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{{Infobox language | {{Infobox language | ||
|image = Ris.png | |image = Ris.png | ||
Line 1,716: | Line 1,711: | ||
|} | |} | ||
=== | ====Locative==== | ||
=====Locative proper===== | |||
===== | :''See also: [[Ris#Possession|Ris possession]]'' | ||
The | The locative case ({{sc|loc}}) vaguely corresponds to the English spatial prepositions of "by", "at", "in", and "on". However, the Ris locative also bears a temporal usage, similarly to English "in an hour", "today", "after three o'clock". | ||
! colspan="5" | The Ris language does have [[w:adpositions|adpositions]] in the traditional sense, to control the exact location of the locative. | ||
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | |||
|+ | |||
<!-- Sentence --> | |||
| colspan="4"|'''Amnayya azim{{blue|at}}'''? | |||
! | |||
| colspan="5"|'''ʔineyna {{green|en}}azam{{blue|ut}}'''. | |||
! | |||
| colspan="3"|'''{{green|am}}agy{{blue|at}}''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | <!-- Pronunciation--> | ||
! | | colspan="4"|/aˈŋ͡majːa azˈiŋ͡mat/ | ||
! | |||
! | |||
| colspan="5"|/ˈʔinɛjna ɛnˈazaŋut/ | |||
! | |||
| colspan="3"|/aŋaɡˈjat/ | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | <!-- Morphemes--> | ||
| | |||
| | |<small>amna</small> | ||
| | |<small>-yya</small> | ||
| | |<small>azima</small> | ||
|<small>{{blue|-t}}</small> | |||
! | |||
|<small>ʔiney</small> | |||
|<small>-na</small> | |||
|<small>{{green|en}}-</small> | |||
|<small>azama</small> | |||
|<small>-{{blue|ut}}</small> | |||
! | |||
|<small>{{green|am}}-</small> | |||
|<small>agy</small> | |||
|<small>-{{blue|at}}</small> | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | <!-- Gloss--> | ||
| | |you/{{sc|2.sg.c.pat}} | ||
| | | -{{sc|cop.act.ind.stat}} | ||
| | | home/{{sc|sg.n}} | ||
| | | -{{sc|n.{{blue|loc}}}} | ||
! | |||
| lie/{{sc|act.ind.stat.n.sg}} | |||
| -it/{{sc|n.pat.3.sg}} | |||
| below.{{sc|{{green|locp}}}}- | |||
|house/{{sc|2.sg.c}} | |||
| -{{sc|n.{{blue|loc}}}} | |||
! | |||
| after/behind.{{sc|{{green|locp}}}}- | |||
| hour/{{sc|f.sg}} | |||
| -{{sc|f.{{blue|loc}}}} | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | <!-- Translations --> | ||
| colspan="4"| ''Are you at home?'' | |||
! | |||
| colspan="5"|''It lies below the house''. | |||
| | |||
|'' | ! | ||
| colspan="3"|''In an hour'' | |||
! | |||
| | |||
|'' | |||
! | |||
| | |||
|'' | |||
|} | |} | ||
=====Lative locative===== | |||
Related to location is movement, and the locative can through a construction with the lative particle ‹''a''› /a/, transform the locative meaning to a lative or translative one. Before a null-onset, it is pronounced /aɦ/. | |||
The particle and the proclitic adpositions will be marked green. | |||
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | |||
|+ | |||
<!-- Sentence --> | |||
| colspan="4"|'''Gam {{green|a}} azim{{blue|at}}!''' | |||
{| | |||
! colspan=" | ! | ||
| colspan="6"| '''ʔinena {{green|a}} {{green|en}}azam{{blue|ut}}'''. | |||
! | |||
| colspan="4"|'''{{green|A}}nn erʔ{{blue|it}}'''. | |||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan=" | <!-- Pronunciation--> | ||
! colspan=" | | colspan="4"|/ɡøŋ aɦazˈiŋat/ | ||
! | |||
! | |||
| colspan="6"|/ˈʔinɛna aɦ ɛnˈazaŋut/ | |||
! | |||
| colspan="4"|/anː erˈʔit/ | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | <!-- Morphemes--> | ||
! | |||
|<small>gam</small> | |||
|<small>{{green|a}}</small> | |||
|<small>azima</small> | |||
! | |<small>{{blue|-t}}</small> | ||
! | |||
|<small>ʔine</small> | |||
|<small>-na</small> | |||
|<small>{{green|a}}</small> | |||
|<small>{{green|en}}-</small> | |||
|<small>azama</small> | |||
|<small>-{{blue|ut}}</small> | |||
! | |||
|<small>{{green|a}}-</small> | |||
|<small>-nn</small> | |||
|<small>erʔi</small> | |||
|<small>-{{blue|t}}</small> | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | <!-- Gloss--> | ||
|- | |come/{{sc|act.dir.pos.m}} | ||
! | | {{sc|{{green|latp}}}} | ||
| home/{{sc|sg.f}} | |||
| | | -{{sc|f.{{blue|loc}}}} | ||
| | |||
| | ! | ||
| | |||
| | | lay/{{sc|act.ind.dyn.n.sg}} | ||
| | | -it/{{sc|n.pat.3.sg}} | ||
| | | {{sc|{{green|latp}}}} | ||
| | | below.{{sc|{{green|locp}}}}- | ||
| | |house/{{sc|n.sg}} | ||
| -{{sc|n.{{blue|loc}}}} | |||
! | |||
| {{sc|{{green|latp}}}} | |||
| -{{sc|m.pat.1.sg}} | |||
|anger/{{sc|f.sg}} | |||
| -{{sc|f.{{blue|loc}}}} | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | <!-- Translations --> | ||
|'' | |||
|'' | | colspan="4"| ''Come home!'' | ||
|'' | |||
|'' | ! | ||
| colspan="6" |''Put it below the house''. | |||
|'' | |||
|' | ! | ||
|' | |||
| colspan="4"|''I am getting angry''. | |||
|} | |||
=====Possessive locative===== | |||
The third purpose of the locative case is that it is also the main tool to express [[Ris#Possession|possession]], a construction very close to the [[w:Celtic|Celtic]] and [[w:Finnish|Finnish]] equivalents, confer: | |||
*'''Minulla on talo''' - ''I have a house'' (literally: ''There is a house at me'') | |||
This is the one of the ways of expressing [[Attian#Alienable|alienable possession]] in Ris, and it is as such never used for inalienable constructions. | |||
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | |||
|+ | |||
<!-- Sentence --> | |||
| colspan="4"|'''g{{blue|at}} azamayya''' | |||
! | |||
| colspan="5"| '''Manim g{{blue|at}} azamayya!''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | <!-- Pronunciation--> | ||
| colspan="4"|/ˈɡ͡bøt aˈzaŋajːa/ | |||
! | |||
| | |||
| | | colspan="5"|/ˈŋ͡mønin ˈɡ͡bøt aˈzaŋajːa/ | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | <!-- Morphemes--> | ||
|<small>g</small> | |||
|<small>-{{blue|at}}</small> | |||
|<small>azama</small> | |||
|<small>-yya</small> | |||
! | |||
|<small>emin</small> | |||
|<small>g</small> | |||
|<small>-{{blue|āt}}</small> | |||
|<small>azama</small> | |||
|<small>-yya</small> | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | <!-- Gloss--> | ||
|I/{{sc|1.sg.m}} | |||
| -{{sc|c.{{blue|loc}}}} | |||
| home/{{sc|sg.n.pat}} | |||
| -{{sc|cop.act.ind.stat}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
! | |||
| see/{{sc|act.dir.pos.c.pl}} | |||
|I/{{sc|1.sg.m}} | |||
| -{{sc|c.{{blue|loc}}}} | |||
| home/{{sc|sg.n.pat}} | |||
| -{{sc|cop.act.ind.stat}} | |||
|- | |||
<!-- Translations --> | |||
| colspan="4"| ''My house'' | |||
! | |||
= | | colspan="5"|''Behold my house!'' | ||
|} | |||
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | {| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | ||
|+ | |+ | ||
<!-- Sentence --> | <!-- Sentence --> | ||
| colspan="6"|'''azamayya g{{blue|at}} ta trasino''' | |||
| colspan=" | | colspan="7"|'''Atnvayya g{{blue|at}} girgemn.''' | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Pronunciation--> | <!-- Pronunciation--> | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="6"|/ aˈzaŋajːa ˈɡ͡bøt wa taˈtr̥asino/ | ||
| colspan="7"|/ atˈŋ͡majːa ˈɡ͡bøt ˈɡirɡemn/ | |||
| colspan=" | |||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Morphemes--> | <!-- Morphemes--> | ||
|<small> | |<small>azama</small> | ||
|<small>- | |<small>-yya</small> | ||
|<small> | |<small>g</small> | ||
|<small>{{blue| | |<small>-{{blue|at}}</small> | ||
|<small>ta</small> | |||
|<small>trasino</small> | |||
! | ! | ||
|<small>atn</small> | |||
|<small> | |<small>-va</small> | ||
|<small>- | |<small>-yya</small> | ||
|<small> | |<small>g</small> | ||
|<small> | |<small>-{{blue|at}}</small> | ||
|<small>girge</small> | |||
|<small>-mn</small> | |||
|<small> | |||
| | |||
|<small> | |||
|<small> | |||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Gloss--> | <!-- Gloss--> | ||
| | | home/{{sc|sg.n.pat}} | ||
| -{{sc|ind. | | -{{sc|cop.act.ind.stat}} | ||
| | |I/{{sc|1.sg.m}} | ||
| | | -{{sc|f.{{blue|loc}}}} | ||
| {{sc|def art.n}} | |||
| green({{sc|n.sg.pat}}) | |||
! | ! | ||
| dog/{{sc|sg.n}} | |||
| -{{sc|agt.n.sg}} | |||
| | | -{{sc|cop.act.ind.stat}} | ||
| | |I/{{sc|1.sg.m}} | ||
| -{{sc|f.{{blue|loc}}}} | |||
| see/{{sc|act.ind.dyn.n.sg}} | |||
| -you.{{sc|m.pat.2.sg}} | |||
| -{{sc| | |||
| | |||
| -{{sc| | |||
| you.{{sc|2 | |||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Translations --> | <!-- Translations --> | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="6"|''My green house'' | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="7"|''My dog barks at you''. | ||
|} | |||
===Verbal=== | |||
====Conjugation==== | |||
=====Active verbs===== | |||
|} | The active Ris verbs are conjugated as follows. These are the roots of all active verb forms, on which personal suffixes are added. | ||
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 750px; text-align: center;" | |||
===== | ! colspan="5" scope="col"|''káter- '' - to write | ||
===== | |||
==== | |||
=== | |||
! colspan=" | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! scope="col"| | ||
! | ! scope="col"|Indicative | ||
! | ! scope="col"|Subjunctive | ||
! scope="col"|Jussive | |||
! scope="col"|Imperative | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | !Perfective | ||
| | |''kátero'' | ||
| | |''katérro'' | ||
|''katerévo'' | |||
|''káterro'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | !Imperfective | ||
| | |''káterto''<sup>1</sup> | ||
|''katérratho'' | |||
|''kateréutho''<sup>2</sup> | |||
|''katérratho'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | !Inceptive | ||
| | |''hékatro'' | ||
|''hékatro'' | |||
|''hékatrevo'' | |||
|''hékatro'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | !Cessative | ||
| | |''kateráskho'' | ||
|''katérraskho'' | |||
|''katerépso'' | |||
|''katérraskho'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | !Causative | ||
| | |''katerazo'' | ||
| | |''katérrazo'' | ||
|''katerépso'' | |||
|''katérrazo'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | !Iterative | ||
| | |''kékatro'' | ||
|''hékhatro'' | |||
|''kékatrevo'' | |||
|''hékhatro'' | |||
|} | |||
#''káteratho'' is an alternative form. | |||
#''katerépto'' is an alternative form. | |||
===Pronouns=== | |||
====Declension==== | |||
=====Independent===== | |||
=====Enclitic===== | |||
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 750px; text-align: center;" | |||
! colspan="11" scope="col"|Ris pronominal enclitics | |||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan=" | ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" scope="col"| | ||
| colspan=" | ! colspan="3" scope="col"|singular | ||
! colspan="3" scope="col"|dual | |||
! colspan="3" scope="col"|plural | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! scope="col"|1st | ||
| | ! scope="col"|2nd | ||
| | ! scope="col"|3rd | ||
| | ! scope="col"|1st | ||
| | ! scope="col"|2nd | ||
! scope="col"|3rd | |||
! scope="col"|1st | |||
! scope="col"|2nd | |||
! scope="col"|3rd | |||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan=" | ! colspan="11"|Indicative | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2"|Subject | |||
| | !Patientive | ||
|''-o'' | |||
|''-i'' | |||
|''-a'' | |||
|''-on'' | |||
|''-in'' | |||
|''-an'' | |||
|''-ouna'' | |||
|''-ia'' | |||
|''-asi'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | !Agentive | ||
| | |''-ōn'' | ||
|- | |''-īn'' | ||
| | |''-en'' | ||
| | |''-ōne'' | ||
|''-īne'' | |||
|''-ene'' | |||
|''-ounen'' | |||
|''-ien'' | |||
|''-asīn'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | !Object | ||
| | !Patientive | ||
|''-mi'' | |||
|''-s'' | |||
|''-i'' | |||
|''-min'' | |||
|''-ns'' | |||
|''-in'' | |||
|''-mou'' | |||
|''-tsa'' | |||
|''-as'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="11"|Subjunctive | |||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2"|Subject | |||
| | !Patientive | ||
|''-a'' | |||
|''-ei'' | |||
|''-ai'' | |||
|''-an'' | |||
|''-ēn'' | |||
|''-en'' | |||
|''-ouna'' | |||
|''-ia'' | |||
|''-asi'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | !Agentive | ||
| | |''-en'' | ||
| | |''-ēn'' | ||
|''-ēn'' | |||
|''-ene'' | |||
|''-ēne'' | |||
|''-ēne'' | |||
|''-ounen'' | |||
|''-ien'' | |||
|''-asīn'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!Object | |||
!Patientive | |||
|''-mi'' | |||
|''-s'' | |||
|''-i'' | |||
|''-min'' | |||
|''-ns'' | |||
|''-in'' | |||
|''-mou'' | |||
|''-tsa'' | |||
|''-as'' | |||
|} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
===Animacy=== | ===Animacy=== |