Togarmite

Togarmite/Lexicon

דף זה בעברית

Togarmite
Þėgamiþ
Pronunciation	[/θegamiθ/]
Created by	IlL
Setting	Lõis
Language family	Afro-Asiatic Semitic North Semitic (Togarmo-Canaanite) Old Togarmite Togarmite

Togarmite (Þėgamiþ /θegamiθ/ or yn lysėn Þėgami) is a Semitic language closely related to Hebrew. It is inspired by Lithuanian, Germanic languages (particularly Icelandic) and the Semitic conlang Alashian.

Modern Togarmite retains the Semitic root-and-pattern morphology of Old Togarmite, but has undergone some phonological and grammatical restructuring, taking features of the Turkey-Northern Levant-Iranian sprachbund, in common with L-Persian, Padmanābha and English:

• Grimm's law: The Old Togarmite aspirated stops φ θ χ (from Proto-Semitic *p t k) generally become spirants /f θ x/.
• loss of grammatical gender
• loss of the passive binyanim
• loss of the suffix conjugation except in a few verbs
• the use of the w-form (inherited from the Old Togarmite waw-consecutive) for the present progressive, mirroring English -ing < PIE *-nd-kwe
• the development of a productive concatenative verb paradigm used to form verbs from other words, analogous to Germanic weak verbs

Todo

• Gzarot
• Syntax
• Declensions

History

The Old Togarmite name for the language, Θėgammīθ, is thought to have been borrowed from a pre-Togarmite source *Tāgarma. The name Togarmah from the same source is also attested in the Hebrew Bible. (The Greeks and the Romans called the Togarmite people Θηγαρμικοί and Thegarmici respectively.) The name of the language shows the Togarmite shift of Proto-Semitic ā to ė /e:/, mirroring the Canaanite shift ā > ō occuring in its close relative Hebrew.

Phonology

Consonants

Togarmite has 23 consonants, 22 of them inherited from Proto-Semitic. It gained /p/ during the Old Togarmite stage from adapting loans from Greek, Aramaic and Persian, e.g. parkes 'to act', from Ancient Greek praxis. It also merged Old Togarmite ħ /χ/ and h /h/ into h /h/.

• m n /m n/
• p t c k ' /p t ts k ʔ/
• b d g /b d g/
• f þ s š x h /f θ s ʃ x h/
• w z ž ȝ /v z ʒ ɣ/
• l r j /l r j/

Vowels

Modern Togarmite has 9 vowels in stressed syllables, possibly the largest vowel inventory of any Semitic language.

a e ė i o ø u y /ɑ ɛ e i o ø u (ə)/

ei au /ai øy/

Stress

Stress is always penultimate.

Orthography

In addition to the Hebrew and Greek alphabets, Togarmite uses an abugida based on the Phoenician alphabet, called yn albėþ (after the first 2 letters).

The abjadi letter names: al, bėþ, gam, dal, hė, wau, zėn, žėn, tėþ, jød, xaf, lam, mėm, nun, ȝėn, fė, pė, cad, køf, rėš, sin, šin, þau

Pronouns

Personal

Modern Togarmite pronouns work very similarly to English pronouns. The accusative pronouns derive from inflected foms of Old Togarmite ʔiθ (emphasis particle and accusative, related to Hebrew et and Arabic iyya-). The possessive pronouns are derived from inflected forms of Old Togarmite la-. Other inflected prepositions don't survive, except in fixed expressions such as slėm ȝlėxøm 'hello (formal)' (lit. peace be upon you).

	I	thou (m.)	thou (f.)	he	she	it	we	you (pl.)	you (polite)	they
Nominative/Conjunctive	nėx	aþ	eþ	hu	hi	že	nan	aþøm	bløtfy	høm
Objective/Disjunctive	þi	þax	þex	þau	þa	þež	þanė	þaxøm	(iþ) bløtfy	þaum
Possessive	li	lax	lex	lau	la	lež	lanė	laxøm	lid bløtfy	laum
Reflexive/Intensive	afi	afax	afex	afau	afa	afež	afnė	afxøm		afaum

The plural pronouns aþøm and høm can be used as gender-neutral pronouns in the singular, like English they.

Demonstrative

	who?	what?	which?	where?	whither?	whence?	when?	how?	why?	how much?
this	žinė (sg); elinė (pl)			hė	heno	me hė	ȝeþo	xė; xamxė	šøm; me hė	xėrab
that	ži (sg); eli (pl)			šam	šamo	me šam	ež
what	mi	ma	ėjo	ein	eino	men ein	møran	xeix	lama	xma, marby
all; every	xøl bašar; xølhad	xøl dbar	xøl	xølein	xøleino	me xølein	xølam	xølad darxy	-	-
any	nux bašar	nux dbar	nux	nuxein	nuxeino	me nuxein	xølam	nux darxy	my nux sebt	-
some	bil bašar	bil dbar	bil	bilein	bileino	me bilein	ly zman; bil zman	bil darxy	my bil sebt	-
none	lėm bašar	lėm dbar	lėm	lėmein	lėmeino	me lėmein	lėfȝam	lėm darxy	my lėm sebt	-

Demonstratives come before nouns as in Arabic.

• žinė beiþ 'this house'
• eli beiþi 'those houses'

Nouns

In some ways declension has simplified: Like Knánith, Modern Togarmite has lost grammatical gender. The construct state has been lost, and the Old Togarmite definite state ʔan- has been reanalyzed as a separate definite article yn.

However, declension has become more complicated in other ways. For example, Modern Togarmite has innovated more declension paradigms.

Regular declension

Most nouns have a regular plural in -i, from a conflation of Middle Togarmite absolute -in and construct -ė.

Example: ȝėlam 'world'

ȝėlam 'world'

	singular	plural
indefinite	ȝėlam	ȝėlami

lysėn 'language'

	singular	plural
indefinite	lysėn	lysėni

Segolates

These nouns come from CVCC nouns in Proto-Semitic and thus are related to segolates in Hebrew.

xalb 'dog'

	singular	plural
indefinite	xalb	xlabi

Nisba nouns

An important declension class is comprised of nouns with the nisba suffix -i:

þėgami 'Togarmite'

	singular	plural
indefinite	þėgami	þėgamije

Singulative-collective nouns

These nouns have a marked singular in -t.

šeȝart '(strand of) hair'

	singular	plural
indefinite	šeȝart	šeȝar

Former feminines

This class consists of nouns that were feminine in Old Togarmite, which typically end in -t or -þ and take a plural in -ėþ:

friþ 'fruit'

	singular	plural
indefinite	friþ	frijėþ

galt 'door'

	singular	plural
indefinite	galt	glatėþ

þyxþøbt 'document'

	singular	plural
indefinite	þyxþøbt	þyxþøbėþ

-a nouns

These are mainly Greek words:

apoloža 'excuse (pretext)'

	singular	plural
indefinite	apoloža	apoložes

Greek ending in -ma can have a plural in -mata:

þėma 'topic'

	singular	plural
indefinite	þėma	þėmes / þėmata

By analogy, even native words ending in -a are declined this way:

heta 'sin'

	singular	plural
indefinite	heta	hetes

Adjectives

Adjectives do not decline.

Degree

Adjectives do not have separate degree forms, unlike in Indo-European languages. A dedicated particle šøm is used for 'than'.

Verbs

TODO: an n-stem binyan?

• Past = (eroded) suffix conjugation that became analogized with the prefix present
  • The y- prefix is not used when the verb is negated: nėx yxėþøb 'I write', nėx lė xėþøb 'I don't write'.
• Present = from the Proto-Semitic L-stem, via analogy
• Imperative
  • The imperative is negated with alt: Xþøb! 'write!', Alt xþøb! 'don't write!'
• w-form = w + stem from the 3ms suffix conjugation in the f3øl binyan, past tense but with w- for the prefix in other binyanim
• Infinitive
• Participles

The suffix conjugation does not survive unlike in most other Semitic languages, except in certain irregular verbs like hwė 'to be'.

The citation form is the 2nd person singular imperative.

Binyanim

Modern Togarmite inherits all 7 binyanim of Old Togarmite. The þy- of Binyan 6 (þyfaȝel) verbs has become a productive derivational prefix, however, so some analyze Binyan 6 as a result of þy- added to faȝel verbs, rather than as a binyan in its own right.

Binyan 1: fȝøl

This binyan can take -ø- (e.g. xþøb 'to write'), -e- (sen 'to sleep') or -a- (tȝam 'to choose') as the theme vowel.

Binyan 1 conjugation: xþøb 'write'

→ Person ↓ Tense	1sg	2sg	3sg	1pl	2pl	3pl
past; conditional	nėx yxþøb	aþ/eþ yxþøb	hu/hi xþøb	nan xþøb	aþøm xþøb	høm xþøb
past progressive; past subjunctive	fiti wyxþab	fit wyxþab	fė wyxþab	finė wyxþab	fitøm wyxþab	fu wyxþab
present	nėx yxėþøb	aþ/eþ yxėþøb	hu/hi xėþøb	nan xėþøb	aþøm xėþøb	høm xėþøb
present progressive	nėx še wyxþab	aþ/eþ še wyxþab	hu/hi še wyxþab	nan še wyxþab	aþøm šu wyxþab	høm šu wyxþab
present subjunctive	nėx yxþøban	aþ/eþ yxþøban	hu/hi xþøban	nan xþøban	aþøm xþøban	høm xþøban
future	ėbe xþėb	tėbe xþėb	jėbe xþėb	nėbe xþėb	tėbu xþėb	jėbu xþėb
perfect	li xþub	lax/lex xþub	lau/la xþub	lanė xþub	laxøm xþub	laum xþub
imperative	xþøb!
active participle	xėþeb
passive participle	xþub
w-form	wyxþab
infinitive	xþėb

Binyan 1 conjugation: num 'sleep'

→ Person ↓ Tense	1sg	2sg	3sg	1pl	2pl	3pl
past; conditional	nėx ynum	aþ/eþ ynum	hu/hi num	nan num	aþøm num	høm num
past progressive; past subjunctive	fiti wynaum	fit wynaum	fė wynaum	finė wynaum	fitøm wynaum	fu wynaum
present	nėx ynėwøm	aþ/eþ ynėwøm	hu/hi nėwøm	nan nėwøm	aþøm nėwøm	høm nėwøm
present progressive	nėx še wynaum	aþ/eþ še wynaum	hu/hi še wynaum	nan še wynaum	aþøm šu wynaum	høm šu wynaum
present subjunctive	nėx ynuman	aþ/eþ ynuman	hu/hi numan	nan numan	aþøm numan	høm numan
future	ėbe nwėm	tėbe nwėm	jėbe nwėm	nėbe nwėm	tėbu nwėm	jėbu nwėm
perfect	li num	lax/lex num	lau/la num	lanė num	laxøm num	laum num
imperative	num!
active participle	nėwem
passive participle	num
w-form	wynaum
infinitive	nwėm

Binyan 2: faȝel

This binyan comes from the Proto-Semitic D-stem (related to Hebrew pi33el and Arabic fa33ala)

Binyan 2 conjugation: saxen 'inhabit'

→ Person ↓ Tense	1sg	2sg	3sg	1pl	2pl	3pl
past; conditional	nėx ysaxen	aþ/eþ ysaxen	hu/hi saxen	nan saxen	aþøm saxen	høm saxen
past progressive; past subjunctive	fiti wysaxen	fit wysaxen	fė wysaxen	finė wysaxen	fitøm wysaxen	fu wysaxen
present	nėx ysxėxen	aþ/eþ ysxėxen	hu/hi sxėxen	nan sxėxen	aþøm sxėxen	høm sxėxen
present progressive	nėx še wysaxen	aþ/eþ še wysaxen	hu/hi še wysaxen	nan še wysaxen	aþøm šu wysaxen	høm šu wysaxen
present subjunctive	ani ysaxenan	aþ/eþ ysaxenan	hu/hi saxenan	nan saxenan	aþøm saxenan	høm saxenan
future	ėbe saxun	tėbe saxun	jėbe saxun	nėbe saxun	tėbu saxun	jėbu saxun
perfect	li møsaxan	lax/lex møsaxan	lau/la møsaxan	lanė møsaxan	laxøm møsaxan	laum møsaxan
imperative	saxen!
active participle	møsaxen
passive participle	møsaxan
w-form	wysaxen
infinitive	saxun

For 4-letter verbs such as parkes 'to act', the present tense is formed with the stem -C₁C₂ėC₃eC₄, like nėx yprėkes 'I act'.

Binyan 3: afȝel

This binyan comes from the Proto-Semitic Š-stems thus corresponds to Hebrew hif3il and Arabic ʔaf3ala.

Binyan 3 conjugation: ažxer 'remind'

→ Person ↓ Tense	1sg	2sg	3sg	1pl	2pl	3pl
past; conditional	nėx ažxer	aþ/eþ ažxer	hu/hi ažxer	nan ažxer	aþøm ažxer	høm ažxer
past progressive; past subjunctive	fiti wažxer	fit wažxer	fė wažxer	finė wažxer	fitøm wažxer	fu wažxer
present	nėx ažėxer	aþ/eþ ažėxer	hu/hi ažėxer	nan ažėxer	aþøm ažėxeru	høm ažėxeru
present progressive	nėx še wažxer	aþ/eþ še wažxer	hu/hi še wažxer	nan še wažxer	aþøm šu wažxer	høm šu wažxer
present subjunctive	nėx ažxeran	aþ/eþ ažxeran	hu/hi ažxeran	nan ažxeran	aþøm ažxeran	høm ažxeran
future	ėbe hažxur	tėbe hažxur	jėbe hažxur	nėbe hažxur	tėbu hažxur	jėbu hažxur
perfect	li mažxar	lax/lex mažxar	lau/la mažxar	lanė mažxar	laxøm mažxar	laum mažxar
imperative	ažxer!
active participle	mažxer
passive participle	mažxar
w-form	wažxer
infinitive	ažxur

Binyan 4: yftyȝel

This binyan comes from the Proto-Semitic t-stem and shares similarities with the Hebrew binyan hitpa33el and Arabic ifta3ala. It is characterized by the þ- prefix that comes from the *t infix.

Meanings:

• reflexive
• reciprocal

The prefix þ metathesizes with C1 when

• C1 = f x s š c h z ž ȝ: þf þx þs þš þh þz þž þȝ > ft xt st št ct ht zd žd ȝd
• C1 = d t þ: þd þt þþ > d t þ

Binyan 4 conjugation: hyþlymed 'find one's way around'

→ Person ↓ Tense	1sg	2sg	3sg	1pl	2pl	3pl
past; conditional	nėx yþlymed	aþ/eþ yþlymed	hu/hi þlymed	nan þlymed	aþøm þlymed	høm þlymed
past progressive; past subjunctive	fiti wyþlymed	fit wyþlymed	fė wyþlymed	finė wyþlymed	fitøm wyþlymed	fu wyþlymed
present	nėx yþlėmed	aþ/eþ yþlėmed	hu/hi þlėmed	nan þlėmed	aþøm þlėmed	høm þlėmed
present progressive	nėx še wyþlymed	aþ/eþ še wyþlymed	hu/hi še wyþlymed	nan še wyþlymed	aþøm šu wyþlymed	høm šu wyþlymed
present subjunctive	nėx yþlymedan	aþ/eþ yþlymedan	hu/hi þlymedan	nan þlymedan	aþøm þlymedan	høm þlymedan
future	ėbe hyþlymud	tėbe hyþlymud	jėbe hyþlymud	nėbe hyþlymud	tėbu hyþlymud	jėbu hyþlymud
perfect	li møþlymad	lax/lex møþlymad	lau/la møþlymad	lanė møþlymad	laxøm møþlymad	laum møþlymad
imperative	yþlymed!
active participle	møþlymed
passive participle	møþlymad
w-form	wyþlymėd
infinitive	hyþlymud

Binyan 5: eþyfȝel

This binyan comes from the Nt-stem, with the mediopassive n- marker and the reflexive/reciprocal t-marker: the stem comes from *intap3il. cf. Hebrew nitpa33el, a variant of the hitpa33el binyan and the Arabic infa3ala binyan.

Binyan 5 conjugation: eþygdel 'grow up'

→ Person ↓ Tense	1sg	2sg	3sg	1pl	2pl	3pl
past; conditional	nėx eþygdel	aþ/eþ eþygdel	hu/hi eþygdel	nan eþygdel	aþøm eþygdelu	høm eþygdelu
past progressive; past subjunctive	fiti weþygdel	fit weþygdel	fė weþygdel	finė weþygdel	fitøm weþygdel	fu waþygdel
present	nėx eþygėdel	aþ/eþ eþygėdel	hu/hi eþygėdel	nan eþygėdel	aþøm eþygėdelu	høm eþygėdelu
present progressive	nėx še weþygdel	aþ/eþ še weþygdel	hu/hi še weþygdel	nan še weþygdel	aþøm šu weþygdel	høm šu weþygdel
present subjunctive	nėx eþygdelan	aþ/eþ eþygdelan	hu/hi eþygdelan	nan eþygdelan	aþøm eþygdelan	høm eþygdelan
future	ėbe heþygdul	tėbe heþygdul	jėbe heþygdul	nėbe heþygdul	tėbu heþygdul	jėbu heþygdul
perfect	li meþygdal	lax/lex meþygdal	lau/la meþygdal	lanė meþygdal	laxøm meþygdal	laum meþygdal
imperative	-	heþygdel!	-	-	heþygdelu!	-
active participle	meþygdel
passive participle	meþygdal
w-form	waþygdel
infinitive	heþygdul

Binyan 6: þyfaȝel

This binyan comes from the tD-stem (t- with geminate stem) and corresponds directly to the Arabic binyan tafa33ala.

The main meanings of this binyan are:

• reciprocal or back-and-forth action
• reaction/back, re-: the most productive modern meaning
  • þy'awer 'to reflect', from aur 'light'
  • þyparkes 'to react', from parkis 'action'
  • þysalem 'to repay', from √s-l-m 'peace, whole'
  • þyȝanė 'to satisfy', from √ȝ-n-j 'distress, need'; probably influenced by a now obsolete meaning 'to answer' of the same root
• unpredictable change in meaning

The resemblance of this binyan to the very common faȝel binyan has led to the þy- prefix becoming productive, with some semantic overlap with the prefix re- in English.

Binyan 6 conjugation: þydares 'teach'

→ Person ↓ Tense	1sg	2sg	3sg	1pl	2pl	3pl
past; conditional	nėx yþydares	aþ/eþ yþydares	hu/hi þydares	nan þydares	aþøm þydares	høm þydares
past progressive; past subjunctive	fiti wyþydares	fit wyþydares	fė wyþydares	finė wyþydares	fitøm wyþydares	fu wyþydares
present	nėx yþydrėres	aþ/eþ yþydrėres	hu/hi þydrėres	nan þydrėres	aþøm þydrėres	høm þydrėres
present progressive	nėx še wyþydares	aþ/eþ še wyþydares	hu/hi še wyþydares	nan še wyþydares	aþøm šu wyþydares	høm šu wyþydares
present subjunctive	nėx yþydaresan	aþ/eþ yþydaresan	hu/hi þydaresan	nan þydaresan	aþøm þydaresun	høm þydaresun
future	ėbe þydarus	tėbe þydarus	jėbe þydarus	nėbe þydarus	tėbu þydarus	jėbu þydarus
perfect	li møþydaras	lax/lex møþydaras	lau/la møþydaras	lanė møþydaras	laxøm møþydaras	laum møþydaras
imperative	þydares!
active participle	møþydares
passive participle	møþydaras
w-form	wyþydares
infinitive	þydarus

Binyan 7: styfȝel

This binyan comes from the Št-stem and is directly related to the binyan istaf3ala in Arabic and the very rare binyan hishtaf3el in Biblical Hebrew.

Binyan 7 conjugation: stytȝem 'try out'

→ Person ↓ Tense	1sg	2sg	3sg	1pl	2pl	3pl
past; conditional	nėx ystytȝem	aþ/eþ ystytȝem	hu/hi stytȝem	nan stytȝem	aþøm stytȝem	høm stytȝem
past progressive; past subjunctive	fiti wystytȝem	fit wystytȝem	fė wystytȝem	finė wystytȝem	fitøm wystytȝem	fu wystytȝem
present	nėx ystytėȝem	aþ/eþ ystytėȝem	hu/hi stytėȝem	nan stytėȝem	aþøm stytėȝem	høm stytėȝem
present progressive	nėx še wystytȝem	aþ/eþ še wystytȝem	hu/hi še wystytȝem	nan še wystytȝem	aþøm šu wystytȝem	høm šu wystytȝem
present subjunctive	nėx ystytȝeman	aþ/eþ ystytȝeman	hu/hi stytȝeman	nan stytȝeman	aþøm stytȝemun	jystytȝemun
future	ėbe stytȝum	tėbe stytȝum	jėbe stytȝum	nėbe stytȝum	tėbu stytȝum	jėbu stytȝum
perfect	li møstytȝam	lax/lex møstytȝam	lau/la møstytȝam	lanė møstytȝam	laxøm møstytȝam	laum møstytȝam
imperative	-	stytȝem!	-	-	stytȝemu!	-
active participle	møstytȝem
passive participle	møstytȝam
w-form	wystytȝem
infinitive	stytȝum

Concatenative verbs

The concatenative paradigm, analogous to Germanic weak verbs, is formed by adding prefixes and suffixes, without changing the stem. The past and imperative forms are formed by adding -i or -ji to the noun, when no other suffix is added.

It is used for recent loan verbs like maksimezi 'to maximize', but can also be used to derive verbs from native nouns:

• mydrasi 'to school' (from mydras 'school')
• þaxili 'to consume' (from þaxil 'consumption', itself from the root √ʔ-x-l 'to eat')
• žaxoji 'to entitle, to allow' (from žaxo 'right')
• ȝeini 'to eye' (from ȝein 'eye')

The endings are mainly derived from Middle Togarmite forms of 3-y verbs.

• [STEM]-i = active
• þy-[STEM]-i = re-
• mø- = active participle
• -ėþ = infinitive

Weak verb conjugation: mydrasi 'to school'

→ Person ↓ Tense	1sg	2sg	3sg	1pl	2pl	3pl
past; conditional	nėx ymydrasi	aþ/eþ ymydrasi	hu/hi mydrasi	nan mydrasi	aþøm mydrasi	høm mydrasi
past progressive; past subjunctive	fiti wymydrasi	fit wymydrasi	fė wymydrasi	finė wymydrasi	fitøm wymydrasi	fu wymydrasi
present	nėx ymydrasė	aþ/eþ ymydrasė	hu/hi mydrasė	nan mydrasė	aþøm mydrasė	høm mydrasė
present progressive	yše wymydrasi	tyše wymydrasi	jyše wymydrasi	nyše wymydrasi	tyšu wymydrasi	jyšu wymydrasi
present subjunctive	nėx ymydrasan	aþ/eþ ymydrasan	hu/hi mydrasan	nan mydrasan	aþøm mydrasun	høm mydrasun
future	ėbe mydrasėþ	tėbe mydrasėþ	jėbe mydrasėþ	nėbe mydrasėþ	tėbu mydrasėþ	jėbu mydrasėþ
perfect	li mømydrasa	lax/lex mømydrasa	lau/la mømydrasa	lanė mømydrasa	laxøm mømydrasa	laum mømydrasa
imperative	mydrasi!
active participle	mømydrasė
passive participle	mømydrasa
w-form	wymydrasi
infinitive	mydrasėþ

fe 'to be'

The verb fe 'to be' is perhaps the most irregular verb of the language; it displays suppletion and it uses the Proto-Semitic suffix conjugation in the past tense.

fe 'to be'

→ Person ↓ Tense	1sg	2sg	3sg	1pl	2pl	3pl
past; conditional	fiti	fit	fė	finė	fitøm	fu
past progressive; past subjunctive	fiti wyfė	fit wyfė	fė wyfė	finė wyfė	fitøm wyfė	fu wyfė
present	nėx še (or nėx)	aþ/eþ še (or aþ/eþ)	hu/hi še (or hu/hi)	nan še (or nan)	aþøm šu (or aþøm)	høm šu (or høm)
present progressive	yše wyfė	tyše wyfė	jyše wyfė	nyše wyfė	tyšu wyfė	jyšu wyfė
present subjunctive	yfijan	tyfijan	jyfijan	nyfijan	tyfijun	jyfijun
future	ėbe fėþ	tėbe fėþ	jėbe fėþ	nėbe fėþ	tėbu fėþ	jėbu fėþ
imperative	fe!
active participle	hėwi
passive participle	fuj
w-form	wyfė
infinitive	fėþ

xėl 'can'

xėl 'can'

→ Person ↓ Tense	1sg	2sg	3sg	1pl	2pl	3pl
past; conditional	nex yxel	aþ/eþ yxel	hu/hi xel	nan xel	aþøm xel	høm xel
past subjunctive	fiti wėxel	fit wėxel	fė wėxel	finė wėxel	fitøm wėxel	fu wėxel
present	wyxėlti	wyxėlt	wyxėl	wyxėlnė	wyxėltøm	wyxėlu
present subjunctive	nėx yxelan	aþ/eþ yxelan	hu/hi xelan	nan xelan	aþøm xelun	høm xelun
future	ėbe xėl	tėbe xėl	jėbe xėl	nėbe xėl	tėbu xėl	jėbu xėl
active participle	-
passive participle	fuj wėxel
w-form	wėxel
infinitive	xėl

høbė 'should; ought'

høba 'should; ought'

→ Person ↓ Tense	1sg	2sg	3sg	1pl	2pl	3pl
present	nėx høbė	aþ/eþ høbė	hu/hi høbė	nan høbu	aþøm høbu	høm høbu

ryšė 'to want'

ryšė 'to want'

→ Person ↓ Tense	1sg	2sg	3sg	1pl	2pl	3pl
past; conditional	yrši	tyrši	jyrši	nyršu	tyršu	jyršu
past subjunctive	hwiti wyrši	hwit wyrši	hwė wyrši	hwinė wyrši	hwitøm wyrši	hwu wyrši
present	nėx ryšė	aþ/eþ ryšė	hu/hi ryšė	nan ryšu	aþøm ryšu	høm ryšu
future	ėbe ryšėþ	tėbe ryšėþ	jėbe ryšėþ	nėbe ryšėþ	tėbu ryšėþ	jėbu ryšėþ
w-form	wyrši
active participle	rėši
passive participle	myršuj
infinitive	ryšėþ

Gzarot

Main article: Togarmite/Gzarot

In Semitic languages, gzarot (Hebrew גְּזָרוֹת‎, sg. gizra גִּזְרָה 'figure, form, pattern') are variations of an inflectional (especially verbal) paradigm that are determined by the choice of consonants in the consonantal root. Thus, a paradigm has not only a regular gizra but various irregular ones, which occur most commonly when

• the consonantal root contains a "guttural" (ʔ ȝ h) or a semivowel (j w);
• the consonantal root contains a n, since nC tends to assimilate into CC
• the consonantal root has 2 letters.

Because Togarmite only uses the prefix conjugation, modern Togarmite gzarot are in some ways less bad than Hebrew gzarot; most of the irregularities occur in binyan fȝøl. However, there are often so many irregularities even within each gizra, and cases of analogy between verbs of different gzarot, that the concept of gzarot in Modern Togarmite has been questioned: in Togarmite, a "gizra" just describes general tendencies of verbs with a certain root consonant.

Prepositions

Some prepositions:

• in 'in' [from PSem *ina]
• ly (l before V) 'to'
• by (b before V) 'by, at'
• šydo 'out of' (from *śadiy-ah 'to the field')
• me (men before V) 'from'
• ȝem 'with'
• ȝal 'on'
• lid 'of (possessive)' (from *la-yad 'to the hand of')
• ȝbar 'over'
• þaþ 'under'
• arþo 'down' (from *ʔarþ-ah "earthward")
• darxan 'along'

Numerals

Cardinal

0: cefry
1: yhad
2: šnein / attributive šnė
3: šlėš (animate šlėšt)
4: yrbaȝ (animate yrbaȝt)
5: hymes (animate hymest)
6: setš (animate setšt)
7: sabȝy (animate sabȝyt)
8: šmėni (animate šmėnt)
9: þesȝy (animate þesȝyt)
10: ȝašry (animate ȝašryt)
11: ȝašry yhad
12: ȝašry šnein
20: ȝešrin
30: šlėšin
40: yrbȝin
50: hymsin
60: setšin
70: sybȝin
80: šmėnin
90: þesȝin
100: me'yþ
101: me'yþ yhad
200: meþein
300: šlėš me'yþ
400: yrbaȝ me'yþ
1000: alfy
2000: alfein
3000: šlėš alf
1000000: alfun
10^9: bėþfun
10^12: gamfun
etc.

Plural numerals usually take plural nouns. They used to take singular nouns, however this is considered archaic.

Numbers ending in digits "3" through "9" (thus ending in šlėš through þesȝy), or "10" (thus ending in ȝašry), have two forms depending on the animacy of the noun: hymes myrþemi 'five abacuses', but hymest ahėþ 'five sisters'. The animate forms come from the masculine forms (reverse polarity) marked with *-t in Proto-Semitic.

Ordinal

Ordinals are formed using the pattern CCuC; as in English, "1st" and "2nd" are irregular, from elatives *ʔaʕlay- 'topmost' and *ʔaʕqab- 'the immediately following' respectively. In compound numerals, the last number word is inflected to the ordinal form.

• 1st = yȝlė
• 2nd = yȝkab
• 3rd = šluš
• 4th = rbuȝ
• 5th = hmus
• 6th = stuš
• 7th = sbuȝ
• 8th = šmun
• 9th = þsuȝ
• 10th = ȝšur
• 11th = ȝašry-yȝlė
• 12th = ȝašry-yȝkab
• 13th = ȝašry-šluš

etc.

Fractional

Fractional numerals are formed with the segolate pattern CøCCy (pl. CøCaCi). Compound numerals can be inflected as well, like in the case of ordinal numerals. The analogized form øhdy is used for numerals ending in "1".

• half = gøb (from *gunb- 'side')
• 3rd = šølšy
• 4th = røbȝy
• 11th = ȝašry-øhdy

To express "m/n", Togarmite uses "m nths": "2/3" is šnė šølaši.

Syntax

Faulty accusative marker

The faulty accusative marker iþ is used. It behaves like MSA accusative case and Welsh soft mutation: when there is a constituent separating the verb or predicate from a second constituent, iþ comes between the two constituents regardless of whether the second constituent is actually a direct object. Example:

• Halex wyfė li iþ šlėšt xlabi, wy ȝeþo lėš li iþ nux. = I used to have three dogs, and now I don't have any.
• Yn dėrest li ryšė li iþ ȝyšėþ rab þamuni beiþ. = My teacher wants me to do a lot of homework.

Questions

Yes-no questions require the question marker ha to be placed at the beginning of the sentence.

What-questions have a syntax similar to English.

Existentials

The word iš is used to indicate existence. It is also used with the preposition ly 'to' or the possessive pronouns to indicate possession. The negative of iš is lėš.

• Lėš mykėm ėn xøl bašar šaš. = There is no place where everyone is happy.
• Ha iš lex zman? = Do you (f. sg.) have time?

The particle iš uses the accusative marker iþ when the "object" is animate.

Conditional clauses

• "if" = em
• "then" = ež

Relative clauses

The relative pronoun žė is used for both relative and complement clauses. It may takes prepositional cases, just like English relative pronouns. The word žė is from PSem *ðā, a form of the demonstrative *ðū; cf. Biblical Hebrew זו zu, Aramaic די dī.

For relative clauses whose heads are prepositional objects in the relative clause, there are two strategies like in English:

• In informal Togarmite, the relativizer is treated as a resumptive pronoun which takes the preposition, like English which: yn gabry ly žė nėx yþen yn maþan, lit. 'the man to which I gave the gift'. This syntax arose from the influence of surrounding languages like English.
• In formal Togarmite, the preposition goes to the end of the clause: yn gabry žė nėx yþen yn maþan ly lit. 'the man which I gave the gift to'. This syntax arose from the native Semitic construction which used a resumptive pronoun on the preposition: after the resumptive pronoun lost the stress, the preposition lost its pronominal suffix and moved to the end of the clause.
• A combination of both strategies can be used: yn gabry ly žė nėx yþen yn maþan ly, lit. 'The man to which I gave the gift to'.

Derivation

Noun and adjective patterns

• CaCCy(þ), CeCCy(þ), CøCCy(þ) = segolates
• CyCiC = adjective; -able
• CyCuC = adjective; color
• CyCaCt, CyCeCt, CyCøCt
• CaCøCt = describes a condition
• CyCeCCaC = diminutive
• myCCaC(t), meCCaC(t), myCCėC: noun, often denoting place
• maCCaCt = causative version of myCCaC(t)
• myCCeC(t) = instrument
• maCCeCt = causative version of myCCeC(t)
• þyCCuC, þyCCiC, þyCCėC = action or process
• þyCCøCt = (hypothetical cognate of Hebrew tiCCóCet) = system of things
• CaCėC = agentive
  • CaCaCt = feminine agentive (not always used)
  • or CaCėC?
• CaCCan = agentive; -an is an agentive
• CaCCėn, CeCCėn, and CeCaCėn = nouns, often an augmentative

Affixes

• -an = forms agentives and adjectives
• -in = collectives
  • lamusin 'charity'
• -uþ = abstract noun
• -i = forms adjectives
• -iþ = forms adverbs
• i- = non-, un-
  • ibašari 'incorporeal'
  • iwøxli 'impossible'
• tarmy- = pre-, not yet
  • tarmy-mynaša 'never married'
• -yr = someone who is characterized by X (from English)
  • wduȝyr 'know-it-all', from wduȝ 'knowledgeable'
• -ri = -ry (from English)
  • kdėsri = excessive piousness or asceticism, from kdės 'holy'
  • xyl'anri = double standard or hypocrisy, from the agentive xyl'an 'hypocrite' of √x-l-ʔ 'double'
• afto- = self-
• e- = a- (from ʔiC-, an assimilated form of the OTog preposition ʔin 'in'); these adjectives can usually only be predicative
  • e'est 'ablaze'
  • edarxy 'away'
  • eþal 'galore' (lit. a-mound)
  • emein 'drowned, lost forever', lit. awater
• -byl = -able (from English -able and native abȝel 'to be able to')

Phrasebook

some phrases in Togarmite:

• Slėm! - Hello! / Goodbye!
• Slėm ȝalėxøm! - Hello! (formal)
• Leilt tėb! / Num tėbyn! - Good night! / Sleep well!
• Jaum tėb! - Good day!
• Exarus! / Exarus þax/þex/þaxøm! - Thanks!
• Ȝem ryšan - Please / You're welcome
• Þryhef - Excuse me, Pardon
• Nėx še mynhum - I'm sorry
• Ma še sem lax/lex/laxøm? - What's your name?
• Sem li še [name] - My name is [name]
• Xeix ėmar aþ/eþ/aþøm iþ [thing] in Þėgamiþ? - How do you say [thing] in Togarmite?
• H' aþ/eþ/aþøm dbėber [language]? - Do you speak [language]?
• Ȝem ryšan, ømør ži šėnėn - Please say it again

Sample texts

Lysėn þėgami, lysėn þlul

• Yhad arþ, rab arþi; yhad galt, rab galti!
• Jaumyn nėx še wyxþab, amsyn nėx yxþøb; jaumyn nėx še wytȝam, amsyn nėx ytȝøm!

A biology abstract

Nan mėdød yn þyglim efkarjotek meþycrer lid yn wrišt TSP3 in Bruxorjon sponerču. TSP3 þycfėfen kinas kabelan rėxes ly prøtezenjon, mømykėma byn mikrospørelata køtoknėji lid yn ribosøm posatedek, wy xahus lid TSP3 še ryhibyn ma'man ly fėþ yn mykėr lid karčin køboþrøtek. In žinė þyxþøbt nan stydrex weþysmes þybhin xyli-ȝywur Rɪᴄᴇʀ-Jᴀʟɪɴꜱᴋɪ, žė ryxės TSP3 lyn ȝaxuban føloxrøpsenas kėrė (p = 0.856) fy øpotreløma lid køt Bruxorjon byri møran eþy'yfusi adenotoksen šu nymux. Ly žinė þymacu jėbu fėþ ramuzi mø'abjunė lyn drės lid desklørøma sømbrøxi.

We measure the nucleating eukaryotic folding of the TSP3 gene in Bruchorium sponercii. TSP3 encodes a protezine-binding receptor kinase located at the cytotubular microsporellata of the quanticular ribosome, and malfunction of TSP3 is commonly believed to be the source of cybothrotic cancer. In this paper we prove using a Rɪᴇᴛᴢᴇʀ-Yᴀʟɪɴꜱᴋʏ double-blind test that TSP3 binding to the phyllochrypsinase inhibitor occurs (p = 0.856) in the hypotrellome of a healthy Bruchorium cell when adenotoxin concentrations are low. This research will have significant implications for the study of symbrychous descloroma.

Newton's laws of motion

I: Dbar šėbøþ by demi, o by ȝyþėk enomorf, lulė ydraȝ prėkes ȝal þež.

I: An object stays at rest, or at a constant speed, unless a force acts on it.

II: Yn šanuj fy þyȝþik lid bašar še myþxøni lyn øþisi møþyfacar ȝal yn bašar; w' yn šanuj kėrė darxan yn kau þykin žė ži øþisi še møþyfacar ȝal.

II: The change in the momentum of a body is proportional to the force applied to the body; and the change occurs along the straight line on which that force is applied.

III: Iš ly xøl parkis iþ þyparkis is w' anteþet.

III: Every action has an equal and opposite reaction.

O how quickly the sculpture of life

O! Xma myhiriþ yn myklaȝ lid heiwėþ
Šaber in temaša zȝarȝer!
Yn mygiluþ lid yn malx ȝal yn þrøn lau
Še xliliþ gyruf edarx by gali jam.
Aþøm žė jėþ mømancabta hė,
Ȝabry hen Elėh aþøm lawani ȝal yn arþ.
Xøl lanė mødajan ȝal yn parkisi lanė;
Habnė wyhėb lyn ȝni, w' agaþeržijėþ ly hawdud.

O how quickly the sculpture of life
Shattered into tiny fragments!
The splendor of the king on his throne
Is completely swept away by sea-waves.
Ye who come hither stationed here,
By the grace of God ye are guests on earth.
All of us are judged according to our actions;
Let us give to the needy, and do charity towards one another.

Stairway To Heaven

Maȝlyþ lyn Symeiniþ
Iš bolt žė še yšur
Xøl žė nėher še žahab
Wy hi še wykna maȝlyþ lyn symeiniþ

UDHR

Xøl ynėsi še mewøladi hyruri w' isi in akšoprepja wy žyxawi. Høm še møþyhanani ȝym ložeki wy synidisi wy høbu ly parkus ly hawdud in ruh lid ahwuþ.