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:''Proto-Lusanic'' (Ivanin Aiduvitić<ref name="ivanin"></ref>) | |||
:: [Wérei] Owis, éwēswe, wési̯o wŭ́lnā ne íst, éwāns spéket, éwon wárun wúghon woghondan, éwonwe méghan bhóron, éwonwe ghámenan, ṓku bhérondan. Owis nu éwai̯bhos wū́wet: kḗr aghna moi̯ éwens agondan néran wídandei̯. Eweis tu wū́wont: lúdhi, owei, kḗr aghna ánsamei̯ wídandibhos: ánēr, pódis, áwi̯on rō wúlnān swébhi wárnūdi nu wéramon wéstron néghi áwi̯on wŭ́lnā íst. Tód lúwus owis nu agron bhúget. | |||
===Notes=== | ===Notes=== | ||
<ref name="bhitar">Better do this in the morning, eh?</ref> | <ref name="bhitar">Better do this in the morning, eh?</ref> | ||
<ref name="ivanin">Aiduvitić harshly criticised Morningway's reconstruction in '''Why Morningway is Wrong: An unhealthy focus on Finio-Dhannic vocalism''' and was the first to derive forms including Limbe-Mereian data.</ref> | |||
<references/> | <references/> | ||
Revision as of 18:29, 13 September 2013
Proto-Lúsanic, also Proto-Lusanic, (sometimes abbreviated PLu.), is the reconstructed ancestral language of all the Lúsanian languages, including Aurónian, Finian and the Limbe-Mereian languages. Proto-Lúsanic is classified as being part of the “centum” languages (similarly to Italic, Celtic, Germanic, etc.), having merged the traditional palatovelar and plain series of the Proto-Indo-European plosives.
The reconstruction of Proto-Lúsanic is currently being undertaken but suffers from a lack of recorded sources as written material is mostly attested from one branch (Finio-Dhannic).
Sound changes from Proto-Indo-European
Late Proto-Indo-European
Many of these changes were shared by other branches of the Indo-European family.
- “Palatovelars” merge with the “plain” velars (centumization):
- /ḱ/ → /k/
- /ǵ/ → /g/
- /ǵʱ/ → /gʱ/
- Two adjacent dentals become *ss:
- /dt/ → /ss/
- /tt/ → /ss/
- /dd/ → /ss/
- metathesis of “thorn clusters” (TK > KT, e.g. *h₂rtkos → *h₂rktos)
- Loss of laryngeals before a following vowel:
- /h₁e/ → /e/ ~ /i/
- /h₂e/ → /a/
- /h₃e/ → /o/
- Loss of laryngeals after a preceding vowel, lengthening and colouring it:
- /eh₁/ → /ē/
- /eh₂/ → /ā/
- /eh₃/ → /ō/
Early Proto-Lúsanic
- Loss of laryngeals between two plosives (CHC > CVC)
- /h₁/ → /i/
- /h₂/ → /a/
- /h₃/ → /o/
- Labiovelars and sequences of velar + *w merge:
- /kʷ/ → /kw/
- /gʷ/ → /gw/
- /gʷʱ/ → /gʱw/
- Sequences of *s + plosive simplify to *ss
- /st/ → /ss/
- /sk/ → /ss/
- *m becomes *n before dentals and at the end of words.
- /m̩d/ → /n̩d/
- /m̩t/ → /n̩t/
- /m#/ → /n#/
- Sequences of a nasal and velar reduce to *nn in a two-step process.
- velars turn into a nasal velar
- /nk/ → /nŋ/
- /ng/ → /nŋ/
- /ngʱ/ → /nŋ/
- nasal velars are de-velarized after a nasal
- /nŋ/ → /nn/
- velars turn into a nasal velar
Proto-Lúsanic
- Epethentic *a inserted before syllabic resonants except if blocked by preceding *Vr:
- /m̩/ → /am/
- /n̩/ → /an/
- /l̩/ → /al/
- /r̩/ → /ar/
- Merger of short *a into *ā in closed and stressed syllables:
- /CáC/ → /Cā́C/
- labiovelar sequences become *w intervocalically:
- /kw/ → /w/
- /gw/ → /w/
- Fricativization and devoicing of syllable-initial velar consonants before *w, *r, *l:
- /kw/ → /hw/
- /gw/ → /hw/
- /gʱw/ → /hw/
- All words become stressed on the first syllable (e.g. *gʰortós → *gʰórtos)
- Lowering of *e to *a if the following syllable has *a (e.g *ésanti → *ásanti)
- Raising of *o after *w
- /wo/ → /wu/
- Voicing of plosives between a resonant and a vowel (RCV > RC+voicedV)
Late Proto-Lúsanic
These features spread somewhat unevenly among the daughter branches of Proto-Lúsanic, but still probably constituted a single intelligible dialect continuum.
- Voicing of word-medial and word-final *s
- /s/ → /z/ [* 1]
- Loss of word-initial *h when followed by a liquid
- /hl/ → /l/
- /hr/ → /r/
- Merger of *sp into *ss
- ^ Only word medial in Finian
Examples
| PIE | Proto-Lusanic | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Proto-Lusanic | Descendants | ||
| *p | *p | pátēr | Dh. pathair |
| *t | *t | túsdandi | Dh. tasandh |
| *k | *k | káptōd | Fin. haftaa (< earlier *kaftaa) |
Morphology
Noun
A minor collapse of the athematic/thematic distinction is observed, e.g. the thematic ablative -ad is here found on a traditionally athematic stem.
| pátēr (Brightraven 2013) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | Singular | Plural | ||
| Nominative | pátēr, *~īr | páteris | ||
| Genitive | pátaris | pātaroun | ||
| Accusative | pátern | pā́terans | ||
| Dative | pátarei | pátaribhos | ||
| Ablative | pátarad | pátaribhos | ||
| Instrumental | pátarei | pátaribhī | ||
| Locative | pátarei | pátarais | ||
Pronoun
Verb
Loss of the middle voice r-endings.
Creation of the future tense from former desiderative -s-.
Copula
| Person | Present indicative |
Imperfect indicative |
Optative | Imperative |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | *ísani | *ásan | *ísjēn | — |
| 2nd singular | *íssi | *ís | *isjēs | *ísdʰi |
| 3rd singular | *ísti | *íst | *isjēt | *ístu |
| 1st dual | *swús | *swé | *sī́we | — |
| 2nd dual | *ístes | *íston | *íston | *íston |
| 3rd dual | *ístes | *ístān | *ístān | *ístān |
| 1st plural | *sámos | *ísan | *sīn | — |
| 2nd plural | *ísti | *ísti | *sī́ti | *ísti |
| 3rd plural | *ásandi | *sánad | *sjánad | *sándu |
Numerals
- 'one':
- 'two':
- 'three':
- 'four': *wetwōr (> Finian vissaa wissâ, Limbe ωλυηρ ōluār, Dhannuá uéduór )
- 'five': *pennwe (> Old Dhannuá PENVE penwe, Finian finni finni)
- 'six':
- 'seven':
Schleicher's PIE fable rendered into Proto-Lusanic
Here follows a 'direct' phonetic evolution of the reconstructed PIE text in Proto-Lusanic.
- Proto-Lusanic (Bhitar Morningway[1])
- [Warai] Owiz, éwūzwe, wésjo wŭ́lnā ne est, éwunz spéket, aiwón warún wúghon weghondan, aiwónwe méghan bhóron, aiwonwe ghámenn, ṓku bhérondan. Owiz nu éwaibhoz wéuwet: kḗr aghnuda moy éwunz agondan néran wídandey. Ewoz tu weuwont: klúdhi, owei, kḗr aghnuda ánsmei wídandibhoz. anḗr, pódiz, awjon rṓ wúlnān sebhi warnéudi nu wéramon wéstron néghi awion wulnā ésdi. Tód hluwuz owiz agron bhugét.
- Proto-Lusanic (Ivanin Aiduvitić[2])
- [Wérei] Owis, éwēswe, wési̯o wŭ́lnā ne íst, éwāns spéket, éwon wárun wúghon woghondan, éwonwe méghan bhóron, éwonwe ghámenan, ṓku bhérondan. Owis nu éwai̯bhos wū́wet: kḗr aghna moi̯ éwens agondan néran wídandei̯. Eweis tu wū́wont: lúdhi, owei, kḗr aghna ánsamei̯ wídandibhos: ánēr, pódis, áwi̯on rō wúlnān swébhi wárnūdi nu wéramon wéstron néghi áwi̯on wŭ́lnā íst. Tód lúwus owis nu agron bhúget.