PMP *dapet, PAN *dapa) | * '''ďap, dap''' – fit, fitting, fit together, close together, possible, able, can (< PMP *dapet, PAN *dapa) | ||
* '''ém''' – bird, chicken, critter (< PMP *qayam₁, *qayam₂) | * '''ém''' – bird, chicken, critter (< PMP *qayam₁, *qayam₂) | ||
* '''in, éni, ai''' – (dialectal) no, not (< PAN *ini, PAN *qazi) | * '''in, éni, ai''' – (dialectal) no, not (< PAN *ini, PAN *qazi) | ||
* '''kaé''' – hole, dig up (< PAN *kalih) | |||
* '''kan''' – eat (< PAN *kaen) | |||
* '''muq, móq''' – storm, gargle, south-east, east (< PAN *timuR) | * '''muq, móq''' – storm, gargle, south-east, east (< PAN *timuR) | ||
* '''nang''' – indefinite determiner, adverb; if, perhaps, hopefully (< PMP *baraŋ₁) | * '''nang''' – indefinite determiner, adverb; if, perhaps, hopefully (< PMP *baraŋ₁) | ||
* '''pan, pən, pén''' – enclosure, fenced or walled off area (< PMP *pager) | |||
* '''pui, apui, ampui''' – fire (< PAN *qapuy) | |||
* '''tam''' – bury, buried things such as graves and caches, plant (< PAN *tanem) | |||
* '''taq''' – soft negative that invites input from the other speaker (< PWMP *taq₃) | * '''taq''' – soft negative that invites input from the other speaker (< PWMP *taq₃) | ||
* '''taé''' – feces, excrement, poop (< PAN *Caqi) | |||
* '''sabai, sambai''' – together, side-by-side (< PAN *sabay₁, PMP *sa(m)bay) | * '''sabai, sambai''' – together, side-by-side (< PAN *sabay₁, PMP *sa(m)bay) | ||
* '''uma''' – house (< PAN *Rumaq) | * '''uma''' – house (< PAN *Rumaq) | ||
* '''vang''' – boat, canoe (< PAN *qabang₁) | * '''vang, óng, ang''' – boat, canoe (< PAN *qabang₁) | ||
* '''yeq''' – this (< PWMP *ieq) | |||
* '''zan''' – path, way, street (< PMP *zalan) | * '''zan''' – path, way, street (< PMP *zalan) | ||