Chlouvānem: Difference between revisions

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(Major grammar revision)
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |
|-
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! rowspan=2 colspan=2 | → PoA <br/> ↓ Manner !! rowspan=2 | Labials<br/><small>hærṣokæh</small> !! colspan=2 | Dentals<br/><small>aṣṭrūkæh</small> !! rowspan=2 | Retroflexes<br/><small>āḍhyāsūkæh</small> !! rowspan=2 | Palatals<br/><small>dehāṃlūdvyūkæh</small> !! rowspan=2 | Velars<br/><small>bhyodilūdvyūkæh</small> !! rowspan=2 | Laryngeals<br/><small>diṇḍhūkæh</small>
! rowspan=2 colspan=2 | → PoA <br/> ↓ Manner !! rowspan=2 | Labials<br/><small>hærṣoke</small> !! colspan=2 | Dentals<br/><small>aṣṭrūke</small> !! rowspan=2 | Retroflexes<br/><small>āḍhyāsūke</small> !! rowspan=2 | Palatals<br/><small>dehāṃlūdvyūke</small> !! rowspan=2 | Velars<br/><small>bhyodilūdvyūke</small> !! rowspan=2 | Laryngeals<br/><small>diṇḍhūke</small>
|-
|-
! <small>Plain<br/>''pūdræh''</small> !! <small>Palatalized<br/>''pindehāṃlūdvyūkæh''</small>
! <small>Plain<br/>''pūdre''</small> !! <small>Palatalized<br/>''pindehāṃlūdvyūke''</small>
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | Nasals
! colspan=2 | Nasals
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* /n/ [ŋ] is written as <l> before <k g kh gh n>. Note that in many local varieties <lk lkh lg lgh> are actually [ɴq ɴqʰ ɴɢ ɴɢʱ], with the stop assimilating to <l> and not vice-versa, and thus analyzed as /ɴ̆k ɴ̆kʰ ɴ̆g ɴ̆gʱ/.
* /n/ [ŋ] is written as <l> before <k g kh gh n>. Note that in many local varieties <lk lkh lg lgh> are actually [ɴq ɴqʰ ɴɢ ɴɢʱ], with the stop assimilating to <l> and not vice-versa, and thus analyzed as /ɴ̆k ɴ̆kʰ ɴ̆g ɴ̆gʱ/.


Letter names are formed following these simple rules, which depend by phoneme type:
Letter names are formed with simple rules:
* Voiceless unaspirated stops and fricatives are phoneme + /uː/ (pū, tū, fū, sū...) except for <ɂ> which is aɂū. Voiceless aspirated stops are phoneme + /au̯/ (phau, thau...).
* All consonants apart from '''l''', '''r''', and aspirated stops form them with CaCas, e.g. '''s''' is ''sasas'', '''m''' is ''mamas'', '''b''' is ''babas'' and so on. '''ɂ''' is written ''aɂas''.
* Voiced unaspirated stops and fricatives are phoneme + /iː/ (bī, vī, dī...), while aspirated ones use /ai̯/ (bhai, dhai...). This latter diphthong is also used for yai, hai, and lai.
* Aspirated stops form them as CʰeCas, e.g. '''bh''' is ''bhebas'', '''ph''' is ''phepas'', and so on.
* Nasals and <r> use /ei̯/ (mei, nei, rei...), but <ṃ> is, uniquely, ''nālkāvi''.
* '''l''' is ''loulas'' and '''r''' is ''rairas''. '''ṃ''' is, uniquely, ''nālkāvi'' and the palatalizing sign is called ''hærūñjīma''.
* Short unrounded vowels are vowel + /t/ + vowel (iti, ete...); short rounded ones have /p/ instead of /t/ (upu, opo).
* Short vowels are VtV*s, where the second V is ''a'' for '''æ''' and '''å''' (''ætas'', ''åtas''), ''i'' for '''e''' (''etis''), and ''u'' for '''o''' (''otus'').
* Long vowels are vowel + /n/ if unrounded (īn, ėn, ān), or /m/ if rounded (ūm). Oral diphthongs all have diphthong + /m/ + first element (aima, eime...).
* Long vowels are vowel + ''-nis'' if unrounded (''īnis'', ''ėnis'', ''ānis''), but '''ū''', being rounded, is ''ūmus'' if rounded (ūm). Oral diphthongs all have diphthong + ''-myas'' (''aimyas'', ''eimyas''…).
* Breathy-voiced vowels are vowel + /ɦ/ + vowel (įi, ųu, ęe, ąa). Breathy-voiced diphthongs are diphthong + /ɦ/ + oral second element (ąihi, ęihi, ąuhu).
* Breathy-voiced vowels are vowel + /ɦ/ + vowel + s (''įis'', ''ąas'', ''ųus'', but ''ęas''). Breathy-voiced diphthongs are diphthong + /ɕ/ + ''as'' (''ąišas'', ''ęišas'', ''ąušas'').


===o and å===
===o and å===
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''→ Main article: [[Chlouvānem/Morphology|Chlouvānem morphology]]''
''→ Main article: [[Chlouvānem/Morphology|Chlouvānem morphology]]''


Chlouvānem morphology (''maivāndarāmita'') is complex and synthetic, with a large number of inflections. Six parts of speech are traditionally distinguished: nouns, adjectives, verbs, pronouns, numerals, and particles.
Chlouvānem morphology (''maivāndarāmita'') is complex and synthetic, with a large number of inflections. Five parts of speech are traditionally distinguished: nouns, verbs, pronouns, numerals, and particles.


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
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====Use of the topic====
====Use of the topic====
The '''topic''' is explicitely marked with ''mæn'' if it does not coincide with the subject and does not have any syntactical role in the sentence. Some common structures where explicit topics are always used rank among the most basic sentences:
The '''topic''' is explicitely marked with ''mæn'' if it does not coincide with the subject and does not have any syntactical role in the sentence. Some common structures where explicit topics are always used rank among the most basic sentences:
* ''lili mæn māmimojendeh fliven'' "I am 21 (19<sub>12</sub>, Chlouvānem age)/20 years old (English age)"<ref>Chlouvānem age reckoning counts the number of the ongoing year, not how many years have passed - thus a newborn is in its first year, and a 20-years-old is in its twenty-first year.</ref>, glossed: <small>1SG.DIR</small>. <small>TOPIC</small>. nineteenth<sub>12</sub>.<small>PARROT.DIR.SG</small>. go.<small>MONODIR-IND.PRES.3S.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>.
* ''lili mæn māmimojendeh fliven'' "I am 21 (19<sub>12</sub>, Chlouvānem age)/20 years old (English age)"<ref>Chlouvānem age reckoning counts the number of the ongoing year, not how many years have passed - thus a newborn is in its first year, and a 20-years-old is in its twenty-first year.</ref>, glossed: <small>1SG.DIR</small>. <small>TOPIC</small>. nineteenth<sub>12</sub>.<small>DIR.SG</small>. go.<small>MONODIR-IND.PRES.3S.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>.
* ''lili mæn ñæltion unde'' "I have two sisters", glossed <small>1SG.DIR</small>. <small>TOPIC</small>. sister-<small>DIR.DUAL</small>. be-<small>IND.PRES.3D.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>. — the verb "to have" is always translated by this construction.
* ''lili mæn ñæltion unde'' "I have two sisters", glossed <small>1SG.DIR</small>. <small>TOPIC</small>. sister-<small>DIR.DUAL</small>. be-<small>IND.PRES.3D.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>. — the verb "to have" is always translated by this construction.
* ''lili mæn kite domani tītya [ulīran]'' "in my house there are eight rooms", glossed <small>1SG.DIR</small>. <small>TOPIC</small>. house-<small>LOC.SG</small>. room-<small>.GEN.SG</small>. eight. [be-<small>IND.PRES.3P.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>.]
* ''lili mæn kite domani tītya [ulīran]'' "in my house there are eight rooms", glossed <small>1SG.DIR</small>. <small>TOPIC</small>. house-<small>LOC.SG</small>. room-<small>.GEN.SG</small>. eight. [be-<small>IND.PRES.3P.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>.]
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Two different topics are also commonly used in contrasts:
Two different topics are also commonly used in contrasts:
* ''rūdakis mæn tadadrā lili mæn yąlė'' "[my] husband has cooked, but I eat" - husband.<small>DIR.SG</small>.<small>TOPIC</small>. prepare<small>.IND.PERF.3S.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>. <small>1SG.DIR</small>. <small>TOPIC</small>. eat-<small>IND.PRES.1S.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>. <br/>Note how neither "husband" nor "I" agree with the verbs, and note how different formulations change meanings:
* ''rūdakis mæn tadadrā lili mæn yąlė'' "[my] husband has cooked, but I eat" - husband.<small>DIR.SG</small>.<small>TOPIC</small>. prepare<small>.IND.PERF.3S.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>. <small>1SG.DIR</small>. <small>TOPIC</small>. eat-<small>IND.PRES.1S.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>. <br/>Note how neither "husband" nor "I" agree with the verbs, and note how different formulations change meanings:
** ''rūdakis mæn tęvis tadadrā lili mæn yąlė'' - main interpretation: "as for the husband, he [=someone else, could be the husband's husband] has cooked for him, but it is me who eats" // other possible interpretation: "as for the husband, he [=as before] has cooked him, but it is me who eats / and I eat him [=either of them]".
** ''rūdakis mæn tęi tadadrā lili mæn yąlė'' - main interpretation: "as for the husband, he [=someone else, could be the husband's husband] has cooked for him, but it is me who eats" // other possible interpretation: "as for the husband, he [=as before] has cooked him, but it is me who eats / and I eat him [=either of them]".
** ''rūdakis mæn tadadrā sama lili yąlute'' "[my] husband has cooked, and I eat" - unlike in the sentence where "lili" is the topic, here it's explicit that the husband cooked for the speaker. The sentence ''lili mæn rūdakei tadadrā sama yąlute'' may be interpreted with the same meaning, but the topics are different: with the previous one, the conversation is supposed to continue about the husband; in the second one, it's all about the speaker. Note that the agent-trigger voice in the second verb is of vital importance: the sentence ''lili mæn rūdakei tadadrā sama yąlu'' means "it is me my husband has cooked, and [now] he eats me".
** ''rūdakis mæn tadadrā sama lili yąlute'' "[my] husband has cooked, and I eat" - unlike in the sentence where "lili" is the topic, here it's explicit that the husband cooked for the speaker. The sentence ''lili mæn rūdakei tadadrā sama yąlute'' may be interpreted with the same meaning, but the topics are different: with the previous one, the conversation is supposed to continue about the husband; in the second one, it's all about the speaker. Note that the agent-trigger voice in the second verb is of vital importance: the sentence ''lili mæn rūdakei tadadrā sama yąlu'' means "it is me my husband has cooked, and [now] he eats me".
*** Another possible interpretation of ''lili mæn rūdakei tadadrā sama yąlute'' is "[my] husband has cooked for me, and now I eat", which is the same as ''lili rūdakei takædadrā sama yąlute'', but the latter is a plain neutral statement.
*** Another possible interpretation of ''lili mæn rūdakei tadadrā sama yąlute'' is "[my] husband has cooked for me, and now I eat", which is the same as ''lili rūdakei takædadrā sama yąlute'', but the latter is a plain neutral statement.


Topics also mark context: as a good example, the Chlouvānem translation of Schleicher's fable begins as: ''yanekai mæn bhadvęs udvī leilam voltām mišote, ūtarnu cūllu khulьsusu, spragnyu ūtrau dumbhasusu no, lilu kimęe dumbhasusu no''. Here "horses" is the topic and has no syntactical role in the sentence, as the subject is the agent ''voltām'' (sheep) and the three objects are the patients ''khulьsusah'' (the pulling one) and two different ''dumbhasusah'' (the carrying one). The topic makes it clear that these latter are nouns referring to horses - it would still be grammatical to use [...] ''khulьsusu yaneku, spragnyu ūtrau dumbhasusu yaneku no, lilu kimęe dumbhasusu yaneku no'', but the sentence would sound strange to Chlouvānem ears - compare the possible English translation "[...] a sheep saw one horse that was pulling a heavy wagon, one horse that was carrying a big load, and one horse that was carrying a man quickly".
Topics also mark context: as a good example, the Chlouvānem translation of Schleicher's fable begins as: ''yanekai mæn bhadvęs udvī leila voltām mišekte, ūtarnire cūllu khuliu, spragnyire ūtrau dumbhivu no, lilu kimęe dumbhivu no''. Here "horses" is the topic and has no syntactical role in the sentence, as the subject is the agent ''voltām'' (sheep) and the three objects are the patients ''khulias'' (the pulling one) and two different ''dumbhivas'' (the carrying one). The topic makes it clear that these latter are nouns referring to horses - it would still be grammatical to use [...] ''khuliu yaneku, spragnyire ūtrau dumbhivu yaneku no, lilu kimęe dumbhivu yaneku no'', but the sentence would sound strange to Chlouvānem ears - compare the possible English translation "[...] a sheep saw one horse that was pulling a heavy wagon, one horse that was carrying a big load, and one horse that was carrying a man quickly".


As such, topics usually avoid repetition and anaphora, acting much like folders where different paper sheets (= the sentences) are contained, e.g. ''nāmñė mæn švai chlouvānumi maichleyutei, jariāmaile lilah, soramiya mušigėrisilīm tora bu sama ñikumi viṣam haloe līlas væl. nenėhu līlasuṃghāṇa ga camimarti haloe gṇyāvire'' - "talking about nāmñai<ref>A kind of tropical seal, iconic and sacred in Chlouvānem culture.</ref>, [they're] animals of the Southern [part of the] Chlouvānem lands, [they] live in seawater but sometimes [they can be found] in tidal lakes too, and another name for [their] cubs is "līlas". From this [name] comes the name of the capital, Līlasuṃghāṇa."
As such, topics usually avoid repetition and anaphora, acting much like folders where different paper sheets (= the sentences) are contained, e.g. ''nāmñė mæn švai chlouvānumi maichleyutei, jariāmaile lilah, soramiya mušigėrisilīm tora bu sama ñikumi viṣam haloe līlas væl. nenėhu līlasuṃghāṇa ga camimarti haloe gṇyāvire'' - "talking about nāmñai<ref>A kind of tropical seal, iconic and sacred in Chlouvānem culture.</ref>, [they're] animals of the Southern [part of the] Chlouvānem lands, [they] live in seawater but sometimes [they can be found] in tidal lakes too, and another name for [their] cubs is "līlas". From this [name] comes the name of the capital, Līlasuṃghāṇa."
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The three stative cases of Chlouvānem (translative, exessive, essive) express nominal tense in certain situations, most notably in copulative sentence, where the translative case conveys a future meaning and the exessive a past one:
The three stative cases of Chlouvānem (translative, exessive, essive) express nominal tense in certain situations, most notably in copulative sentence, where the translative case conveys a future meaning and the exessive a past one:
* ''lili rahėllilan'' — I am a will-be-doctor = I am studying in order to become a doctor
* ''lili rahėllilan'' — I am a will-be-doctor = I am studying in order to become a doctor
* ''liliā kaleya mæn gu ninejñairau ša nanū aveṣyotāran lallāmahan camimurkadhānan gīti'' — as for my best friend<ref>''kaleya'' actually is a "spiritual friend", which has a religiously charged meaning</ref>, I could not believe it, that she was the Great Inquisitor-elect <small>(note the use of the highly respectful (not translated) formula "Her Most Excellent Highness, the Great Inquisitor")</small>.
* ''liliā kaleya mæn gu ninejñairau ša nanū aveṣyotārire lallāmahan camimurkadhānan gīti'' — as for my best friend<ref>''kaleya'' actually is a "spiritual friend", which has a religiously charged meaning</ref>, I could not believe it, that she was the Great Inquisitor-elect <small>(note the use of the highly respectful (not translated) formula "Her Most Excellent Highness, the Great Inquisitor")</small>.
* ''tami tamiāt šulañšenat'' — he is her former husband.
* ''tami tamiāt šulañšenat'' — he is her former husband.


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* ''lūlunimartyęs nunūt dældāt tarliru'' — being from Lūlunimarta, I understand that language. Note that ''nunūt dældāt'' here is exessive case but only because it's an argument of the verb ''tṛlake'', without implying tense.
* ''lūlunimartyęs nunūt dældāt tarliru'' — being from Lūlunimarta, I understand that language. Note that ''nunūt dældāt'' here is exessive case but only because it's an argument of the verb ''tṛlake'', without implying tense.
* ''bunān samin pa maišildente'' — as he's going to be a father <small>(lit. "as a will-be-father")</small>, he's learning about children.
* ''bunān samin pa maišildente'' — as he's going to be a father <small>(lit. "as a will-be-father")</small>, he's learning about children.
Note that, like for participles, tense is relative to the main verb.
Note that, tense is relative to the main verb.


====Miscellaneous uses of cases====
====Miscellaneous uses of cases====
'''Purpose''' may be expressed not only with a subjunctive verb, but also with either a translative or a dative noun.<br/>
Translative case is used generally with a purpose directly affecting the trigger:
'''Purpose''' may be expressed not only with a subjunctive verb, but also with either a translative or a dative noun.<br/>
Translative case is used generally with a purpose directly affecting the trigger:
: '''''murkadhānan''' kaminairīveyu.'' "I am studying [in order to become] an Inquisitor."
: '''''murkadhānan''' kaminairīveyu.'' "I am studying [in order to become] an Inquisitor."
: ''tąsь lapi '''nadaidanan''' peithegde.'' "(s)he is going out with him/her to get to know him/her."
: ''tąsь lā '''nadaidanan''' peithegde.'' "(s)he is going out with him/her to get to know him/her."
Dative case is used generally when the purpose is something else, or is the result of a subsequent (unstated) action:
Dative case is used generally when the purpose is something else, or is the result of a subsequent (unstated) action:
: ''maivnaviṣye '''maivauti''' khloute.'' "I am searching in the dictionary [in order to find] the words."
: ''maivnaviṣye '''maivauti''' khloute.'' "I am searching in the dictionary [in order to find] the words."
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: ''dāneh '''dulmaidanų''' nanū lalla.'' "Dāneh is taller than Dulmaidana."
: ''dāneh '''dulmaidanų''' nanū lalla.'' "Dāneh is taller than Dulmaidana."
: ''faliā ñæltah '''tąu''' chloucæm pūnė.'' "Your sister works better than him/her."
: ''faliā ñæltah '''tąu''' chloucæm pūnė.'' "Your sister works better than him/her."
: ''nenė naviṣya '''yaivų''' nanū ñæñuchleh.'' "This book is the most beautiful." (literally "more beautiful than all")
: ''nenė naviṣya '''yaivų''' nanū ñæñuchlire.'' "This book is the most beautiful." (literally "more beautiful than all")


It is also used as reason when it's an abstract noun:
It is also used as reason when it's an abstract noun:
: ''tami '''kairų''' hånyadaikah moe.'' "(s)he was happy for love."
: ''tami '''kairų''' hånyadaikirek.'' "(s)he was happy for love."
: '''''maidaudių''' ḍūkirek.'' "(s)he died because of his/her ambition."
: '''''maidaudių''' ḍūkirek.'' "(s)he died because of his/her ambition."


'''Possession''' may be also expressed with the genitive case (topic marking is the most common way, but in some cases this may be needed syntactically; there is a verb ''cārake'' translating as "to have, possess", but it's fairly literary and high-styled). "To be" may or may not be present:
'''Possession''' may be also expressed with the genitive case (topic marking is the most common way, but in some cases this may be needed syntactically; there is a verb ''cārake'' translating as "to have, possess", but it's fairly literary and high-styled). "To be" may or may not be present:
: '''''kvyāti''' giṣṭarah lalāruṇa (væl)'' "The hero has a young lalāruṇa." (literally "of the hero is the young lalāruṇa")
: '''''kvyāti''' giṣṭarire lalāruṇa (væl)'' "The hero has a young lalāruṇa." (literally "of the hero is the young lalāruṇa (the lalāruṇa that is young)")
: '''''pogi''' gu cūllanagdha'' "My village does not have a velodrome." (literally "of my village is no velodrome")
: '''''pogi''' gu cūllanagdha'' "My village does not have a velodrome." (literally "of my village is no velodrome")


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In an appropriate context, however, the same verb form can carry an imperfective meaning:
In an appropriate context, however, the same verb form can carry an imperfective meaning:
: ''tammikeika flære lį yųlopan væse, nanā tammi tadāmek.''
: ''tammikeika flære lį yųlopan væse, nanā tammi tadāmek.''
: train_station.<small>DIR.SG</small>. yesterday. <small>1SG.ERG</small>. eat-<small>IND.PAST.3S.EXTERIOR-LOC</small>. while. , that.<small>DIR.PARROT</small>. train.<small>DIR.SG</small>. arrive-<small>IND.PAST.3S.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>
: train_station.<small>DIR.SG</small>. yesterday. <small>1SG.ERG</small>. eat-<small>IND.PAST.3S.EXTERIOR-LOC</small>. while. , that.<small>DIR</small>. train.<small>DIR.SG</small>. arrive-<small>IND.PAST.3S.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>
: Yesterday I ate at the station.
: Yesterday I ate at the station.


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Generally this imperfective meaning is assumed by other words in the sentence, usually ''væse'' (while), but commonly also ''mbu'' (but) with a related sentence understood to be imperfective. Out of context, imperfective past is usually expressed with an analytic construction:
Generally this imperfective meaning is assumed by other words in the sentence, usually ''væse'' (while), but commonly also ''mbu'' (but) with a related sentence understood to be imperfective. Out of context, imperfective past is usually expressed with an analytic construction:
: ''tammikeika flære lį yųlasusąpan moe.''
: ''tammikeika flære lį yųlītipan lā moe.''
: train_station.<small>DIR.SG</small>. yesterday. <small>1SG.ERG</small>. eat-<small>PART.PRES.EXTERIOR-PARROT.DIR-LOC</small>. be.<small>IND.PAST.3S.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>.
: train_station.<small>DIR.SG</small>. yesterday. <small>1SG.ERG</small>. eat-<small>SUBJ.IMPF.3S.EXTERIOR-LOC</small>. with. be.<small>IND.PAST.3S.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>.
: Yesterday I was eating at the station.
: Yesterday I was eating at the station.


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The Chlouvānem perfect is however also used where English would use ''past perfect'' or ''future perfect'', as the “impact on the present” is understood to be on the time the main action in the sentence takes place, thus something that happened earlier is considered to have an impact on it:
The Chlouvānem perfect is however also used where English would use ''past perfect'' or ''future perfect'', as the “impact on the present” is understood to be on the time the main action in the sentence takes place, thus something that happened earlier is considered to have an impact on it:
: ''tammikeika flære lį uyųlapan, utiya nanā tammi tadāmek''.
: ''tammikeika flære lį uyųlapan, utiya nanā tammi tadāmek''.
: train_station.<small>DIR.SG</small>. yesterday. <small>1SG.ERG</small>. eat-<small>IND.PERF.3S.EXTERIOR-LOC</small>. , then. that.<small>DIR.PARROT</small>. train.<small>DIR.SG</small>. arrive-<small>IND.PAST.3S.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>.
: train_station.<small>DIR.SG</small>. yesterday. <small>1SG.ERG</small>. eat-<small>IND.PERF.3S.EXTERIOR-LOC</small>. , then. that.<small>DIR</small>. train.<small>DIR.SG</small>. arrive-<small>IND.PAST.3S.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>.
: I had [already] eaten at the station yesterday when the train arrived.
: I had [already] eaten at the station yesterday when the train arrived.


: ''tammikeika lį uyųlapan, utiya nanā tammi tafluniṣya.''
: ''tammikeika lį uyųlapan, utiya nanā tammi tafluniṣya.''
: train_station.<small>DIR.SG</small>. <small>1SG.ERG</small>. eat-<small>IND.PERF.3S.EXTERIOR-LOC</small>. , then. that.<small>DIR.PARROT</small>. train.<small>DIR.SG</small>. arrive-<small>IND.FUT.3S.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>.
: train_station.<small>DIR.SG</small>. <small>1SG.ERG</small>. eat-<small>IND.PERF.3S.EXTERIOR-LOC</small>. , then. that.<small>DIR</small>. train.<small>DIR.SG</small>. arrive-<small>IND.FUT.3S.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>.
: I will have [already] eaten at the station when the train arrives.
: I will have [already] eaten at the station when the train arrives.


Note that in the latter example, English uses future perfect and present simple respectively, while Chlouvānem uses perfect and future; the future in the second clause is necessary to give the future perfect meaning to the first one.<br/>
Note that in the latter example, English uses future perfect and present simple respectively, while Chlouvānem uses perfect and future; the future in the second clause is necessary to give the future perfect meaning to the first one.<br/>
Still, note that out of context both pluperfect and future perfect may be expressed analytically, by using the perfect participle plus the past or future tense of ''gyake'' (to be).
Still, note that out of context both pluperfect and future perfect may be expressed analytically, by using the perfective subjunctive plus ''lā'' (with) and the past or future tense of ''gyake'' (to be).


A notable exception to this use is with so-called “chained actions”, when the second one is a direct consequence of the first and the first one is usually still ongoing; the second one is therefore only a momentane happening inside the broader context of the first, and thus the choice between present and past is once again dependent on the impact on the present. Note that in such cases the two verbs are usually connected with ''no'' instead of ''sama''. Compare:
A notable exception to this use is with so-called “chained actions”, when the second one is a direct consequence of the first and the first one is usually still ongoing; the second one is therefore only a momentane happening inside the broader context of the first, and thus the choice between present and past is once again dependent on the impact on the present. Note that in such cases the two verbs are usually connected with ''no'' instead of ''sama''. Compare:
: ''dašajildo līlta vīheṣṭvirek no'' - “it rained, and the path collapsed”. Past tense: the path has since been repaired and it is walkable.  
: ''dašajildek līlta vīheṣṭvirek no'' - “it rained, and the path collapsed”. Past tense: the path has since been repaired and it is walkable.  
: ''dašejilda līlta viṣeheṣṭvirā no'' - “it has rained, and the path has collapsed”. Perfect “tense”: the path is not walkable due to it having collapsed.
: ''dašejilda līlta viṣeheṣṭvirā no'' - “it has rained, and the path has collapsed”. Perfect “tense”: the path is not walkable due to it having collapsed.


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: ''šuteitieldā, yaivei tamišīti.'' "it has been put there for everybody to look at it."
: ''šuteitieldā, yaivei tamišīti.'' "it has been put there for everybody to look at it."
: ''luvāmom dāmek yambrānu lgutītite.'' "(s)he went to the market to buy pears."
: ''luvāmom dāmek yambrānu lgutītite.'' "(s)he went to the market to buy pears."
Some verbs, such as ''nīdhyuʔake'' (to call for), usually require the subjunctive:
Some verbs, such as ''nīdhyuɂake'' (to call for), usually require the subjunctive:
: ''nītedhyuʔek karthāgo bīdrīti.'' "(s)he called for Carthage to be destroyed."
: ''nītedhyuɂek karthāgo bīdrīti.'' "(s)he called for Carthage to be destroyed."
The verbs for "to study" (''pāṭṭaruke'', ''pāṭṭarudṛke'', ''kaminairīveke'') and "to learn" (interior forms of ''mišake''; ''nairīveke'') only need a supine-meaning subjunctive when they mean "in order to know something, in order to be able to". With the meaning "in order to become something", a noun in translative case is used:
The verbs for "to study" (''pāṭṭaruke'', ''pāṭṭarudṛke'', ''kaminairīveke'') and "to learn" (interior forms of ''mišake''; ''nairīveke'') only need a supine-meaning subjunctive when they mean "in order to know something, in order to be able to". With the meaning "in order to become something", a noun in translative case is used:
: ''fildenī āndṛke munatiam ejulā kaminairīveyu.'' "I study here in order to be able to create games."
: ''fildenī āndṛke munatiam ejulā kaminairīveyu.'' "I study here in order to be able to create games."
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Note that some locations are often expressed with the last one anyway, especially if they're idiomatic — a notable example being ''yųljavyī ūtime/ūmirte'' "standing/sitting in the kitchen", as ''yųljavyāh'' originally meant "fire for [cooking] food" and while it later was extended to "kitchen" the location is still expressed as such ("in the kitchen" = "near the fire").
Note that some locations are often expressed with the last one anyway, especially if they're idiomatic — a notable example being ''yųljavyī ūtime/ūmirte'' "standing/sitting in the kitchen", as ''yųljavyāh'' originally meant "fire for [cooking] food" and while it later was extended to "kitchen" the location is still expressed as such ("in the kitchen" = "near the fire").


====Motion verbs - Duldaradhūvī====
====Motion verbs - Duldaradhūve====


Along with positional verbs, ''motion verbs'' (sg. ''duldaradhūs'', pl. ''duldaradhūvī'') are another complex but essential part of Chlouvānem grammar. Motion verbs can be ''monodirectional'' (''tūtugirdaradhūs'', ''-ūvī'') or ''multidirectional'' (''tailьgirdaradhūs'', ''-ūvī''), and all verbs come in pairs, each member of a pair being used in different contexts.<br/>
Along with positional verbs, ''motion verbs'' (sg. ''duldaradhūs'', pl. ''duldaradhūve'') are another complex but essential part of Chlouvānem grammar. Motion verbs can be ''monodirectional'' (''tūtugirdaradhūs'', ''-ūve'') or ''multidirectional'' (''tailьgirdaradhūs'', ''-ūve''), and all verbs come in pairs, each member of a pair being used in different contexts.<br/>
Historically, most of the multidirectional verbs (except the "suppletive" ''peithake'', ''pūrṣake'', and ''dulde'') have been derived as iterative forms of the original Proto-Lahob verbs (continued by the monodirectionals), as in PLB *mudʱ- → ''mudh''- vs. *máw-re-dʱ- → ''mordh''-.
Historically, most of the multidirectional verbs (except the "suppletive" ''peithake'', ''pūrṣake'', and ''dulde'') have been derived as iterative forms of the original Proto-Lahob verbs (continued by the monodirectionals), as in PLB *mudʱ- → ''mudh''- vs. *máw-re-dʱ- → ''mordh''-.


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* Gnomic or potential meanings:
* Gnomic or potential meanings:
:: ''gūṇai mordhīran'' - birds [can] fly.
:: ''gūṇai mordhīran'' - birds [can] fly.
:: ''spragnyæh lalāruṇai pāmveh lilu en nanū dårbhīrante'' - large lalāruṇai can carry more than three people.
:: ''spragnyirena lalāruṇai pāmvyų lilų nanū dårbhīrante'' - large lalāruṇai can carry more than three people.
* (in the past or perfect) completed movements: movement to a place and then returning back.
* (in the past or perfect) completed movements: movement to a place and then returning back.
:: ''liliā buneya galiākinom mordhek'' - my older sister went to Galiākina by plane [and came back].
:: ''liliā buneya galiākinom mordhek'' - my older sister went to Galiākina by plane [and came back].
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Except for this last meaning, multidirectional verbs are never used in the perfect.<br/>
Except for this last meaning, multidirectional verbs are never used in the perfect.<br/>
In auxiliary constructions, monodirectional verbs are never used as habituals (infinitive + ''ñeaʔake''), while multidirectional ones are never used as progressives (p.part + ''gyake''):
In auxiliary constructions, monodirectional verbs are never used as habituals (infinitive + ''ñeaʔake''), while multidirectional ones are never used as progressives (impf.subj. + ''lā'' + ''gyake''):
: ''liliā buneya galiākinom mordhakeñeaʔek'' - my older sister regularly went to Galiākina by plane.
: ''liliā buneya galiākinom mordhakeñeaʔek'' - my older sister regularly went to Galiākina by plane.
: ''liliā buneya galiākinom mugdhyąte moe'' - my older sister was flying to Galiākina.
: ''liliā buneya galiākinom mugdhīti lā moe'' - my older sister was flying to Galiākina.


====Origin prefixes====
====Origin prefixes====
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|}
|}


Note that the sense of "to wear" is most usually translated with patient-trigger voice - e.g. ''pāṇḍah jūnekah tę kamikyāyė'' "(s)he wears white robes" - while "to put on" with agent-trigger voice ''pāṇḍu jūneku kamitekyāyė'' "(s)he puts/is putting on white robes".
Note that the sense of "to wear" is most usually translated with patient-trigger voice - e.g. ''pāṇḍire jūnekah tę kamikyāyė'' "(s)he wears white robes" - while "to put on" with agent-trigger voice ''pāṇḍire jūneku kamitekyāyė'' "(s)he puts/is putting on white robes".


A few more specific verbs exist, like for example the pair ''kamilāṇṭake''/''kįlalāṇṭake'', used for putting on/taking off a ''lāṇṭepenai'' (colloquially just ''penai''), a kind of net made of Calemerian juta (''lāriṭa'') usually worn by adolescent girls (traditionally it was worn by unmarried women) with "cotton" hair (''bhadvausiñe'', or how Chlouvānem people call "Afro-textured hair").
A few more specific verbs exist, like for example the pair ''kamilāṇṭake''/''kįlalāṇṭake'', used for putting on/taking off a ''lāṇṭepenai'' (colloquially just ''penai''), a kind of net made of Calemerian juta (''lāriṭa'') usually worn by adolescent girls (traditionally it was worn by unmarried women) with "cotton" hair (''bhadvausye''<ref>Plural only, shaped on ''pārye'' (hair).</ref>, or how Chlouvānem people call "Afro-textured hair").


===Case agreement with participles and adverbials===
===Relative clauses===
Chlouvānem participles and adverbials are inflected for voice. For participles, the cases in the participial clause do not vary; the voice identifies which role the noun in the main clause has in the participial clause. The participial clause has thus the same marker as in a normal patient-trigger-voice clause. Some examples follow:
Chlouvānem relative clauses are nonreduced and work exactly the same way as adjectival verbs do: both clauses are independent, with optionally an ''i'' particle (which combines with the preceding verb) for disambiguation. Time, place, and similar things are expressed with a distal correlative (see the [[Chlouvānem/Morphology#Correlatives|table of correlatives]]).<br/>
The structure is thus as follows:
: ''sęi nanā jāyim mešė liliā buneya.''
: <small>2S.ERG</small>. that.<small>DIR</small>. girl.<small>DIR.SG</small>. see-<small>IND.PRES.3S.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>. <small>1S.GEN.</small> older_sister.<small>DIR.SG</small>.
: That girl you see is my older sister.


: ''lilei '''priemęlьcāh''' fluta'' - the bag which has been given back by the person
The ''i'' particle may be added after ''mešė'', contracting to ''mešei''.
: ''fluta '''pritėmęlьcāh''' lila'' - the person who has given back the bag
: ''fluta dhurvāneiti '''prikevemęlьcāh''' lila'' - the person for whose benefit the bag has been given back to the police
: ''fluta ītulom '''prituremęlьcāh''' lila'' - the person for whose misfortune the bag has been given back to the thief
: ''håmarṣūvī '''nīpanutsusah''' fluta'' - the bag in which the keys lie
: ''fluta '''priūsyemęlьcāh''' lila'' - the person who has been given back the bag
: ''fluta demie maihei '''priūsyemęlьcāh''' lila'' - the person who has been given back the bag by his/her own daughter
: ''ītulas lāṇṭamñe lilei '''utuñjąmea''' fluta'' - the bag with which the thief has been hit on the head by the person


For adverbials, it's different. These rules obviously do not apply to heterofocal adverbials, as the trigger of the main clause does not have any role in the other; on the other hand, homofocal adverbials mark the cases as if the trigger were in the clause the adverbial refers to. Compare the first example here with the penultimate of the adjectives:
Other examples:
: ''mešute gu tarliru ša''.
: see-<small>IND.PRES.1S.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>. <small>NEG</small>- know-<small>IND.PRES.1S.INTERIOR</small>. -<small>NEG</small>.
: I don’t know/understand what I see.


: ''flutu demie maihei '''priūsyemęllīse''' lila hånyadaikah moe.'' - the person, having been given back the bag by his/her own daughter, was happy.
: ''liliā ñæltah līlekhaitom tesmudhiṣya ātiya lęi lairkeikom khlavasiṣya''.
: ''ālīce '''guṃslūte''' liliā pamih uyūṭarau rileyekte.'' - my finger, having been cut that way, needed an operation.
: <small>1S.GEN</small>. sister.<small>DIR.SG</small>. Līlekhaitė-<small>DAT</small>. depart_with_plane-<small>IND.FUT.3S.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>. then. <small>1S.ERG</small>. airport-<small>DAT.SG</small>. go_with.<small>IND.FUT.3S.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>.
: ''panaʔetatimu læmilāṇe arūppumei '''ilaklīsetū''' læmьlila menire pifreṣṭasyiṣya.'' - the driver, being disadvantaged as (his/her) championship rival has taken pole position, will have to take some risks tomorrow.
: When my sister takes the plane to Līlekhaitė, I will go with her to the airport.


===Relative clauses and equivalents===
: ''tū kulekte ātmena gu tarliru ša''.
Chlouvānem relative clauses are nonreduced and built in a correlative structure: both clauses are independent, with the relative clause defining the shared noun with a relative pronoun (the '''te-''' column of the [[Chlouvānem/Morphology#Correlatives|table of correlatives]]) while the main clause uses the corresponding distal one ('''nanā''' ('''ateni''' in Archaic Chlouvānem) and variations).<br/>
: <small>3S.ACC</small>. say-<small>IND.PAST.3S.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>. that_reason. <small>NEG</small>- know-<small>IND.PRES.1S.INTERIOR</small>. -<small>NEG</small>.
The structure is thus as follows:
: I don’t know why (s)he said it.
: ''tėvita jāyim sęi mešė nanā jāyim liliā buneya.''
: which_person.<small>REL.DIR</small>. girl.<small>DIR.SG</small>. <small>2S.ERG</small>. see-<small>IND.PRES.3S.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>. that.<small>DIR</small>. girl.<small>DIR.SG</small>. <small>1S.GEN.</small> older_sister.<small>DIR.SG</small>.
: My older sister is the girl that you see.


It should be noted that, when relative clauses are about things or people (thus requiring the relativizers ''tejāmi'' or ''tėvita''), this strategy is commonly only used for free relative clauses, while bound relative clauses are most commonly built by using verbal participles.<br/>The example sentence “My older sister is the girl that you see” in normal speech is:
The same strategy is used for attributes — ''kamilire fluta'' "blue bag" or "bag that is blue", including participial-like structures such as the following ones:
: ''sęi mekṣusam jāyim liliā buneya.''
: <small>2S.ERG</small>. see-<small>PART.PRES.EXTERIOR.PATIENT-LOTUS.DIR</small>. girl.<small>DIR.SG</small>. <small>1S.GEN.</small> older_sister.<small>DIR.SG</small>.


In a free relative clause, the correlative structure is the most common one, with sentences such as:
: ''lilei '''priemęlia''' fluta'' - the bag which has been given back by the person
: ''tejāmiau mešute nanāt gu tarliru ša''.
: ''flutu '''pritėmęlia''' lila'' - the person who has given back the bag
: which_thing.<small>REL-ACC</small>. see-<small>IND.PRES.1S.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>. that-<small>EXESS</small>. <small>NEG</small>- know-<small>IND.PRES.1S.INTERIOR</small>. -<small>NEG</small>.
: ''flutu dhurvāneiti '''prikevemęlia''' lila'' - the person for whose benefit the bag has been given back to the police
: I don’t know/understand what I see.
: ''flutu ītulom '''prituremęlia''' lila'' - the person for whose misfortune the bag has been given back to the thief
: ''håmarṣūvī '''nīpanotė''' fluta'' - the bag in which the keys lie
: ''flutu '''priūsyemęlia''' lila'' - the person who has been given back the bag
: ''flutua demie maihei '''priūsyemęlia''' lila'' - the person who has been given back the bag by his/her own daughter
: ''ītulu lāṇṭaṃrye lilei '''utuga''' fluta'' - the bag with which the thief has been hit on the head by the person


With all other relativizers, the correlative structure is usually the only solution; place (''tėjulā'') and manner (''tėlīce'') may use participles in locative-trigger or instrumental-trigger instead, but still the correlative structure is preferred:
Such constructions can also be used where English uses gerundive constructions:
: ''liliā ñæltah tėmiya līlekhaitom tesmudhiṣya ātiya tami lairkeikom khlavasiṣyalį''.
: <small>1S.GEN</small>. sister.<small>DIR.SG</small>. when.<small>REL</small>. Līlekhaitė-<small>DAT</small>. depart_with_plane-<small>IND.FUT.3S.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>. then. <small>3S.DIR.PARROT</small>. airport-<small>DAT.SG</small>. go_with.<small>IND.FUT.3S.EXTERIOR.PATIENT-1S.ERG</small>.
: When my sister takes the plane to Līlekhaitė, I will go with her to the airport.


: ''tami tėmena tū kulekte ātmena gu tarliru ša''.
: ''flutu demie maihei '''priūsyemęlia''' lila hånyadaikirek.'' - the person, having been given back the bag by his/her own daughter, was happy.
: <small>2S.DIR</small>. why.<small>REL</small>. <small>3S.ACC</small>. say-<small>IND.AOR.3S.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>. that_reason. <small>NEG</small>- know-<small>IND.PRES.1S.INTERIOR</small>. -<small>NEG</small>.
: ''ālīce '''guṃsek''' liliā pamih uyūṭarau rileyekte.'' - my finger, having been cut that way, needed an operation.
: I don’t know why (s)he said it.
: ''panaʔetatimu læmilāṇe arūppumei '''ilakatū''' læmьlila menire pifreṣṭasyiṣya.'' - the driver, being disadvantaged as (his/her) championship rival has taken pole position, will have to take some risks tomorrow.


===Conditional sentences===
===Conditional sentences===
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Real sentences are those where the sentence expresses an implication that is always true. These sentences are generally in the indicative mood; note that in real, just like in hypothetical, sentences, ''mārim'' (then) is optionally used in order to introduce the second clause:
Real sentences are those where the sentence expresses an implication that is always true. These sentences are generally in the indicative mood; note that in real, just like in hypothetical, sentences, ''mārim'' (then) is optionally used in order to introduce the second clause:
: ''pū nāmvite (mārim) tåh ryukaši.'' "if you hit him/her/it, you hurt him/her/it."
: ''pū nāmvite (mārim) tåh ryukaši.'' "if you hit him/her/it, you hurt him/her/it."
: ''pū yañšu udhyuʔeste tafluniṣya.'' "if you have called her [honorific], she will come."
: ''pū yañšu udhyuɂeste tafluniṣya.'' "if you have called her [honorific], she will come."


Hypothetical sentences are those where the result may be or might have been true if the condition gets/would have been fulfilled. There are two main possibilities:

Hypothetical sentences are those where the result may be or might have been true if the condition gets/would have been fulfilled. There are two main possibilities:

* Present conditions, where the condition either might be fulfilled or just can't at all. They are similar in structure to real sentences with present tense conditions, but, if the condition is fulfillable, they differ in the fact that the condition, is not likely to happen, or is used as a warning. The condition (''pū-clause'') is always in the imperfective subjunctive; the second clause may be in the indicative (carrying an implicate result) or in the subjunctive (implying a wish):
* Present conditions, where the condition either might be fulfilled or just can't at all. They are similar in structure to real sentences with present tense conditions, but, if the condition is fulfillable, they differ in the fact that the condition, is not likely to happen, or is used as a warning. The condition (''pū-clause'') is always in the imperfective subjunctive; the second clause may be in the indicative (carrying an implicate result) or in the subjunctive (implying a wish):
: ''lili mæn pū nanū nūlastān gīti samvaru kitu lgutevitaṃte.'' "if I had more of money, I'd buy (perf. aspect) a bigger house."
: ''lili mæn pū nanū nūlastān gīti samvarire kitu lgutevitaṃte.'' "if I had more of money, I'd buy (perf. aspect) a bigger house."
: ''lili mæn pū nanū nūlastān gīti chloucæm lilatiam.'' "if I had more money, I'd live (impf. aspect) better."
: ''lili mæn pū nanū nūlastān gīti chloucæm lilatiam.'' "if I had more money, I'd live (impf. aspect) better."
: ''pū nanū pāṭṭarudrīderi nanū tṛliriṣyari/tṛlirdia.'' "if you two study more, you two would know/understand more." Note that in such a sentence there's no difference between using a future (e.g. ''tṛliriṣyari'' here) or a present indicative (''tṛlirdia'' here).

: ''pū nanū pāṭṭarudrīderi nanū tṛliriṣyari/tṛlirdia.'' "if you two study more, you two would know/understand more." Note that in such a sentence there's no difference between using a future (e.g. ''tṛliriṣyari'' here) or a present indicative (''tṛlirdia'' here).

: ''pū liliā bunā gėrisa gīti tami liliā bunā gu gīti ša.'' "if my father were a lake, he wouldn't be my father."
: ''pū liliā bunā gėrisa gīti tami liliā bunā gu gīti ša.'' "if my father were a lake, he wouldn't be my father."
* Unfulfillable past conditions, where the condition could have been fulfilled in the past but wasn't. The ''pū-''clause is always in perfective subjunctive, while the other may be either imperfective or perfective depending on the meaning.
* Unfulfillable past conditions, where the condition could have been fulfilled in the past but wasn't. The ''pū-''clause is always in perfective subjunctive, while the other may be either imperfective or perfective depending on the meaning.
: ''mei tati pū kulevitaṃte yaiva gātarah gīti.'' "if I had said 'yes', everything would be different (now)."
: ''mei tati pū kulevitaṃte yaiva gātarireti.'' "if I had said 'yes', everything would be different (now)."
: ''mei tati pū kulevitaṃte tami gu nagyevite ša.'' "if I had said 'yes', that wouldn't have happened."
: ''mei tati pū kulevitaṃte tami gu nagyevite ša.'' "if I had said 'yes', that wouldn't have happened."


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| father || buinā || tāmvāram || <small>either, depending on context</small>
| father || buinā || tāmvāram || <small>either, depending on context</small>
|-
|-
| girlfriend/boyfriend/significant other || laftrækna || lilelkhlafluṃsusah || laftrækna
| girlfriend/boyfriend/significant other || laftrækna || lilelkhlaflunivas || laftrækna
|-
|-
| house || kita || rowspan=2 | amaha<ref>''kita'' is still used when referring to the building alone.</ref> || kita
| house || kita || rowspan=2 | amaha<ref>''kita'' is still used when referring to the building alone.</ref> || kita
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* Quaestorships are not divided in circuits, so the quaestorship (''ṭumma'') name alone is used, followed by the municipality if it's not one of the core wards.
* Quaestorships are not divided in circuits, so the quaestorship (''ṭumma'') name alone is used, followed by the municipality if it's not one of the core wards.
* Dioceses divided in provinces first usually note the province (''ṣramāṇa'') before the circuit.
* Dioceses divided in provinces first usually note the province (''ṣramāṇa'') before the circuit.
* The inter-parish territory (''maimānāyuseh ṣramāṇa'') is usually optional, but can be added to disambiguate.
* The inter-parish territory (''maimānāyusire ṣramāṇa'') is usually optional, but can be added to disambiguate.
* Unincorporated territory, not part of any municipality, note the name of the territory (''ėlemānāyuseh ṣramāṇa'').
* Unincorporated territory, not part of any municipality, note the name of the territory (''ėlemānāyusire ṣramāṇa'').
The second part of the address starts with (in large cities) the borough (''martauseh poga'') or equivalent, or the hamlet (''mūrė'') in extra-parish territories or rural areas. This is followed, if there's one, by the zone (''jarāh''), which is a smaller non-statistical subdivision; this is optional if the address is a street name.<br/>
The second part of the address starts with (in large cities) the borough (''martausire poga'') or equivalent, or the hamlet (''mūrė'') in extra-parish territories or rural areas. This is followed, if there's one, by the zone (''jarāh''), which is a smaller non-statistical subdivision; this is optional if the address is a street name.<br/>
The structure hereafter is different between addresses in named streets and those with block numbers:
The structure hereafter is different between addresses in named streets and those with block numbers:
* In the latter case, the most common overall, each zone is divided in "fields" (''jāṇa'', pl. ''jāṇai''), which are then divided in building blocks (''kitalāṇa'', pl. ''-lāṇai'');
* In the latter case, the most common overall, each zone is divided in "fields" (''jāṇa'', pl. ''jāṇai''), which are then divided in building blocks (''kitalāṇa'', pl. ''-lāṇai'');
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Two examples of addresses in the city of Līlasuṃghāṇa follow:
Two examples of addresses in the city of Līlasuṃghāṇa follow:
: 20 10052 — nanašīrama : līlasuṃghāṇa ga ṭumma<br/>
: 20 10052 — nanašīrama : līlasuṃghāṇa ga ṭumma<br/>
: kvælskiñšvålten h- : latirlārvājuṣi : 3deh j- : 9deh ki-lā- : 19 s- : 3 šfl-: 8 l-
: kvælskiñšvålten h- : latirlārvājuṣi : 3de j- : 9de ki-lā- : 19 s- : 3 šfl-: 8 l-


The abbreviations '''h-''' (''hālgara'', "district", the name of wards in Līlasuṃghāṇa only), '''j-''', '''ki-lā-''', '''s-''', '''šfl-''', and '''l-''' may be omitted.<br/>
The abbreviations '''h-''' (''hālgara'', "district", the name of wards in Līlasuṃghāṇa only), '''j-''', '''ki-lā-''', '''s-''', '''šfl-''', and '''l-''' may be omitted.<br/>
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===Gendered and gender-neutral terms===
===Gendered and gender-neutral terms===
Chlouvānem is, when it comes to natural gender, mostly a genderless language. People are always invariably referred to with parrot gender pronouns and adjectives, unless the noun referring to them is of another grammatical gender (but note that given names are always parrot regardless of their ending; and given names and honorific titles are more commonly used - using any kind of pronoun is rude in formal speech).
Chlouvānem is, when it comes to natural gender, mostly a genderless language. As there is no grammatical gender, pronouns only mark relative status in formal contexts, and given names and honorific titles are more commonly used anyway - using any kind of pronoun is rude in the most formal contexts).


''→ See [[Chlouvānem/Morphology#Honorifics|Chlouvānem morphology § Honorifics]] and [[Chlouvānem/Names#Using_names|Chlouvānem names § Using names]] for more on the use of pronouns, given names, and titles in order to refer to people.''
''→ See [[Chlouvānem/Morphology#Honorifics|Chlouvānem morphology § Honorifics]] and [[Chlouvānem/Names#Using_names|Chlouvānem names § Using names]] for more on the use of pronouns, given names, and titles in order to refer to people.''
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==Example texts==
==Example texts==
===Mailhīmba (The Colour of Water)===
[TBA]
'''Mailhīmba''' (the Colour of Water) is a short piece of poetry written around 3E 427 <small>(607<sub>10</sub>)</small> by Tariatindī writer Halinækhāvi Naiʔamūta ''Nājaldhīm''. It is a typical example of Chlouvānem poetry, focussing on nature and portraying it as happiness and beauty, including at the very end a call to worship. Metrically, all verses, except the seventh, end with the traditional pattern short-long-short-long (''flunnęltāvi''), the most common in Chlouvānem poetry; the seventh verse has the inverted pattern (long-short-long-short).
 
: ''mūmikīran kimę suyai''
: ''sam' skaglą e chlærim mudhė''
: ''sambuñjñė hånna cā laliān''
: ''yananū hīmba maili dam?''
 
: ''kāmilat ūnikan mavė''
: ''jāyimą e mæchlan : kaliān''
: ''camipṛšcām yaivi ñaiṭi''
: ''hīmba mailtiąi : hariandunai ।।''
 
: ''nelya cā kamipeitsusah''
: ''laitenælyavi nītimė''
: ''mailtiahe 'nā chlirāšilīm<ref>Archaic variant of ''chlirās'' in the locative plural (standard: ''chlirīlīm''), here preserved for the sake of metric.</ref>''
: ''yunya nali tanašlejė ।।''
 
<small>'''English:'''
The shadows dance fast<br/>
and light flies as like a cover<br/>
The sun flows further, becoming night<br/>
[and] What's the colour of water?
 
From blue it will turn to red<br/>
And with grace to green, then to lilac<br/>
Greater pleasure of every star,<br/>
Colour of the waters, scented rose.
 
The mind which goes around and around<br/>
Soaked in the essence of beauty,<br/>
In the golden waters,<br/>
Spreads in chant the glory of nature.</small>
 
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights, article 1===
''yaiva leliė mānįs kūmarāmpūrḍayāvipeimāmitęs no gṇyāvirean ।। toman teskilyāvu nalьtārlāmiu no ulīrampan sama demi ñæltaikęs glikædadarasyirean ।।''
 
: (''Standard''): [ˈʝai̯ʋa ɴ̆eˈɴ̆ʲeː maːˈnʲi̤s ˌkuːmaʀaːmpuːɐ̯ɖaˌjaːʋipei̯ˈmaːmʲite̤s nɔ ˈgɳjaːʋiʀẽã̯ | ˈtɔmã teskiɴ̆ˈjaːʋu naɴ̆ʲtaːɐ̯ˈɴ̆aːmʲu nɔ uˈlʲiːʀampã sama ˈdemʲi ɲæɴ̆tai̯ˈke̤s gɴ̆ʲikɛdaˈdaʀasjiʀẽã̯]
 
all.<small>DIR</small>. person.<small>DIR.PL</small>. freedom-<small>ESS.SG</small>. right-dignity-equality-<small>ESS.SG</small>. and. be.born-<small>IND.PRES.3P.INTERIOR.PATIENT</small>. | <small>3P.PARROT.DIR</small>. reason-<small>ACC.SG</small>. conscience-<small>ACC.SG</small>. and. be.<small>IND.PRES.3P.EXTERIOR-LOC</small>. and. <small>REFL.DIR</small>. brotherhood-<small>ESS.SG</small>. <small>BENEF</small>-behave.<small>NECESS-PRES.3P.INTERIOR</small>.
 
===Introducing the Chlouvānem language===
This text is a translation into Chlouvānem of the very beginning of this article:
 
''chlouvānumi dældā liloejāṃrye yaivų nanū dæltsūneh ।। tami murkadhānāvīyi tamea bhælė no venāṃdældā væl : taili mārṣūtrami naleiyutei bhælilīm nūṣṭhadældā no ।।''<br/>
''bhælāmaivai kaili murkadhānāvīyi bhælilīm mąidældai chlouvānumi dældāt kårḍenī gyęgāmīran lilah : maivai menni yaiva chlouvānumi leli tami bhælāmaiva no ulīran : prikaminænusie nęltemāmitulūʔa heire chi chlouvānumi dældā nanū glipāsurumyās menni sorat bhælāmaivat afårsirā ।।''<br/>
''liloejāṃrye kamitiṃsusęe 34,8 lallaraicė lila chlouvānędæltsūnyāh kahėrkulirean : enūḍa læti viṣam dældų nanū væl ।।''
 
: [c͡ɕʰɴ̆ɔʊ̯ˈʋaːnumʲi dɛɴ̆ˈdaː ɴ̆ʲiɴ̆ɔə̯ˈɟ͡ʑaːɴʀje ˈʝaɪ̯ʋṳ naˈnuː dɛɴ̆ˈt͡suːneɦ | ˈtamʲi ˌmuɐ̯kaˌdʱaːnaːˈʋiːji taˈmeɐ̯ bʱɛˈɴ̆eː‿noː ʋeˌnãːdɛɴ̆ˈdaː ˈʋɛɴ̆ . ˈtaɪ̯ɴ̆ʲi maːɐ̯ˈʂuːtʀamʲi ˌnaɴ̆eɪ̯ˈjuteɪ̯ bʱɛɴ̆ʲiˈɴ̆ʲiːm ˌnuːʂʈʰadɛɴ̆ˈdaː‿noː | bʱɛɴ̆aːˈmaɪ̯ʋaɪ̯ kaɪ̯ɴ̆ʲi ˌmuɐ̯kaˌdʱaːnaːˈʋiːji bʱɛɴ̆ʲiˈɴ̆ʲiːm ˌmɑ̤ɪ̯dɛɴ̆ˈdaɪ̯ c͡ɕʰɴ̆ɔʊ̯ˈʋaːnumʲi dɛɴ̆ˈdaːt kɔɐ̯ɖeˈniː gje̤gaːˈmʲiːʀã ˈɴ̆ʲiɴ̆aɦ . ˈmaɪ̯ʋaɪ̯ ˈmennʲi ˈʝaɪ̯ʋa c͡ɕʰɴ̆ɔʊ̯ˈʋaːnumʲi ˈɴ̆eɴ̆ʲi ˈtamʲi bʱɛɴ̆aːˈmaɪ̯ʋa‿noː uˈɴ̆ʲiːʀã .. ˌpʀʲikamʲiˈnɛnusʲe ˌne̤ɴ̆teˌmaːmʲituˈɴ̆uːʔa ˈɦeɪ̯ʀe ˈc͡ɕʰi c͡ɕʰɴ̆ɔʊ̯ˈʋaːnumʲi dɛɴ̆ˈdaː naˈnuː gɴ̆ʲiˌpaːsuʀuˈmjaːs ˈmeːnnʲi ˈsɔʀat bʱɛɴ̆aːˈmaɪ̯ʋat aˌfɔɐ̯sʲiˈʀaː | ɴ̆ʲiɴ̆ɔə̯ˈɟ͡ʑaːɴʀje ˌkamʲiˈtĩsuseɦe ˌpaːmʋiˌmaːmʲiˈjɔɐ̯ʂeɦ ˈtʲiːtja‿noː ˌɴ̆aɴɴ̆aˈʀaɪ̯c͡ɕeː ˈɴ̆ʲiɴ̆a c͡ɕʰɴ̆ɔʊ̯ˈʋaːne̤ˈdɛɴ̆t͡suːˈnjaːɦ kaɦeːɐ̯ˈkuɴ̆ʲiˈʀẽã̯ . eˈnuːɖa ˈɴ̆ɛtʲi ˈʋiʂam dɛɴ̆ˈdṳ naˈnuː ˈʋɛɴ̆]
 
Chlouvānem-<small>GEN.PL</small>. language.<small>DIR.SG</small>. Calémere-<small>LOC.SG</small>. all-<small>ABL</small>. more. speak-<small>PART.PRES.INTERIOR.COMMON-PARROT.DIR.SG</small>.<br/>
<small>3SG.DIR.PARROT</small> Inquisition-<small>GEN.SG</small>. <small>3SG.POSS-LOC</small>. and. official.language-<small>DIR.SG</small>. be.<small>IND.PRES.3S.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>. : most. Márusúturon-<small>GEN.SG</small> east-<small>LOC.SG</small>. land-<small>LOC.PL</small>. lingua.franca-<small>DIR.SG</small>. and.
 
Chlouvānem.vernacular-<small>DIR.PL</small>. most. Inquisition-<small>GEN.SG</small>. land-<small>LOC.PL</small>. daughter.language-<small>DIR.PL</small>. Chlouvānem-<small>GEN.PL</small>. language-<small>EXESS.SG</small>. creole-<small>DIR.PL</small>. be-<small>CONSEQ_OPP-IND.PRES.3P.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>. live-<small>IND.PRES.3S.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>. : speech-<small>DIR.PL</small>. because. all.<small>DIR.SG</small>. Chlouvānem-<small>GEN.PL</small>. person.<small>GEN.SG</small>. <small>3SG.DIR</small>. Chlouvānem.vernacular.<small>DIR.SG</small>. and. be.<small>IND.PRES.3P.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>. :: last-<small>LOC.SG</small>. fortysix<ref>54<sub>10</sub></ref>. year-<small>LOC.SG</small>. even. Chlouvānem-<small>GEN.PL</small>. language.<small>DIR.SG</small>. more. internal.migration-<small>EXESS.PL</small>. because. some-<small>EXESS</small>. Chlouvānem.vernacular<small>EXESS.SG</small>. replace-<small>IND.PERF.1S.INTERIOR.COMMON</small>.
 
Calémere-<small>LOC.SG</small>. stand.around-<small>PART.PRES.EXTERIOR.PATIENT-ADV</small>. thirtyfour.and.eight.twelfths. lallaraicė.<small>DIR.SG</small>. person.<small>DIR.SG</small>. Chlouvānem-speak-<small>PART.PRES.INTERIOR.COMMON-PARROT-TRANS.PL</small>. define-<small>IND.PRES.3S.INTERIOR.COMMON</small>. : this.much. any. other. language-<small>ABL.SG</small>. more. be.<small>IND.PRES.3S.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>.
 
===On a flight===
''yamei lallāmahai lāma : miąre pārṇam sama naminoucā nenea murkadhanāvīyi mordhabāgami mudhe ।। mudhāvyāṣa līlta ga martom natte chīka garaṇa mūji mavė ।।<br/> raikas mudhe gu keṃšiprė ša ।। ṣubha tetacunių natte tųmudhiṣīma : yināmyāvų anā lilvanūn jūvūnašinte yoṣa : pūdrom tatimom tamirṭṛṣūṇu tatekiteinašin yoṣa : mulimaitāveinu taflunsusęs pūnyęs udvī yaive mudhe gu keṃšeinašinte ša yoṣa no ।। salkajildalięte sama yavyātom chāru mudhu chloucætedaudialieh ।।''
 
''yamei lallāmahai lāma : yavyāti tamindhūs kaminæne mayį yaccechlašė nami ।। lālis yacė nami neniai mordhacūlli yināmyaudaramaiti dralāṇi no maišildas tatemīndeinašin ।।<br/> pū eri lanihė mordhašin tamindhvini lapimordhīñumi ghārṭāveinu taminde yavyātu yaccechlašalięte īvai ।।''
 
''yināmyāvlilvan mæn nenea mordhacūlle yaivi tamirṭṛṣāvi ।। lapichlærimi valtfårse væse yaivmiya kamikakyāsyė ।। lālis yacė nami lilvan jvīti : chārkīti : šujvīti e tatemīšeinašin ।। yavyāti yināmyāva yaivmiya tamirtašin væse lilvanu ujūcām kitte yavyātu mayį yaccechlašėkæ nami ।।''
 
'''English text, translated from the Chlouvānem'''<br/>
Ladies and gentlemen, good day and welcome to this flight of the Inquisitorial Air Fleet. The flight time to Līlta will be of about seven hours. It is forbidden to smoke in the flight. In a few minutes we'll depart, so, for the sake of security, you are respectfully asked to fasten your seat belts, to set your seats in the basic position, and not to use, during the whole flight, electric equipment if not in the appropriate mode of operation. We thank you and wish you a good flight.
 
Ladies and gentlemen, we now request your precious attention. Please listen to the demonstration of the safety procedures and equipment of this aircraft. Even if you fly often, we humbly request you to listen carefully to the indications of the flight stewards.
 
Every seat of this aircraft has a safety belt. The safety belt must be worn all the time while the light indicator is on. Please look at how to fasten, adjust, and unfasten the seat belts. For your safety we humbly ask you to keep your seat belts fastened all the time while you're seated.
 
[IPA and gloss TBA]


==Other resources==
==Other resources==
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