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{{More footnotes |date=September 2015}}
{{wikipedia}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Brithenig
|nativename=''Brithenig''
|creator=Andrew Smith
|created=1996
|setting=A [[thought experiment]] in [[alternate history]], Ill Bethisad, if [[Latin]] had replaced the [[Brittonic languages]]
|fam1=[[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]
|fam2=[[Italic languages|Italic]]
|fam3=[[Romance languages|Romance]]
|fam4=[[British Latin]]
|posteriori=[[A posteriori (languages)|''a posteriori'']] [[Romance languages|Romance language]]<ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0003/languages.php |last=Higley |first=Sarah L. |title=Audience, Uglossia, and CONLANG: Inventing Languages on the Internet |journal=M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture |volume=3 |issue=1 |at=para. 18 |date=March 2000}}</ref> constructed from [[Celtic languages]]
|iso3=bzt
|linglist=bzt
|glotto=none
}}
 
'''Brithenig''' is an invented language, or [[constructed language]] ("conlang"). It was created as a hobby in 1996 by Andrew Smith from [[New Zealand]], who also invented the [[alternate history]] of [[Ill Bethisad]] to "explain" it.
 
Brithenig was not developed to be used in the real world, like [[Esperanto]] or [[Interlingua]], nor to provide detail to a work of fiction, like [[Klingon language|Klingon]] from the ''[[Star Trek]]'' scenarios. Rather, Brithenig started as a thought experiment to create a [[Romance languages|Romance]] language that might have evolved if [[Latin]] had displaced the native [[Celtic languages|Celtic]] language as the spoken language of the people in [[Great Britain]].
 
The result is an artificial sister language to [[French language|French]], [[Catalan language|Catalan]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Romanian language|Romanian]], [[Occitan language|Occitan]] and [[Italian language|Italian]] which differs from them by having sound-changes similar to those that affected the [[Welsh language]], and words that are borrowed from the [[Brittonic languages]] and from [[English language|English]] throughout its pseudo-history. One important distinction between Brithenig and Welsh is that while Welsh is [[Gallo-Brittonic languages|P-Celtic]], Latin was a [[Osco-Umbrian_languages#Differences_from_Latin|Q-Italic language]] (as opposed to [[Osco-Umbrian_languages#Differences_from_Latin|P-Italic]], like [[Oscan language|Oscan]]), and this trait was passed onto Brithenig.
 
Similar efforts to extrapolate Romance languages are ''Breathanach'' (influenced by the other branch of Celtic), ''Judajca'' (influenced by Hebrew), ''Þrjótrunn'' (a non-Ill Bethisad language influenced by Icelandic), ''[[Wenedyk]]'' (influenced by Polish), and ''Xliponian'' (which experienced a [[Grimm's law]]-like sound shift). It has also inspired ''Wessisc'', a hypothetical Germanic language influenced by contact with Old Celtic.
 
Brithenig was granted the code BZT as part of [[ISO 639:b#bzt|ISO 639-3]].
 
Andrew Smith was one of the conlangers featured in the exhibit "Esperanto, Elvish, and Beyond: The World of Constructed Languages" displayed at the [[Cleveland Public Library]] from May through August 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/26418663@N05/2478687117/ |title=Esperanto, Elvish, and Beyond |website=[[Flickr]] |access-date=2009-09-07}}</ref> Smith's creation of Brithenig was cited as the reason for his inclusion in the exhibit (which also included the Babel Text<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.langmaker.com/babelintro.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514232430/http://www.langmaker.com/babelintro.htm |title=Babel Text Introduction |archive-date=2011-05-14 |website=Langmarker |access-date=2009-09-07}}</ref> in Smith's language).
 
==Vocabulary==
Most of Brithenig's vocabulary is distinctively Romance, even though it is disguised as Welsh. The following list of 30 words gives an impression of what Brithenig looks like in comparison to nine other Romance languages including Wenedyk, and to Welsh. The similarity of about one-quarter of the Welsh words to Brithenig words (indicated by not being bracketed) is due to their common [[Proto-Indo-European language|Indo-European]] background, although a few others, such as ''ysgol'', were borrowings from Latin into Welsh.
 
{|class="wikitable"
|+'''Brithenig compared with Romance and Welsh'''
! [[English language|English]] !! '''Brithenig''' !! [[Latin language|Latin]] !! [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] !! [[Galician language|Galician]] !! [[Spanish language|Spanish]] !! [[Catalan language|Catalan]] !! [[Occitan language|Occitan]]  !! [[French language|French]] !! [[Italian language|Italian]] !! [[Romansh language|Rhaeto-&#x200B;Romance]] !! [[Friulian language|Friulian]] !! [[Romanian language|Romanian]] !! [[Wenedyk]] !! [[Welsh language|Welsh]]
|-
| '''arm''' || '''breich''' || brachium || braço || brazo || brazo || braç  || braç || bras || braccio || bratsch || braç || braţ || brocz || braich
|-
| '''black''' || '''nîr''' || nĭger, nĭgrum || negro || negro || negro || negre || negre || noir || nero || nair || neri || negru || niegry || (du)
|-
| '''city, town''' || '''ciwdad''' || cīvĭtās, cīvĭtātem || cidade || cidade || ciudad || ciutat  || ciutat || cité || città || citad || citât || ''oraş'', cetate || czytać || (dinas)
|-
| '''death''' || '''morth''' || mŏrs, mŏrtem || morte  || morte || muerte || mort || mòrt || mort || morte || mort || muart || moarte || mroć || (marwolaeth)
|-
| '''dog''' || '''can''' || canis || cão, ''cachorro'' || can || ''perro'', can || ''gos'', ca || ''gos'', can || chien || cane || chaun || cjan || câine || kań || (ci)
|-
| '''ear''' || '''origl''' || ''auris'', aurĭcŭla || orelha || orella  || oreja || orella || aurelha ||oreille || orecchio || ureglia || orele || ureche || urzykła || (clust)
|-
| '''egg''' || '''ew''' || ovum || ovo  || ovo || huevo || ou || uòu || œuf || uovo || ov || ûf || ou || ów || wy
|-
| '''eye''' || '''ogl''' || ŏcŭlus || olho  || ollo || ojo || ull || uèlh || œil || occhio || egl || voli || ochi || okieł || (llygad)
|-
| '''father''' || '''padr''' || pater, patrem || pai  || pai || padre || pare || paire || père || padre || ''bab'' || pari || ''tată'' || poterz || (tad)
|-
| '''fire''' || '''ffog''' || ''ignis'', fŏcus || fogo  || ''lume'', fogo || fuego || foc  || fuòc || feu || fuoco || fieu || fûc || foc || fok || (tân)
|-
| '''fish''' || '''pisc''' || pĭscis || peixe  || peixe || pez, pescado || peix || peis || poisson || pesce || pesch || pes || peşte || pieszcz || pysgodyn
|-
| '''foot''' || '''pedd''' || pĕs, pĕdem || pé  || pé || pie || peu || pè || pied || piede || pe || pît || picior || piedź || (troed)
|-
| '''friend''' || '''efig''' || amīcus || amigo  || amigo || amigo || amic || amic || ami || amico || ami || amì || amic || omik || (cyfaill)
|-
| '''green''' || '''gwirdd''' || vĭrĭdis || verde  || verde || verde || verd || verd || vert || verde || verd || vert || verde || wierdzi || gwyrdd
|-
| '''horse''' || '''cafall''' || ''ĕquus'', cabăllus || cavalo  || cabalo || caballo || cavall || caval || cheval || cavallo || chaval || cjaval || cal || kawał || ceffyl
|-
| '''I''' || '''eo''' || ĕgo || eu  || eu || yo || jo || ieu || je || io || jau || jo || eu || jo || (mi)
|-
| '''island''' || '''ysl''' || īnsŭla || ilha  || illa || isla || illa || iscla || île || isola || insla || isule || insulă || izła || (ynys)
|-
| '''language, tongue''' || '''llinghedig, llingw''' || lĭngua || língua  || lingua || lengua || llengua || lenga || langue || lingua || linguatg, lieunga || lenghe || limbă || lęgwa || (iaith)
|-
| '''life''' || '''gwid''' || vīta || vida || vida  || vida || vida || vida || vie || vita || vita || vite || viaţă || wita || (bywyd)
|-
| '''milk''' || '''llaeth''' || lac, lactis || leite  || leite || leche || llet || lach || lait || latte || latg || lat || lapte || łoc || llaeth
|-
| '''name''' || '''nôn''' || nōmen || nome  || nome || nombre || nom || nom || nom || nome || num || non || nume || numię || (enw)
|-
| '''night''' || '''noeth''' || nŏx, nŏctem || noite  || noite || noche || nit || nuèch || nuit || notte || notg || gnot || noapte || noc || (nos)
|-
| '''old''' || '''gwegl''' || ''vĕtus'', vĕtŭlus || velho  || vello || viejo || vell || vièlh || vieux || vecchio || vegl || vieli || vechi || wiekły || (hen)
|-
| '''school''' || '''yscol''' || schŏla || escola  || escola || escuela || escola || escòla || école || scuola || scola || scuele || şcoală || szkoła || ysgol
|-
| '''sky''' || '''cel''' || caelum || céu  || ceo || cielo || cel || cèl || ciel || cielo || tschiel || cîl || cer || czał || (awyr)
|-
| '''star''' || '''ystuil''' || stēlla || estrela  || estrela || estrella || estel || estela || étoile || stella || staila || stele || stea || ścioła ||(seren)
|-
| '''tooth''' || '''dent''' || dēns, dĕntem || dente  || dente || diente || dent || dent || dent || dente || dent || dint || dinte || dzięć || dant
|-
| '''voice''' || '''gwg''' || vōx, vōcem || voz  || voz || voz || veu || votz || voix || voce || vusch || vôs || voce || wucz || (llais)
|-
| '''water''' || '''ag''' || aqua || água  || auga || agua || aigua || aiga || eau || acqua || aua || aghe || apă || jekwa || (dŵr)
|-
| '''wind''' || '''gwent''' || vĕntus || vento  || vento || viento || vent || vent || vent || vento || vent || vint || vânt || więt || gwynt
|}
 
==Example==
[[Lord's Prayer|The Lord's Prayer]]:
:Nustr Padr, ke sia i llo gel:
:sia senghid tew nôn:
:gwein tew rheon:
:sia ffaeth tew wolont,
:syrs lla der sig i llo gel.
:Dun nustr pan diwrnal a nu h-eidd;
:e pharddun llo nustr phechad a nu,
:si nu pharddunan llo nustr phechadur.
:E ngheidd rhen di nu in ill temp di drial,
:mai llifr nu di'll mal.
:Per ill rheon, ill cofaeth e lla leir es ill tew,
:per segl e segl. Amen.
 
==Notes==
{{Reflist}}
 
==References==
* {{Cite journal |title= |journal=Geolinguistics |volume=25–26 |year=1999 |page=255 |issn=0190-4671 |publisher=American Society of Geolinguistics}}{{Full citation needed|date=September 2015}}
* {{Cite journal |url=http://interkom.vecnost.cz/pdf/ik200803cl.pdf |format=PDF |last=Havliš |first=Jan |title=Výlet do Conlangey |journal=Interkom |date=March 2008 |volume=243 |pages=17–21 |language=Czech}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=International Encyclopedia of Linguistics |editor-last=Frawley |editor-first=William J. |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2003 |page=154}}{{Full citation needed|date=September 2015}}
* {{Cite book |last=Parkvall |first=Mikael |title=Limits of Language: Almost Everything You Didn't Know You Didn't Know about Language and Languages |year=2008 |pages=91–93, 131 |publisher=Battlebridge Publications |location=Wilsonville |oclc=70894631}}
 
==External links==
* {{cite web |url=http://hobbit.griffler.co.nz/introduction.html |title=The Page of Brithenig |last=Smith |first=Andrew |date=23 December 2007 |website=Andrew's Homepage |location=Dunedin |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090529072556/http://hobbit.griffler.co.nz/introduction.html |archive-date=2009-05-29 |access-date=2015-09-07 |url-status=dead }}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.bethisad.com/ |title=Ill Bethisad |website=bethisad.com |last=Brown |first=Padraic |access-date=2015-09-07|display-authors=etal}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.geonames.de/wl-romance.html |title=Romance glossary |last=Fröhlich |first=Werner |website=geonames.de |access-date=2015-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605163536/http://www.geonames.de/wl-romance.html |archive-date=2008-06-05 |url-status=dead }}
 
 
{{conlang}}


[[Category:Artistic languages]]
[[Category:Artistic languages]]
Line 148: Line 21:
|iso3=bzt
|iso3=bzt
}}
}}
'''Brithenig''' is a thought-experiment language that shows what a Celtic-influenced Romance language would look like.
 
'''Brithenig''' is an invented language, or [[constructed language]] ("conlang"). It was created as a hobby in 1996 by Andrew Smith from [[New Zealand]], who also invented the [[alternate history]] of [[Ill Bethisad]] to "explain" it.
 
Brithenig was not developed to be used in the real world, like [[Esperanto]] or [[Interlingua]], nor to provide detail to a work of fiction, like [[Klingon language|Klingon]] from the ''[[Star Trek]]'' scenarios. Rather, Brithenig started as a thought experiment to create a [[Romance languages|Romance]] language that might have evolved if [[Latin]] had displaced the native [[Celtic languages|Celtic]] language as the spoken language of the people in [[Great Britain]].
 
The result is an artificial sister language to [[French language|French]], [[Catalan language|Catalan]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Romanian language|Romanian]], [[Occitan language|Occitan]] and [[Italian language|Italian]] which differs from them by having sound-changes similar to those that affected the [[Welsh language]], and words that are borrowed from the [[Brittonic languages]] and from [[English language|English]] throughout its pseudo-history. One important distinction between Brithenig and Welsh is that while Welsh is [[Gallo-Brittonic languages|P-Celtic]], Latin was a [[Osco-Umbrian_languages#Differences_from_Latin|Q-Italic language]] (as opposed to [[Osco-Umbrian_languages#Differences_from_Latin|P-Italic]], like [[Oscan language|Oscan]]), and this trait was passed onto Brithenig.
 
Similar efforts to extrapolate Romance languages are ''Breathanach'' (influenced by the other branch of Celtic), ''Judajca'' (influenced by Hebrew), ''Þrjótrunn'' (a non-Ill Bethisad language influenced by Icelandic), ''[[Wenedyk]]'' (influenced by Polish), and ''Xliponian'' (which experienced a [[Grimm's law]]-like sound shift). It has also inspired ''Wessisc'', a hypothetical Germanic language influenced by contact with Old Celtic.
 
Brithenig was granted the code BZT as part of [[ISO 639:b#bzt|ISO 639-3]].
 
Andrew Smith was one of the conlangers featured in the exhibit "Esperanto, Elvish, and Beyond: The World of Constructed Languages" displayed at the [[Cleveland Public Library]] from May through August 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/26418663@N05/2478687117/ |title=Esperanto, Elvish, and Beyond |website=[[Flickr]] |access-date=2009-09-07}}</ref> Smith's creation of Brithenig was cited as the reason for his inclusion in the exhibit (which also included the Babel Text<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.langmaker.com/babelintro.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514232430/http://www.langmaker.com/babelintro.htm |title=Babel Text Introduction |archive-date=2011-05-14 |website=Langmarker |access-date=2009-09-07}}</ref> in Smith's language).


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
Line 254: Line 138:
|}
|}
|}
|}
==Vocabulary==
Most of Brithenig's vocabulary is distinctively Romance, even though it is disguised as Welsh. The following list of 30 words gives an impression of what Brithenig looks like in comparison to nine other Romance languages including Wenedyk, and to Welsh. The similarity of about one-quarter of the Welsh words to Brithenig words (indicated by not being bracketed) is due to their common [[Proto-Indo-European language|Indo-European]] background, although a few others, such as ''ysgol'', were borrowings from Latin into Welsh.
{|class="wikitable"
|+'''Brithenig compared with Romance and Welsh'''
! [[English language|English]] !! '''Brithenig''' !! [[Latin language|Latin]] !! [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] !! [[Galician language|Galician]] !! [[Spanish language|Spanish]] !! [[Catalan language|Catalan]] !! [[Occitan language|Occitan]]  !! [[French language|French]] !! [[Italian language|Italian]] !! [[Romansh language|Rhaeto-&#x200B;Romance]] !! [[Friulian language|Friulian]] !! [[Romanian language|Romanian]] !! [[Wenedyk]] !! [[Welsh language|Welsh]]
|-
| '''arm''' || '''breich''' || brachium || braço || brazo || brazo || braç  || braç || bras || braccio || bratsch || braç || braţ || brocz || braich
|-
| '''black''' || '''nîr''' || nĭger, nĭgrum || negro || negro || negro || negre || negre || noir || nero || nair || neri || negru || niegry || (du)
|-
| '''city, town''' || '''ciwdad''' || cīvĭtās, cīvĭtātem || cidade || cidade || ciudad || ciutat  || ciutat || cité || città || citad || citât || ''oraş'', cetate || czytać || (dinas)
|-
| '''death''' || '''morth''' || mŏrs, mŏrtem || morte  || morte || muerte || mort || mòrt || mort || morte || mort || muart || moarte || mroć || (marwolaeth)
|-
| '''dog''' || '''can''' || canis || cão, ''cachorro'' || can || ''perro'', can || ''gos'', ca || ''gos'', can || chien || cane || chaun || cjan || câine || kań || (ci)
|-
| '''ear''' || '''origl''' || ''auris'', aurĭcŭla || orelha || orella  || oreja || orella || aurelha ||oreille || orecchio || ureglia || orele || ureche || urzykła || (clust)
|-
| '''egg''' || '''ew''' || ovum || ovo  || ovo || huevo || ou || uòu || œuf || uovo || ov || ûf || ou || ów || wy
|-
| '''eye''' || '''ogl''' || ŏcŭlus || olho  || ollo || ojo || ull || uèlh || œil || occhio || egl || voli || ochi || okieł || (llygad)
|-
| '''father''' || '''padr''' || pater, patrem || pai  || pai || padre || pare || paire || père || padre || ''bab'' || pari || ''tată'' || poterz || (tad)
|-
| '''fire''' || '''ffog''' || ''ignis'', fŏcus || fogo  || ''lume'', fogo || fuego || foc  || fuòc || feu || fuoco || fieu || fûc || foc || fok || (tân)
|-
| '''fish''' || '''pisc''' || pĭscis || peixe  || peixe || pez, pescado || peix || peis || poisson || pesce || pesch || pes || peşte || pieszcz || pysgodyn
|-
| '''foot''' || '''pedd''' || pĕs, pĕdem || pé  || pé || pie || peu || pè || pied || piede || pe || pît || picior || piedź || (troed)
|-
| '''friend''' || '''efig''' || amīcus || amigo  || amigo || amigo || amic || amic || ami || amico || ami || amì || amic || omik || (cyfaill)
|-
| '''green''' || '''gwirdd''' || vĭrĭdis || verde  || verde || verde || verd || verd || vert || verde || verd || vert || verde || wierdzi || gwyrdd
|-
| '''horse''' || '''cafall''' || ''ĕquus'', cabăllus || cavalo  || cabalo || caballo || cavall || caval || cheval || cavallo || chaval || cjaval || cal || kawał || ceffyl
|-
| '''I''' || '''eo''' || ĕgo || eu  || eu || yo || jo || ieu || je || io || jau || jo || eu || jo || (mi)
|-
| '''island''' || '''ysl''' || īnsŭla || ilha  || illa || isla || illa || iscla || île || isola || insla || isule || insulă || izła || (ynys)
|-
| '''language, tongue''' || '''llinghedig, llingw''' || lĭngua || língua  || lingua || lengua || llengua || lenga || langue || lingua || linguatg, lieunga || lenghe || limbă || lęgwa || (iaith)
|-
| '''life''' || '''gwid''' || vīta || vida || vida  || vida || vida || vida || vie || vita || vita || vite || viaţă || wita || (bywyd)
|-
| '''milk''' || '''llaeth''' || lac, lactis || leite  || leite || leche || llet || lach || lait || latte || latg || lat || lapte || łoc || llaeth
|-
| '''name''' || '''nôn''' || nōmen || nome  || nome || nombre || nom || nom || nom || nome || num || non || nume || numię || (enw)
|-
| '''night''' || '''noeth''' || nŏx, nŏctem || noite  || noite || noche || nit || nuèch || nuit || notte || notg || gnot || noapte || noc || (nos)
|-
| '''old''' || '''gwegl''' || ''vĕtus'', vĕtŭlus || velho  || vello || viejo || vell || vièlh || vieux || vecchio || vegl || vieli || vechi || wiekły || (hen)
|-
| '''school''' || '''yscol''' || schŏla || escola  || escola || escuela || escola || escòla || école || scuola || scola || scuele || şcoală || szkoła || ysgol
|-
| '''sky''' || '''cel''' || caelum || céu  || ceo || cielo || cel || cèl || ciel || cielo || tschiel || cîl || cer || czał || (awyr)
|-
| '''star''' || '''ystuil''' || stēlla || estrela  || estrela || estrella || estel || estela || étoile || stella || staila || stele || stea || ścioła ||(seren)
|-
| '''tooth''' || '''dent''' || dēns, dĕntem || dente  || dente || diente || dent || dent || dent || dente || dent || dint || dinte || dzięć || dant
|-
| '''voice''' || '''gwg''' || vōx, vōcem || voz  || voz || voz || veu || votz || voix || voce || vusch || vôs || voce || wucz || (llais)
|-
| '''water''' || '''ag''' || aqua || água  || auga || agua || aigua || aiga || eau || acqua || aua || aghe || apă || jekwa || (dŵr)
|-
| '''wind''' || '''gwent''' || vĕntus || vento  || vento || viento || vent || vent || vent || vento || vent || vint || vânt || więt || gwynt
|}
==Example==
[[Lord's Prayer|The Lord's Prayer]]:
:Nustr Padr, ke sia i llo gel:
:sia senghid tew nôn:
:gwein tew rheon:
:sia ffaeth tew wolont,
:syrs lla der sig i llo gel.
:Dun nustr pan diwrnal a nu h-eidd;
:e pharddun llo nustr phechad a nu,
:si nu pharddunan llo nustr phechadur.
:E ngheidd rhen di nu in ill temp di drial,
:mai llifr nu di'll mal.
:Per ill rheon, ill cofaeth e lla leir es ill tew,
:per segl e segl. Amen.
==Notes==
{{Reflist}}
==References==
* {{Cite journal |title= |journal=Geolinguistics |volume=25–26 |year=1999 |page=255 |issn=0190-4671 |publisher=American Society of Geolinguistics}}{{Full citation needed|date=September 2015}}
* {{Cite journal |url=http://interkom.vecnost.cz/pdf/ik200803cl.pdf |format=PDF |last=Havliš |first=Jan |title=Výlet do Conlangey |journal=Interkom |date=March 2008 |volume=243 |pages=17–21 |language=Czech}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=International Encyclopedia of Linguistics |editor-last=Frawley |editor-first=William J. |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2003 |page=154}}{{Full citation needed|date=September 2015}}
* {{Cite book |last=Parkvall |first=Mikael |title=Limits of Language: Almost Everything You Didn't Know You Didn't Know about Language and Languages |year=2008 |pages=91–93, 131 |publisher=Battlebridge Publications |location=Wilsonville |oclc=70894631}}
==External links==
* {{cite web |url=http://hobbit.griffler.co.nz/introduction.html |title=The Page of Brithenig |last=Smith |first=Andrew |date=23 December 2007 |website=Andrew's Homepage |location=Dunedin |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090529072556/http://hobbit.griffler.co.nz/introduction.html |archive-date=2009-05-29 |access-date=2015-09-07 |url-status=dead }}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.bethisad.com/ |title=Ill Bethisad |website=bethisad.com |last=Brown |first=Padraic |access-date=2015-09-07|display-authors=etal}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.geonames.de/wl-romance.html |title=Romance glossary |last=Fröhlich |first=Werner |website=geonames.de |access-date=2015-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605163536/http://www.geonames.de/wl-romance.html |archive-date=2008-06-05 |url-status=dead }}

Revision as of 13:59, 28 October 2019

Bouncywikilogo.gif This page uses content from Wikipedia. The original article was at Brithenig. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with Linguifex, the text of Wikipedia is available under the GNU Free Documentation License.
Brithenig
Pronunciation[/brɪθənˈig/]
Created byAndrew Smith
Date1996
Indo-European
  • Romance
    • Latin
      • Brithenig
Language codes
ISO 639-3bzt

Brithenig is an invented language, or constructed language ("conlang"). It was created as a hobby in 1996 by Andrew Smith from New Zealand, who also invented the alternate history of Ill Bethisad to "explain" it.

Brithenig was not developed to be used in the real world, like Esperanto or Interlingua, nor to provide detail to a work of fiction, like Klingon from the Star Trek scenarios. Rather, Brithenig started as a thought experiment to create a Romance language that might have evolved if Latin had displaced the native Celtic language as the spoken language of the people in Great Britain.

The result is an artificial sister language to French, Catalan, Spanish, Portuguese, Romanian, Occitan and Italian which differs from them by having sound-changes similar to those that affected the Welsh language, and words that are borrowed from the Brittonic languages and from English throughout its pseudo-history. One important distinction between Brithenig and Welsh is that while Welsh is P-Celtic, Latin was a Q-Italic language (as opposed to P-Italic, like Oscan), and this trait was passed onto Brithenig.

Similar efforts to extrapolate Romance languages are Breathanach (influenced by the other branch of Celtic), Judajca (influenced by Hebrew), Þrjótrunn (a non-Ill Bethisad language influenced by Icelandic), Wenedyk (influenced by Polish), and Xliponian (which experienced a Grimm's law-like sound shift). It has also inspired Wessisc, a hypothetical Germanic language influenced by contact with Old Celtic.

Brithenig was granted the code BZT as part of ISO 639-3.

Andrew Smith was one of the conlangers featured in the exhibit "Esperanto, Elvish, and Beyond: The World of Constructed Languages" displayed at the Cleveland Public Library from May through August 2008.[1] Smith's creation of Brithenig was cited as the reason for his inclusion in the exhibit (which also included the Babel Text[2] in Smith's language).

Phonology

Consonants
Letter Pronunciation
Bb [b]
Cc [k], [t͡ʃ]
Dd [d]
Ff [v]
Gg [g], [d͡ʒ]
Hh [h]
Kk [k]
Ll [l]
Mm [m]
Nn [n]
Pp [p]
Rr [r]
Ss [z], [s]
Tt [t]
Ww [w]
Vowels
Letter Pronunciation
Aa [a], [ə]
Ee [ɛ], [ə]
Ii [i], [ɪ]
Oo [ɔ]
Uu [ɨ]
Ww [u], [ʊ]
Yy [i]
Diphthongs
Letter Pronunciation
ae [æ], [aː]
ai [aɪ]
au [aʊ]
ei [ɛɪ]
ew [ɛʊ]
TBd

Vocabulary

Most of Brithenig's vocabulary is distinctively Romance, even though it is disguised as Welsh. The following list of 30 words gives an impression of what Brithenig looks like in comparison to nine other Romance languages including Wenedyk, and to Welsh. The similarity of about one-quarter of the Welsh words to Brithenig words (indicated by not being bracketed) is due to their common Indo-European background, although a few others, such as ysgol, were borrowings from Latin into Welsh.

Brithenig compared with Romance and Welsh
English Brithenig Latin Portuguese Galician Spanish Catalan Occitan French Italian Rhaeto-​Romance Friulian Romanian Wenedyk Welsh
arm breich brachium braço brazo brazo braç braç bras braccio bratsch braç braţ brocz braich
black nîr nĭger, nĭgrum negro negro negro negre negre noir nero nair neri negru niegry (du)
city, town ciwdad cīvĭtās, cīvĭtātem cidade cidade ciudad ciutat ciutat cité città citad citât oraş, cetate czytać (dinas)
death morth mŏrs, mŏrtem morte morte muerte mort mòrt mort morte mort muart moarte mroć (marwolaeth)
dog can canis cão, cachorro can perro, can gos, ca gos, can chien cane chaun cjan câine kań (ci)
ear origl auris, aurĭcŭla orelha orella oreja orella aurelha oreille orecchio ureglia orele ureche urzykła (clust)
egg ew ovum ovo ovo huevo ou uòu œuf uovo ov ûf ou ów wy
eye ogl ŏcŭlus olho ollo ojo ull uèlh œil occhio egl voli ochi okieł (llygad)
father padr pater, patrem pai pai padre pare paire père padre bab pari tată poterz (tad)
fire ffog ignis, fŏcus fogo lume, fogo fuego foc fuòc feu fuoco fieu fûc foc fok (tân)
fish pisc pĭscis peixe peixe pez, pescado peix peis poisson pesce pesch pes peşte pieszcz pysgodyn
foot pedd pĕs, pĕdem pé pé pie peu pè pied piede pe pît picior piedź (troed)
friend efig amīcus amigo amigo amigo amic amic ami amico ami amì amic omik (cyfaill)
green gwirdd vĭrĭdis verde verde verde verd verd vert verde verd vert verde wierdzi gwyrdd
horse cafall ĕquus, cabăllus cavalo cabalo caballo cavall caval cheval cavallo chaval cjaval cal kawał ceffyl
I eo ĕgo eu eu yo jo ieu je io jau jo eu jo (mi)
island ysl īnsŭla ilha illa isla illa iscla île isola insla isule insulă izła (ynys)
language, tongue llinghedig, llingw lĭngua língua lingua lengua llengua lenga langue lingua linguatg, lieunga lenghe limbă lęgwa (iaith)
life gwid vīta vida vida vida vida vida vie vita vita vite viaţă wita (bywyd)
milk llaeth lac, lactis leite leite leche llet lach lait latte latg lat lapte łoc llaeth
name nôn nōmen nome nome nombre nom nom nom nome num non nume numię (enw)
night noeth nŏx, nŏctem noite noite noche nit nuèch nuit notte notg gnot noapte noc (nos)
old gwegl vĕtus, vĕtŭlus velho vello viejo vell vièlh vieux vecchio vegl vieli vechi wiekły (hen)
school yscol schŏla escola escola escuela escola escòla école scuola scola scuele şcoală szkoła ysgol
sky cel caelum céu ceo cielo cel cèl ciel cielo tschiel cîl cer czał (awyr)
star ystuil stēlla estrela estrela estrella estel estela étoile stella staila stele stea ścioła (seren)
tooth dent dēns, dĕntem dente dente diente dent dent dent dente dent dint dinte dzięć dant
voice gwg vōx, vōcem voz voz voz veu votz voix voce vusch vôs voce wucz (llais)
water ag aqua água auga agua aigua aiga eau acqua aua aghe apă jekwa (dŵr)
wind gwent vĕntus vento vento viento vent vent vent vento vent vint vânt więt gwynt

Example

The Lord's Prayer:

Nustr Padr, ke sia i llo gel:
sia senghid tew nôn:
gwein tew rheon:
sia ffaeth tew wolont,
syrs lla der sig i llo gel.
Dun nustr pan diwrnal a nu h-eidd;
e pharddun llo nustr phechad a nu,
si nu pharddunan llo nustr phechadur.
E ngheidd rhen di nu in ill temp di drial,
mai llifr nu di'll mal.
Per ill rheon, ill cofaeth e lla leir es ill tew,
per segl e segl. Amen.

Notes

  1. ^ "Esperanto, Elvish, and Beyond". https://www.flickr.com/photos/26418663@N05/2478687117/.
  2. ^ "Babel Text Introduction". http://www.langmaker.com/babelintro.htm.

References

External links

  1. ^ [1]
  2. ^ [2]
  3. ^ [3]
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